메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 83, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 326-332

Delayed pollination, stigma length, sex expression, and progeny sex ratio in spinach, Spinacea oleracea (Chenopodiaceae)

Author keywords

Chenopodiaceae; Pollination, delayed; Sex expression; Sex ratio; Spinach; Stigma length; Stigmatic growth, indeterminate

Indexed keywords

POLLINATION; STIGMA LENGTH;

EID: 0029661659     PISSN: 00029122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2446167     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (68)
  • 1
    • 0002883935 scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio manipulations in the common opossum
    • AUSTAD, S. N., AND M. E. SUNQUIST. 1986. Sex ratio manipulations in the common opossum. Nature 324: 58-60.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.324 , pp. 58-60
    • Austad, S.N.1    Sunquist, M.E.2
  • 4
    • 0000623089 scopus 로고
    • Intrasexual selection in Drosophila
    • BATEMAN, A. J. 1948. Intrasexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity 2: 349-368.
    • (1948) Heredity , vol.2 , pp. 349-368
    • Bateman, A.J.1
  • 5
    • 3242826711 scopus 로고
    • A new hypothesis explaining the genetics of sex determination in Spinacea oleracea L
    • BEMIS, W. P., AND G. B. WILSON. 1953. A new hypothesis explaining the genetics of sex determination in Spinacea oleracea L. Journal of Heredity 44: 91-95.
    • (1953) Journal of Heredity , vol.44 , pp. 91-95
    • Bemis, W.P.1    Wilson, G.B.2
  • 6
    • 0000068198 scopus 로고
    • The distribution and phylogenetic significance of binucleate and trinucleate pollen grains in the angiosperms
    • BREWBAKER, J. L. 1967. The distribution and phylogenetic significance of binucleate and trinucleate pollen grains in the angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 54: 1069-1083.
    • (1967) American Journal of Botany , vol.54 , pp. 1069-1083
    • Brewbaker, J.L.1
  • 8
    • 0000221428 scopus 로고
    • Genetic and hormonal regulation of growth, flowering, and sex expression in plants
    • CHAILAKHYAN, M. KH. 1979. Genetic and hormonal regulation of growth, flowering, and sex expression in plants. American Journal of Botany 66: 717-736.
    • (1979) American Journal of Botany , vol.66 , pp. 717-736
    • Chailakhyan, M.K.H.1
  • 11
    • 0019480639 scopus 로고
    • Group selection is implicated in the evolution of female-biased sex ratios
    • COLWELL, R. K. 1981. Group selection is implicated in the evolution of female-biased sex ratios. Nature 290: 401-404.
    • (1981) Nature , vol.290 , pp. 401-404
    • Colwell, R.K.1
  • 12
    • 0019974796 scopus 로고
    • Female-biased sex ratios
    • _. 1982. Female-biased sex ratios. Nature 298: 495-496.
    • (1982) Nature , vol.298 , pp. 495-496
  • 13
    • 0001973994 scopus 로고
    • Bestimmung, Vererbung und Verteilung des Geschlechtes bei den horeren Pflanzen
    • CORRENS, C. 1928. Bestimmung, Vererbung und Verteilung des Geschlechtes bei den horeren Pflanzen. Handbuch der Vererbungswissenschaft 2: 1-128.
    • (1928) Handbuch der Vererbungswissenschaft , vol.2 , pp. 1-128
    • Correns, C.1
  • 14
    • 0024228762 scopus 로고
    • Temporal dioecism: Systematic breadth, associated traits, and temporal patterns
    • CRUDEN, R. W. 1988. Temporal dioecism: systematic breadth, associated traits, and temporal patterns. Botanical Gazette 149: 1-15.
    • (1988) Botanical Gazette , vol.149 , pp. 1-15
    • Cruden, R.W.1
  • 15
    • 0000566214 scopus 로고
    • Temporal dioecism: An alternative to dioecism?
    • _, AND S. HERMANN-PARKER. 1977. Temporal dioecism: an alternative to dioecism? Evolution 31: 863-866.
    • (1977) Evolution , vol.31 , pp. 863-866
    • Hermann-Parker, S.1
  • 17
    • 0001413123 scopus 로고
    • Differential resource utilization by the sexes of dioecious plants
    • FREEMAN, D. C., L. G. KLIKOFF, AND K. T. HARPER. 1976. Differential resource utilization by the sexes of dioecious plants. Science 193: 597-599.
    • (1976) Science , vol.193 , pp. 597-599
    • Freeman, D.C.1    Klikoff, L.G.2    Harper, K.T.3
  • 18
    • 34250259890 scopus 로고
    • Sex change in plants: Old and new observations and new hypotheses
    • _, K. T. HARPER, AND E. L. CHARNOV. 1980. Sex change in plants: old and new observations and new hypotheses. Oecologia 47: 222-232.
    • (1980) Oecologia , vol.47 , pp. 222-232
    • Harper, K.T.1    Charnov, A.E.L.2
  • 19
    • 0001325012 scopus 로고
    • The relative influences of mortality, nonflowering, and sex change on the sex ratios of six Atriplex species
    • _, AND E. D. MCARTHUR. 1984. The relative influences of mortality, nonflowering, and sex change on the sex ratios of six Atriplex species. Botanical Gazette 145: 385-394.
    • (1984) Botanical Gazette , vol.145 , pp. 385-394
    • Mcarthur, E.D.1
  • 20
    • 0022178035 scopus 로고
    • The influence of environment on the sex ratio and fitness of spinach
    • _, AND J. J. VITALE. 1985. The influence of environment on the sex ratio and fitness of spinach. Botanical Gazette 146: 137-142.
    • (1985) Botanical Gazette , vol.146 , pp. 137-142
    • Vitale, J.J.1
  • 21
    • 0028194557 scopus 로고
    • Seed size and sex ratio in spinach: Application of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis to plants
    • _, B. A. WACHOCKI, M. J. STENDER, D. E. GOLDSHLAG, AND H. J. MICHAELS. 1994. Seed size and sex ratio in spinach: application of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis to plants. Ecoscience 1: 54-63.
    • (1994) Ecoscience , vol.1 , pp. 54-63
    • Wachocki, B.A.1    Stender, M.J.2    Goldshlag, D.E.3    Michaels, H.J.4
  • 22
    • 3242829303 scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio in Clematis gentianoides DC
    • GODLEY, E. J. 1976. Sex ratio in Clematis gentianoides DC. New Zealand Journal of Botany 14: 299-306.
    • (1976) New Zealand Journal of Botany , vol.14 , pp. 299-306
    • Godley, E.J.1
  • 24
    • 0020409347 scopus 로고
    • Precise sex ratios in highly inbred parasitic wasps
    • GREEN, R. F., G. GORDH, AND B. A. HAWKINS. 1982. Precise sex ratios in highly inbred parasitic wasps. American Naturalist 120: 653-665.
    • (1982) American Naturalist , vol.120 , pp. 653-665
    • Green, R.F.1    Gordh, G.2    Hawkins, B.A.3
  • 26
    • 0014219333 scopus 로고
    • Extraordinary sex ratios
    • HAMILTON, W. D. 1967. Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156: 477-488.
    • (1967) Science , vol.156 , pp. 477-488
    • Hamilton, W.D.1
  • 27
    • 0003004266 scopus 로고
    • The experimental modification of sex expression in flowering plants
    • HESLOP-HARRISON, J. 1957. The experimental modification of sex expression in flowering plants. Biological Review 32: 38-90.
    • (1957) Biological Review , vol.32 , pp. 38-90
    • Heslop-Harrison, J.1
  • 28
    • 84990653007 scopus 로고
    • Pollen germination and pollen-tube growth
    • K. L. Giles and J. Prakash [eds.], CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
    • _. 1987. Pollen germination and pollen-tube growth. In K. L. Giles and J. Prakash [eds.], International review of cytology, vol. 107, 1-78. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1987) International Review of Cytology , vol.107 , pp. 1-78
  • 30
    • 0023470134 scopus 로고
    • Sex-ratio selection with migration: Does Fisher's result hold?
    • KIRKPATRICK, M., AND J. J. BULL. 1987. Sex-ratio selection with migration: does Fisher's result hold? Evolution 41: 218-221.
    • (1987) Evolution , vol.41 , pp. 218-221
    • Kirkpatrick, M.1    Bull, J.J.2
  • 31
    • 0024943637 scopus 로고
    • Influence of maternal body weight, age, and parity on sex ratio in semidomesticated reindeer
    • KOJOLA, I., AND E. ELORANTA. 1989. Influence of maternal body weight, age, and parity on sex ratio in semidomesticated reindeer. Evolution 43: 1331-1336.
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 1331-1336
    • Kojola, I.1    Eloranta, E.2
  • 32
    • 0001092628 scopus 로고
    • The mechanism for natural selection for the sex ratio
    • KOLMAN, W. A. 1960. The mechanism for natural selection for the sex ratio. American Naturalist 94: 373-377.
    • (1960) American Naturalist , vol.94 , pp. 373-377
    • Kolman, W.A.1
  • 33
    • 0000021183 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of gender in four angiosperm species illustrating two evolutionary pathways to dioecy
    • LLOYD, D. G. 1980. The distribution of gender in four angiosperm species illustrating two evolutionary pathways to dioecy. Evolution 34: 123-134.
    • (1980) Evolution , vol.34 , pp. 123-134
    • Lloyd, D.G.1
  • 34
    • 0003065990 scopus 로고
    • Secondary sex characters in plants
    • _, AND C. J. WEBB. 1977. Secondary sex characters in plants. Botanical Review 43: 177-216.
    • (1977) Botanical Review , vol.43 , pp. 177-216
    • Webb, C.J.1
  • 35
    • 0023520340 scopus 로고
    • Effect of density on secondary sex characteristics and sex ratio in Silene alba (Caryophyllaceae)
    • LOVETT DOUST, J., G. O'BRIEN, AND L. LOVETT DOUST. 1987. Effect of density on secondary sex characteristics and sex ratio in Silene alba (Caryophyllaceae). American Journal of Botany 74: 40-46.
    • (1987) American Journal of Botany , vol.74 , pp. 40-46
    • Lovett Doust, J.1    O'Brien, G.2    Lovett Doust, A.L.3
  • 36
    • 0024189602 scopus 로고
    • Modules of production and reproduction in a dioecious shrub, Rhus typhina
    • _, AND L. LOVETT DOUST. 1988. Modules of production and reproduction in a dioecious shrub, Rhus typhina. Ecology 69: 741-750.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 741-750
    • Lovett Doust, L.1
  • 38
    • 84970053877 scopus 로고
    • Environmentally induced changes of sex expression in Atriplex canescens
    • MCARTHUR, E. D. 1977. Environmentally induced changes of sex expression in Atriplex canescens. Heredity 38: 97-103.
    • (1977) Heredity , vol.38 , pp. 97-103
    • Mcarthur, E.D.1
  • 39
    • 0025664531 scopus 로고
    • Individual sex ratio adjustment in response to the operational sex ratio in the southern green stinkbug
    • MCCLAIN, D. K., AND N. B. MARSH. 1990. Individual sex ratio adjustment in response to the operational sex ratio in the southern green stinkbug. Evolution 44: 1018-1025.
    • (1990) Evolution , vol.44 , pp. 1018-1025
    • Mcclain, D.K.1    Marsh, N.B.2
  • 40
    • 2042545078 scopus 로고
    • Spinacea oleracea
    • A. H. Halevy [ed.], CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
    • METZGER, J. D., AND J. A. D. ZEEVAART. 1985. Spinacea oleracea. In A. H. Halevy [ed.], CRC handbook of flowering, vol. 4, 384-392. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1985) CRC Handbook of Flowering , vol.4 , pp. 384-392
    • Metzger, J.D.1    Zeevaart, J.A.D.2
  • 41
    • 84966177783 scopus 로고
    • Optimal sex ratio in Silene alba
    • MULCAHY, D. L. 1967. Optimal sex ratio in Silene alba. Heredity 22: 411-423.
    • (1967) Heredity , vol.22 , pp. 411-423
    • Mulcahy, D.L.1
  • 42
    • 37049238914 scopus 로고
    • A correlation between gametophytic and sporophytic characteristics in Zea mays L
    • _. 1971. A correlation between gametophytic and sporophytic characteristics in Zea mays L. Science 171: 1155-1156.
    • (1971) Science , vol.171 , pp. 1155-1156
  • 43
    • 9444223757 scopus 로고
    • Correlation between speed of pollen tube growth and seedling height in Zea mays L
    • _. 1974. Correlation between speed of pollen tube growth and seedling height in Zea mays L. Nature 249: 491-493.
    • (1974) Nature , vol.249 , pp. 491-493
  • 45
    • 0001754962 scopus 로고
    • The influence of gametophytic competition on sporophytic quality in Dianthus chinensis
    • _, AND G. B. MULCAHY. 1975. The influence of gametophytic competition on sporophytic quality in Dianthus chinensis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 46: 277-280.
    • (1975) Theoretical and Applied Genetics , vol.46 , pp. 277-280
    • Mulcahy, G.B.1
  • 46
    • 0023496985 scopus 로고
    • The effects of pollen competition
    • _, AND _. 1987. The effects of pollen competition. American Scientist 75: 44-50.
    • (1987) American Scientist , vol.75 , pp. 44-50
  • 47
    • 0000610536 scopus 로고
    • The aerodynamics of wind pollination
    • NIKLAS, K. J. 1985. The aerodynamics of wind pollination. Botanical Review 51: 328-386.
    • (1985) Botanical Review , vol.51 , pp. 328-386
    • Niklas, K.J.1
  • 49
    • 36849159123 scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio and niche differentiation in spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.)
    • ONYEKWELU, S. S., AND J. L. HARPER. 1979. Sex ratio and niche differentiation in spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.). Nature 282: 609-611.
    • (1979) Nature , vol.282 , pp. 609-611
    • Onyekwelu, S.S.1    Harper, J.L.2
  • 50
    • 0000078722 scopus 로고
    • Sex ratios in tropical forest trees
    • OPLER, P. A., AND K. S. BAWA. 1978. Sex ratios in tropical forest trees. Evolution 32: 812-821.
    • (1978) Evolution , vol.32 , pp. 812-821
    • Opler, P.A.1    Bawa, K.S.2
  • 52
    • 0001574548 scopus 로고
    • Studies in the dynamics of plant populations. V. Mechanisms governing sex ratio in Rumex acetosa and R. acetosella
    • PUTWAIN, P. D., AND J. L. HARPER. 1972. Studies in the dynamics of plant populations. V. Mechanisms governing sex ratio in Rumex acetosa and R. acetosella. Journal of Ecology 60: 113-129.
    • (1972) Journal of Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 113-129
    • Putwain, P.D.1    Harper, J.L.2
  • 54
    • 0022901040 scopus 로고
    • Lactation and fetal sex ratios in American bison
    • RUTBERG, A. T. 1986. Lactation and fetal sex ratios in American bison. American Naturalist 127: 89-94.
    • (1986) American Naturalist , vol.127 , pp. 89-94
    • Rutberg, A.T.1
  • 55
    • 3242833641 scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio in seeds of Rumex acetosa L. as a result of sparse or abundant pollination
    • RYCHLEWSKI, J., AND K. ZARZYCKI. 1975. Sex ratio in seeds of Rumex acetosa L. as a result of sparse or abundant pollination. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series: Botanica 18: 101-114.
    • (1975) Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series: Botanica , vol.18 , pp. 101-114
    • Rychlewski, J.1    Zarzycki, K.2
  • 56
    • 0001408967 scopus 로고
    • The selective significance of the sex ratio
    • SHAW, R. F., AND J. D. MOHLER. 1953. The selective significance of the sex ratio. American Naturalist 87: 337-342.
    • (1953) American Naturalist , vol.87 , pp. 337-342
    • Shaw, R.F.1    Mohler, J.D.2
  • 57
    • 0000106267 scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of sex determination of Rumex hastatulus
    • SMITH, B. W. 1963. The mechanism of sex determination of Rumex hastatulus. Genetics 48: 1265-1288.
    • (1963) Genetics , vol.48 , pp. 1265-1288
    • Smith, B.W.1
  • 58
    • 0001338826 scopus 로고
    • The selective advantage of sex ratio homeostasis
    • TAYLOR, P. D., AND A. SAUER. 1980. The selective advantage of sex ratio homeostasis. American Naturalist 116: 305-310.
    • (1980) American Naturalist , vol.116 , pp. 305-310
    • Taylor, P.D.1    Sauer, A.2
  • 59
    • 0015914379 scopus 로고
    • Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring
    • TRIVERS, R. L., AND D. E. WILLARD. 1973. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179: 90-92.
    • (1973) Science , vol.179 , pp. 90-92
    • Trivers, R.L.1    Willard, D.E.2
  • 60
    • 0001300619 scopus 로고
    • Selection for sex ratio
    • VERNER, J. 1965. Selection for sex ratio. American Naturalist 99: 419-421.
    • (1965) American Naturalist , vol.99 , pp. 419-421
    • Verner, J.1
  • 61
    • 0346269937 scopus 로고
    • Secondary sex characteristics in Spinacea oleracea L.: Quantitative evidence for the existence of at least three sexual morphs
    • VITALE, J. J., AND D. C. FREEMAN. 1985. Secondary sex characteristics in Spinacea oleracea L.: quantitative evidence for the existence of at least three sexual morphs. American Journal of Botany 72: 1061-1066.
    • (1985) American Journal of Botany , vol.72 , pp. 1061-1066
    • Vitale, J.J.1    Freeman, D.C.2
  • 62
    • 0022825415 scopus 로고
    • Partial niche separation in Spinacea oleracea L.: An examination of reproductive allocation
    • _, AND _. 1986. Partial niche separation in Spinacea oleracea L.: an examination of reproductive allocation. Evolution 40: 426-430.
    • (1986) Evolution , vol.40 , pp. 426-430
  • 63
    • 0021266242 scopus 로고
    • Human sex ratio manipulation: Historical data from a German parish
    • VOLAND, E. 1984. Human sex ratio manipulation: historical data from a German parish. Journal of Human Evolution 13: 99-107.
    • (1984) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.13 , pp. 99-107
    • Voland, E.1
  • 65
    • 0001403872 scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio adaptations to local mate competition in a parasitic wasp
    • WERREN, J. H. 1980. Sex ratio adaptations to local mate competition in a parasitic wasp. Science 208: 1157-1159.
    • (1980) Science , vol.208 , pp. 1157-1159
    • Werren, J.H.1
  • 66
    • 0027845818 scopus 로고
    • Does maternal condition affect the sex ratio of offspring in humpback whales?
    • WILEY, D. N., AND P. J. CLAPHAM. 1993. Does maternal condition affect the sex ratio of offspring in humpback whales? Animal Behavior 46: 321-324.
    • (1993) Animal Behavior , vol.46 , pp. 321-324
    • Wiley, D.N.1    Clapham, P.J.2
  • 67
  • 68
    • 0347247664 scopus 로고
    • Sex ratios in Polish natural populations and in seedling samples of Rumex acetosa L. and R. thyrsiflorus Fing
    • ZARZYCKI, K., AND J. RYCHLEWSKI. 1972. Sex ratios in Polish natural populations and in seedling samples of Rumex acetosa L. and R. thyrsiflorus Fing. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series: Botanica 15: 135-151.
    • (1972) Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series: Botanica , vol.15 , pp. 135-151
    • Zarzycki, K.1    Rychlewski, J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.