Fungal transmission of plant viruses

Annual Review of Phytopathology

Volumn 34, Issue , 1996, Pages 87-108

  Campbell, R N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

carmovirus; dianthovirus; necrovirus; tombusvirus

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BETA VULGARIS SUBSP. VULGARIS; BYMOVIRUS; CARMOVIRUS; DIANTHOVIRUS; FUNGI; FUROVIRUS; HORDEUM VULGARE SUBSP. VULGARE; NECROVIRUS; OLPIDIUM BORNOVANUS; OLPIDIUM BRASSICAE; POLYMYXA BETAE; POLYMYXA GRAMINIS; SPONGOSPORA SUBTERRANEA; TOMBUSVIRIDAE; TOMBUSVIRUS;

FUNGAL VECTOR; PLANT VIRUS; VECTOR; VIRUS;

EID: 0029661736     PISSN: 00664286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.87     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Abe H, Tamada T. 1986. Association of beet necrotic yellow vein virus with isolates of Polymyxa betae Keskin. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 52:235-47
2. Abe H, Ui T. 1986. Host range of Polymyxa betae Keskin strains in rhizomania-infested soils of sugar beet fields in Japan. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 52:394-403
3. Adams MJ. 1991. Transmission of plant viruses by fungi. Ann. Appl. Biol. 118:479-92
4. Adams MJ, Jacquier C. 1994. Infection of cereals and grasses by isolates of Polymyxa graminis (Plasmodiophorales). Ann. Appl. Biol. 125:53-60
5. Adams MJ, Jones DR, O'Neill TM, Hill SA. 1993. The effect of cereal break crops on barley mild mosaic virus. Ann. Appl. Biol. 123:37-45
6. Adams MJ, Jones P, Swaby AG. 1987. The effect of cultivar used as host for Polymyxa graminis on multiplication and transmission of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV). Ann. Appl. Biol. 110:321-27
7. Adams MJ, Swaby AG. 1988. Factors affecting the production and motility of zoospores of Polymyxa graminis and their transmission of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV). Ann. Appl. Biol. 112:69-78
8. Adams MJ, Swaby AG, Jones P. 1988. Confirmation of the transmission of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) by the fungus Polymyxa graminis. Ann. Appl. Biol. 112:133-41
9. Adams MJ, Swaby AG, MacFarlane I. 1986. The susceptibility of barley cultivars to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and its fungal vector, Polymyxa graminis. Ann. Appl. Biol. 109:561-72
10. Barr DJS. 1979. Morphology and host range of Polymyxa graminis, Polymyxa betae, and Ligniera pilorum from Ontario and some other areas. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 1:85-94
11. Barr KJ, Asher MJC. 1992. The host range of Polymyxa betae in Britain. Plant Pathol. 41:64-68
12. Bastin V, Boute C, Maraite H. 1989. Inoculum potential and host range of Polymyxa graminis. EPPO Bull. 19:541-46
13. Boonham N, Henry CM, Wood KR. 1995. The nucleotide sequence and proposed genome organization of oat chlorotic stunt virus, a new soil-borne virus of cereals. J. Gen. Virol. 76:2025-34
14. Bouzoubaa S, Ziegler V, Beck D, Guilley H, Richards K, Jonard G. 1986. Nucleotide sequence of beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA-2. J. Gen. Virol. 67:1689-700
15. Brakke MK, Langenberg WG. 1988. Experiences with soil-borne wheat mosaic virus in North America and elsewhere. See Ref. 34, pp. 183-202
16. Braselton JP. 1988. Karyology and systematics of Plasmodiophoromycetes. See Ref. 34, pp. 139-52
17. Campbell RN. 1962. Relationship between the lettuce big-vein virus and its vector, Olpidium brassicae. Nature 195:675-77
18. Campbell RN. 1973. Mechanisms of virus-fungal vector relationship. Abstr. Int. Cong. Plant Pathology, 2nd, Minneapolis, MN Sept. Abst. #0808
19. Campbell RN. 1979. Fungal Vectors of Plant Viruses. In Fungal Viruses, ed. HP Molitoris, M Hollings, HA Wood, 8-24. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 194 pp.
20. Campbell RN. 1988. Cultural characteristics and manipulative methods. See Ref. 34, pp. 153-65
21. Campbell RN. 1993. Persistence: avector relationship not applicable to fungal vectors. Phytopathology 83:363-64
22. Campbell RN, Fry PR. 1966. The nature of the associations between Olpidium brassicae and lettuce big-vein and tobacco necrosis viruses. Virology 29:222-33
23. Campbell RN, Grogan RG. 1963. Big-vein virus of lettuce and its transmission by Olpidium brassicae. Phytopathology 53:252-59
24. Campbell RN, Grogan RG. 1964. Acquisition and transmission of lettuce big-vein virus by Olpidium brassicae. Phytopathology 54:681-90
25. Campbell RN, Lecoq H, Wipf-Scheibel C, Sim ST. 1991. Transmission of cucumber leaf spot virus by Olpidium radicale. J. Gen. Virol. 72:3115-19
26. Campbell RN, Lot H. 1996. Lettuce ring necrosis, a virus-like disease of lettuce: evidence for transmission by Olpidium brassicae. Plant Dis. In press
27. Campbell RN, Lovisolo O, Lisa V. 1975. Soil transmission of petunia asteroid mosaic strain of tomato bush stunt virus. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 14:82-86
28. Campbell RN, Sim ST. 1994. Host specificity and nomenclature of Olpidium bornovanus (= Olpidium radicale) and comparisons to Olpidium brassicae. Can. J. Bot. 72:1136-43
29. Campbell RN, Sim ST, Lecoq H. 1995. Virus transmission by host-specific strains of Olpidium bornovanus and Olpidium brassicae. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 101:273-82
30. Canova A. 1966. Ricerche sulle malattie da virus delle Graminacee III. Polymyxa graminis Led. vettore del virus del mosaico del frumento. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 5:53-58
31. Chen JP, MacFarlane SA, Wilson TMA. 1994. Detection and sequence analysis of a spontaneous deletion mutant of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus RNA-2 associated with increased symptom severity. Virology 202:921-29
32. Chen JP, MacFarlane SA, Wilson TMA. 1995. An analysis of spontaneous deletion sites in soil-borne wheat mosaic virus RNA-2. Virology 209:213-17
33. Chen JP, MacFarlane SA, Wilson TMA. 1995. Effect of cultivation temperature on the spontaneous development of deletions in soilborne wheat mosaic furovirus RNA-2. Phytopathology 85:299-306
34. Chen JP, Swaby AG, Adams MJ, Yili R. 1991. Barley mild mosaic virus inside its fungal vector, Polymyxa graminis. Ann. Appl. Biol. 118:615-21
35. Cooper JI, Asher MJC. ed. 1988. Viruses with Fungal Vectors, Wellesbourne, UK: Assoc. Appl. Biol. 335 pp.
36. Coudriet DL, Kisnaba AN, Carroll JE. 1979. Transmission of muskmelon necrotic spot virus in muskmelons by cucumber beetles. J. Econ. Entamol. 72:560-61
37. Coutts RHA, Rigden JE, Slabas AR, Lomonossoff GP, Wise PJ. 1991. The complete nucleotide sequence of tobacco necrosis virus strain D. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1521-29
38. Davidson AD, Prols M, Schell J, Steinbiss HH. 1991. The nucleotide sequence of RNA-2 of barley yellow mosaic virus. J. Gen. Virol. 72:989-93
39. Dessens JT, Nguyen M, Meyer M. 1995. Primary structure and sequence analysis of RNA-2 of a mechanically transmitted barley mild mosaic virus isolate: an evolutionary relationship between bymo-and furoviruses. Arch. Virol. 140:325-33
40. Dias HF. 1970. Transmission of cucumber necrosis virus by Olpidium cucurbitacearum Barr and Dias. Virology 40:828-39
41. Deleted in proof
42. Dubois F, Sangwan RS, Sangwan-Norreel BS. 1994. Immunogold labeling and electron microscopic screening of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in the fungus Polymyxa betae infecting Beta vulgaris root cortical parenchyma cells. Int. J. Plant Sci. 155:545-52
43. Erasmus DS, von Wechmar MB. 1983. The association of brome mosaic virus and wheat rusts. II. Detection of BMV in/on uredospores of wheat stem rust. Phytopathol. Z. 108:34-40
44. Estes AP, Brakke MK. 1966. Correlation of Polymyxa graminis with transmission of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus. Virology 28:772-74
45. Fauquet C, Thouvenel JC, Fargette D, Fishpool LDC. 1988. Rice stripe necrosis virus: a soil-borne rod-shaped virus. See Ref. 34, pp. 71-82
46. Fletcher JT, Wallis WA, Davenport F. 1987. Pepper yellow vein, a new disease of sweet peppers. Plant Pathol. 36:180-84
47. Fry PR. 1958. The relationship of Olpidium brassicae (Wor.) Dang, to the big-vein disease of lettuce. NZ J. Agric. Res. 1:301-4
48. Furuki I. 1981. Epidemiological studies on melon necrotic spot. Shizuoka-ken, Japan: Shizuoka Agr. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. #14. 94 pp.
49. Gerhardson B, Insunza V. 1979. Soil transmission of red clover necrotic mosaic virus. Phytopathol. Z. 94:67-71
50. Gerik JS, Duffus JE, Perry R, Stenger DC, Maren AF van. 1990. Etiology of tomato plant decline in the California desert. Phytopathology 80:1352-56
51. Gharbi S, Verhoyen M. 1993. Sterilization by UV irradiation of nutrient solutions with a view to avoiding viral infections transmitted by O. brassicae in hydroponic culture of lettuce. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksun. Gent 58:1113-24
52. Goffart JP, Horta V, Maraite H. 1989. Inoculum potential and host range of Polymyxa betae and beet necrotic yellow vein furovirus. EPPO Bull. 19:517-25
53. Grau CR, deZoeten GA, Amy DC, Saad SM, Gaard G. 1981. Maize white line mosaic - a new disease of corn in Wisconsin. Phytopathology 71:220-21
54. Grogan RG, Campbell RN. 1966. Fungi as vectors and hosts of viruses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 4:29-52
55. Grogan RG, Zink FW, Hewitt WB, Kimble KA. 1958. The association of Olpidium with the big-vein disease of lettuce. Phytopathology 48:292-96
56. Guinchedi L, Langenberg WG. 1982. Beet necrotic yellow vein virus transmission by Polymyxa beta Keskin zoospores. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 21:5-7
57. Haber S, Barr DJS, Chong J, Tekauz A, Kim W. 1993. Proc. Symp. Int. Work. Group Plant Viruses with Fungal Vectors, 2nd, Montreal, pp. 115-18. Denver: Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Tech.
58. Haber S, Kim W, Gillespie R, Tekauz A. 1990. Flame chlorosis: a new, soil-transmitted, virus-like disease of Barley in Manitoba, Canada. J. Phytopathol. 129:245-56
59. Haber S, Rymerson RT, Procunier JD, Murray G, Cvitkovitch SE. 1995. Diagnosis of flame chlorosis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Plant Dis. 79:626-30
60. Haeberle AM, Stussi-Garaud C, Schmitt C, Garaud JC, Richards KE, Guilley H, Jonard G. 1994. Detection by immunogold labelling of P75 readthrough protein near an extremity of beet necrotic yellow vein virus particles. Arch. Virol. 134:195-203
61. Hebert TT, Panizo CH. 1975. Oat Mosaic Virus, Kew, UK: CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses. No. 145, 4 pp.
62. Henry C, Jones RAC, Coutts RHA. 1986. Occurrence of a soil-borne virus of sugar beet in England. Plant Pathol. 35:585-91
63. Herzog E, Guilley H, Manohar SK, Dollet M, Richards K, et al. 1994. Complete nucleotide sequence of peanut clump virus RNA1 and relationships with other fungus-transmitted rod-shaped viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 75:3147-55
64. Hewitt WB, Raski DJ, Goheen AC. 1958. Nematode vector of soil-borne fanleaf virus of grapevines. Phytopathology 48:586-95
65. Hiruki C. 1965. Transmission of tobacco stunt virus by Olpidium brassicae. Virology 25:541-49
66. Hiruki C. 1993. Proc. Symp. Int. Work. Group Plant Viruses with Fungal Vectors, 2nd, Montreal, pp. 95-98. Denver: Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Tech.
67. Huijberts N, Blystad DR, Bos L. 1990. Lettuce big-vein virus: mechanical transmission and relationships to tobacco stunt virus. Ann. Appl. Biol. 116:463-75
68. Huijberts N, Bos L, van Dorst HJM. 1983. Kringnecrose bij kassla, misschien veroorzaakt door een bodemvirus. Groen. Fruit 38:43-44
69. Inouye T, Fuju S. 1977. Rice Necrosis Mosaic Virus. Kew, UK: CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses. No. 172, 4 pp.
70. Iwaki M, Hanada K, Ramirez A. Maria E, Onogi S. 1987. Lisianthus necrosis virus, a new necrovirus from Eustoma russellianum. Phytopathology 77:867-70
71. Jacobi V, Peerenboom E, Schenk PM, Antoniw JF, Steinbiss HH, Adams MJ. 1995. Cloning and sequence analysis of RNA-2 of a mechanically transmitted UK isolate of barley mild mosaic bymovirus (BaMMV). Virus Res. 37:99-111
72. Jones RAC, Harrison BD. 1969. The behaviour of potato mop-top virus in soil, and evidence for its transmission by Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerh. Ann. Appl. Biol. 63:1-17
73. Jupin I, Guilley H, Richards KE, Jonard G. 1992. Two proteins encoded by beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA-3 influence symptom phenotype on leaves. EMBO J. 11:479-88
74. Kashiwazaki S, Minobe Y, Hibino H. 1991. Nucleotide sequence of barley yellow mosaic virus RNA-2. J. Gen. Virol. 72:995-99
75. Kashiwazaki S, Scott KP, Reavy B, Harrison BD. 1995. Sequence analysis and gene content of potato mop-top virus RNA-3: further evidence of heterogeneity in the genome organization of furoviruses. Virology 206:701-6
76. Kassanis B, MacFarlane I. 1965. Interaction of virus strain, fungus isolate, and host species in transmission of tobacco necrosis virus. Virology 26:603-12
77. Keskin B. 1964. Polymyxa betae n. sp., ein Parasit in den Wurzeln von Beta vulgaris Tournefort, besonders während der Jugendentwicklung der Zuckerrübe. Arch. Mikrobiol. 49:348-74
78. Koenig R. 1988. Detection in surface waters of plant viruses with known and unknown natural hosts. See Ref. 34, pp. 305-13
79. Koenig R. ed. 1988. Polyhedral Virions with Monopartite RNA Genomes. New York: Plenum. Vol. 3. 294 pp.
80. Koenig R, Burgermeister W. 1989. Mechanical inoculation of sugarbeet roots with isolates of beet necrotic yellow vein virus having different RNA compositions. J. Phytopathol. 124:249-55
81. Koenig R, Burgermeister W, Weich H, Sebald W, Kothe C. 1986. Uniform RNA patterns of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugarbeet roots, but not in leaves from several plant species. J. Gen. Virol. 67:2043-46
82. Koenig R, Ehlers U. 1989. Influence of RNA composition of beet necrotic yellow vein furovirus isolates and of the sugarbeet cultivar on the translocation of the virus in mechanically inoculated sugarbeet roots. EPPO Bull. 19:527-30
83. Koenig R, Jarausch W, Li Y, Commandeur U, Burgermeister W, et al. 1991. Effect of recombinant beet necrotic yellow vein virus with different RNA compositions on mechanically inoculated sugarbeets. J. Gen. Virol. 72:2243-46
84. Koenig R, Lesemann D-E, Huth W, Makkouk KM. 1983. Comparison of a new soilborne virus from cucumber with Tombus-, Diantho-, and other similar viruses. Phytopathology 73:515-20
85. Kruse M, Koenig R, Hoffmann A, Kaufmann A, Commandeur U, et al. 1994. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of reverse transcription-PCR products reveals the existence of two major strain groups of beet necrotic yellow vein virus. J. Gen. Virol. 75:1835-42
86. Kuwata S, Kubo S. 1981. Rod-shaped particles found in tobacco plants infected with tobacco stunt agent. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 47:264-68
87. Kuwata S, Kubo S. 1986. Tobacco Stunt Virus. AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses, No. 313, Wellesbourne, UK.: Assn. Appl. Biol. 4 pp.
88. Kuwata S, Kubo S, Yamashita S, Doi Y. 1983. Rod-shaped particles, a probable entity of lettuce big vein virus. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 49:246-51
89. Lange L. 1978. Synchytrium endobioticum and potato virus X. Phytopathol. Z. 92:132-42
90. Lange L, Insunza V. 1977. Root-inhabiting Olpidium species: the O. radicale complex. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 69:377-84
91. Lemaire O, Merdinoglu D, Valentin P, Putz C, Ziegler-Graff V, et al. 1988. Effect of beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA composition on transmission by Polymyxa betae. Virology 162:232-35
92. Lin MT, Campbell RN, Smith PR, Temmink JHM. 1970. Lettuce big-vein virus transmission by single-sporangium isolates of Olpidium brassicae. Phytopathology 60:1630-34
93. Liu HY, Duffus JE, Gerik JS. 1987. Beet distortion mosaic virus - a new soil-borne virus of sugarbeet. Phytopathology 77:1732
94. Louie R, Gordon DT, Lipps PE. 1981. Transmission of maize white line mosaic virus. Phytopathology 71:1116
95. Macfarlane I. 1982. Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV). Rothamsted Exp. Stn. Rep. 1981, p. 190
96. Manohar SK, Guilley H, Dollet M, Richards K, Jonard G. 1993. Nucleotide sequence and genetic organization of peanut clump virus RNA-2 and partial characterization of deleted forms. Virology 195:33-41
97. Martelli GP, Gallitelli D, Russo M. 1988. Tombusviruses. See Ref. 78 pp. 13-72
98. McLean MA, Campbell RN, Hamilton RI, Rochon DM. 1994. Involvement of the cucumber necrosis virus coat protein in the specificity of fungus transmission by Olpidium bornovanus. Virology 204:840-42
99. Meulewaeter F, Seurinck J, van Emmelo J. 1990. Genome structure of tobacco necrosis virus strain A. Virology 177:699-709
100. Mirkov TE, Dodds JA. 1985. Association of double-stranded ribonucleic acids with lettuce big vein disease. Phytopathology 75:631-35
101. Miyamoto Y. 1959. The nature of soil transmission in soil-borne plant viruses. Virology 7:250-51
102. Morris TJ, Carrington JC. 1988. Carnation mottle virus and viruses with similar properties. See Ref. 78, pp. 73-112
103. Mowat WP. 1970. Augusta disease in tulip - a reassessment. Ann. Appl. Biol. 66:17-28
104. Murphy FA, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Ghabrial SA, Jarvis AW, et al. 1995. Virus Taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Arch. Virol. Suppl. 10, 586 pp.
105. Mutasa ES, Chwarszczynska DM, Adams MJ, Ward E, Asher MJC. 1995. Development of PCR for the detection of Polymyxa betae in sugar-beet roots and its application in field studies. Phys. Mol. Plant Pathol. 47:303-13
106. Mutasa ES, Ward E, Adams MJ, Collier CR, Chwarszczynska DM, Asher MJC. 1993. A sensitive DNA probe for the detection of Polymyxa betae in sugar beet roots. Phys. Mol. Plant Pathol. 43:379-90
107. Paul H, Henken B, Scholten OE, Lange W. 1993. Use of zoospores of Polymyxa betae in screening beet seedlings for resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 99:151-60
108. Peerenboom E, Jacobi V, Antoniw JF, Schlichter U, Cartwright EJ, et al. 1996. The complete nucleotide sequence of RNA-2 of a fungally-transmitted UK isolate of barley mild mosaic bymovirus (BaMMV) and identification of amino acid combinations possibly involved in fungus transmission. Virus Res. 40:149-59
109. Plumb RT, Macfarlane I. 1977. A 'new' virus of oats. Rothamsted Exp. Stn. Rep. 1976, pp. 256-57
110. Rao AS, Brakke MK. 1969. Relation of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus and its fungal vector, Polymyxa graminis. Phytopathology 59:581-87
111. Rast ATB. 1992. Host range comparison of the causal agents of pepper yellow vein and lettuce big vein. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 98:325-28
112. Rast ATB. 1993. Transmission of the pepper yellow vein agent by pepper and lettuce isolates of Olpidium brassicae. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksun. Gent 58:1093-95
113. Ratna AS, Rao AS, Reddy AS, Nolt BL, Reddy DVR, et al. 1991. Studies on transmission of Indian peanut clump virus disease by Polymyxa graminis. Ann. Appl. Biol. 118:71-78
114. Rochon DM, Tremaine JH. 1988. Cucumber necrosis virus is a member of the tombusvirus group. J. Gen. Virol. 69:395-400
115. Russo M, Burgyan J, Martelli GP. 1994. Molecular biology of Tombusviridae. Adv. Virus Res. 44:381-428
116. Rysanek P, Stocky G, Haeberle AM, Putz C. 1992. Immunogold labelling of beet necrotic yellow vein virus particles inside its fungal vector, Polymyxa betae. Agronomy 12:651-59
117. Sahtiyanci S. 1962. Studien über einige wurzelparasitäre Olpidiaceen. Arch. Mikrobiol. 41:187-228
118. Schmitt C, Balmori E, Jonard G, Richards KE, Guilley H. 1992. In vitro mutagenesis of biologically active transcripts of beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA-2: evidence that a domain of the 75-kDa readthrough protein is important for efficient virus assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5715-19
119. Scott KP, Kashiwazaki S, Reavy B, Harrison BD. 1994. The nucleotide sequence of potato mop-top virus RNA-2: a novel type of genome organization for a furovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 75:3561-68
120. Shirako Y, Brakke MK. 1984. Spontaneous deletion mutation of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus RNA-2. J. Gen. Virol. 65:855-58
121. Shirako Y, Wilson TMA. 1993. Complete nucleotide sequence and organization of the bipartite RNA genome of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus. Virology 195:16-32
122. Slykhuis JT, Barr DJS. 1978. Confirmation of Polymyxa graminis as a vector of wheat spindle streak mosaic virus. Phytopathology 68:639-43
123. Smith PR, Campbell RN, Fry PR. 1969. Root discharge and soil survival of viruses. Phytopathology 59:1678-87
124. Stobbs LW, Cross GW, Manocha MS. 1982. Specificity and methods of transmission of cucumber necrosis virus by Olpidium radicale zoospores. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 4:134-42
125. Tamada T, Abe H. 1989. Evidence that beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA-4 is essential for efficient transmission by the fungus Polymyxa betae. J. Gen. Virol. 70:3391-98
126. Tamada T, Kusume T. 1991. Evidence that the 75K readthrough protein of beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA-2 is essential for transmission by the fungus Polymyxa betae. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1497-504
127. Tamada T, Shirako Y, Abe H, Saito M, Kiguchi T, Harada T. 1989. Production and pathogenicity of isolates of beet necrotic yellow vein virus with different numbers of RNA components. J. Gen. Virol. 70:3399-409
128. Teakle DS. 1983. Zoosporic fungi and viruses. Double trouble. In Zoosporic Plant Pathogens. A Modern Perspective, ed. ST Buczacki, pp. 233-48. London: Academic. 352 pp.
129. Teakle DS, Hiruki C. 1964. Vector specificity in Olpidium. Virology 24:539-44
130. Temmink JHM. 1971. An ultrastructural study of Olpidium brassicae and its transmission of tobacco necrosis virus. Med. Landbouwhogesch. Wageningen 71:1-135
131. Temmink JHM, Campbell RN, Smith PR. 1970. Specificity and site of in vitro acquisition of tobacco necrosis virus by zoospores of Olpidium brassicae. J. Gen. Virol. 9:201-13
132. Thouvenel JC, Fauquet C. 1981. Further properties of peanut clump virus and studies on its natural transmission. Ann. Appl. Biol. 97:99-107
133. Timpe U, Kühne T. 1994. The complete nucleotide sequence of RNA-2 of barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV). Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 100:233-41
134. Tomlinson JA. 1958. Crook root of watercress III. The causal organism Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerh. f. sp. nasturtii f. sp. nov. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 41:491-98
135. Tomlinson JA. 1988. Chemical control of Spongospora and Olpidium in hydroponic systems and soil. See Ref. 34, pp. 293-303
136. Tomlinson JA, Faithful EM, Webb MJW, Fraser RSS, Seeley ND. 1983. Chenopodium necrosis: a distinctive strain of tobacco necrosis virus isolated from river water. Ann Appl. Biol. 102:135-47
137. Tomlinson JA, Garrett RG. 1964. Studies on the lettuce big-vein virus and its vector Olpidium brassicae (Wor.) Dang. Ann. Appl. Biol. 54:45-61
138. Tomlinson JA, Hunt J. 1987. Studies on watercress chlorotic leaf spot virus and on the control of the fungus vector (Spongospora subterranea) with zinc. Ann. Appl. Biol. 110:75-88
139. Tomlinson JA, Thomas BJ. 1986. Studies on melon necrotic spot virus disease of cucumber and on the control of the fungus vector (Olpidium radicale). Ann. Appl. Biol. 108:71-80
140. Toyama A, Kusaba T. 1970. Transmission of soil-borne barley yellow mosaic virus. 2. Polymyxa graminis Led. as vector. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 36:223-29
141. Uyemoto JK. 1983. Biology and control of maize chlorotic mottle virus. Plant Dis. 67:7-10
142. van Dorst HJM, Peters D. 1988. Experiences with the freesia leaf necrosis agent and its presumed vector, Olpidium brassicae. See Ref. 34, pp. 315-22
143. van Slogteren DHM, Visscher HR. 1967. Transmission of a tobacco necrosis virus, causing "Augusta disease" to the roots of tulip by zoospores of the fungus Olpidium brassicae (Wor.) Dang. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksun. Gent 32:927-38
144. Verhoyen M, Legrand G, Meunier S. 1985. Investigations of the aetiology of a necrotic ringspot of lettuce. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksun. Gent 50:1295-300
145. Vetten HJ, Lesemann DE, Dalchow J. 1987. Electron microscopical and serological detection of virus-like particles associated with lettuce big vein disease. J. Phytopathol. 120:53-59
146. von Wechmar MB, Chauhan R, Knox E. 1992. Fungal transmission of a potyvirus: uredospores of Puccinia sorghi transmit maize dwarf mosaic virus. Arch. Virol. Suppl. 5:239-50
147. von Wechmar MB, Jaffer MA, Purves M. 1993. Proc. Symp. Int. Work. Gp. Plant Viruses with Fungal Vectors, 2nd, Montreal, pp. 123-26. Denver, CO: Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Tech.
148. Walsh JA, Clay CM, Miller A. 1989. A new virus disease of watercress in England. EPPO Bull. 19:463-70
149. Ward E, Adams MJ, Mutasa ES, Collier CR, Asher MJC. 1994 Characterization of Polymyxa species by restriction analysis of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA. Plant Pathol. 43:872-77
150. Zhang L, Zitter TA, Lulkin EJ. 1991. Artificial inoculation of maize white line mosaic virus into corn and wheat. Phytopathology 81:397-400
151. Zhang L, Zitter TA, Palukaitis P. 1991. Maize white line mosaic virus double-stranded RNA, replicative structure, and in vitro translation product analysis. Phytopathology 81:1253-57