Greenhouse impact of the Finnish forest sector including forest products and waste management

AMBIO

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 318-326

  Pingoud, Kim ^a,b,c   Savolainen, Illka ^a,b   Seppälä, Heikki ^d,e  

^a VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND   (Finland)

^b AALTO UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

^c Finnish Res Prog on Climate Change   (Finland)

^d FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON EMISSIONS; FORESTRY SECTOR; GREENHOUSE IMPACT; POLLUTION CONTROL;

FINLAND;

EID: 0029660126     PISSN: 00447447     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (49)

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2. Kurz, W.A., Apps, M.J , Webb, T.M. and McNamee, P J. 1992. The Carbon Budget of the Canadian Forest Sector Phase I. Information Report NOR-X-326, Forestry Canada, Northwest Region, Northern Forestry Centre.
3. Burschel, P., Kürsten, E., Larson, B.C. and Weber, M 1993. Present role in German forests and forestry in the national carbon budget and options to its increase. Water Air Soil Pollut 70, 325-340.
4. Cooper, D. and Zetterberg, L. 1994. Swedish Forest Industry's Emissions and Uptake of Greenhouse Gases. An Assessment of the Forest Industry's Contribution to the Greenhouse Effect. IVL, Swedish Environmental Research Institute, report B 1130e, 40 p.+ 7 p.(app.).
5. Kanninen, M.(ed.) 1992. Changing Atmosphere-Climate, Nature and Man. The Finnish Research Programme on Climate Change (SILMU), The Academy of Finland. 163 p. (In Finnish).
6. Aarne, M. (ed.) 1993. Yearbook of Forest Statistics 1992. Official Statistics Of Finland, Agriculture and Forestry 5, The Finnish Forest Research Institute.
7. Kauppi, P.E., Mielikäinen, K., and Kuusela, K. 1992. Biomass and carbon budget of European forests. Science 256, 70-74
8. Sedjo, R.A. 1992. Temperate forest ecosystems in the global carbon cycle. Ambio 21, 274-277.
9. Harmon, M E., Ferrell, W.K., and Franklin, J.F. 1990. Effects on carbon storage of conversion of old-growth forests to young growth forests. Science 247, 699-702.
10. Kellomäki, S., Hänninen, K , Karjalainen, T., Laitinen, K., Pajari, B., Peltola, H., Repo, T., Strandman, H. and Väisanen, H. 1992 Response of the boreal ecosystem to chmatic change and its silvicultural implications. The Finnish Research Programme on Climate Change, Progress Report. Kanninen, M. and Anttila, P.(eds). Publications of The Academy of Finland 3/92, 156-161.
11. Karjalainen, T. 1994. Carbon sequestration potentials of forest sector in Finland. The Finnish Research Programme on Climate Change Second Progress Report. Kanninen, M and Heikinheimo, P. (eds). Publications of The Academy of Finland 1/94, 212-214
12. Westman, C.J., Fritze, H., Helmisaari, H.-S., Ilvesniemi, H., Jauhiainen, M., Kitunen, V., Lehto, T., Liski, J., Mecke, M., Pietikäinen, J., and Smolander, A. 1994. Carbon in coniferous boreal soil. The Finnish Research Programme on Climate Change Second Progress Report. Kanninen, M. and Heikinheimo, P. (eds). Publications of The Academy of Finland 1/94, 177-186.
13. Lappalainen, E., and Hänninen, P. 1993. Peat reserves in Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo. Report of Investigation no 117. 118 pp.+app. (In Finnish).
14. Laine, J., Silvola, J., Tolonen, K., Alm, J., Nykänen, H., Vasander, H , Sallantaus, T., Savolainen, I., Sinisalo, J. and Martikainen, P.J. 1996. Effect of water level drawdown in peatlands on the global climatic warming Ambio 25, xxx-xxx.
15. Savolainen, I., Hillebrand, K., Nousiainen, I. and Sinisalo, J. 1994. Greenhouse Impacts of the Use of Peat and Wood for Energy. VTT Research Notes 1559, Technical Research Centre of Finland.
16. Bostrom, S., Backman, R. and Hupa, M. 1992. Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Finland 1988 and 1990 Report prepared for Ministry of Trade and Industry and Ministry of the Environment. Insinöoritoimisto Prosessikemia.
17. Rodhe, H. and Svensson, B. 1995. Impact on the greenhouse effect of peat mining and combustion. Ambio 24, 221-225
18. Aarne, M. (ed.) 1994. Yearbook of Forest Statistics 1993-94. Official Statistics Of Finland, Agriculture and forestry 1994:7, The Finnish Forest Research Institute.
19. Statistics Finland. 1992. Natural Resource Accounts 1980-1990. Official Statistics of Finland, Environment 1992-3
20. Seppalä, H. and Siekkinen, V. 1993. Wood Use and Carbon Balance. An Investigation of the Impacts of Wood Use on the Carbon Balance in Finland in 1990 Finnish Forest Research Institute. Metsantutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja 473. (In Finnish).
21. -1
22. The Finnish pulp and paper industry is focused on using virgin fiber as raw material. In addition to large forests, this is due to the small population as basis of domestic consumption and high export share of production, which make the domestic supply of recycled fiber small although within Finland 52% of recyclable fiber was reused in 1990
23. Vahvelainen, S. and Isaksson, K.-E. 1992. Industrial Waste Statistics Finland, Official Statistics of Finland, Environment 1992:1, 132 p. (In Finnish).
24. Karessuo, A. (ed.) 1994. Yearbook of Environmental Protection 1994. Finnish Forest Industries Federation, 134 pp. (In Finnish).
25. The rest of the imbalance in Figure 1 is a consequence of poor statistics, incorrect coefficients of transformation to carbon content or material losses during the production.
26. Peräla, A.-L. and Nuuttila, H. 1994. The Carbon Content of Wood Products in Finnish Buildings. Technical report for SILMU project, VTT Building Technology, 14 pp. (In Finnish).
27. This assumption would be correct if the life cycle pattern of exported wood products would have been the same as that of domestic products.
28. Isaksson, K.-E. 1993. The Wastes of Housing Production. Statistics Finland, Official Statistics of Finland, Environment 7. (In Finnish)
29. -1. In general, there seems to have been a longer growing trend in the carbon reservoir of buildings in Finland although the main growth in Finland has been concentrated in concrete construction. The total volume of buildings was doubled during the two decades from 1970 to 1990. From 1980 to 1990 the volume increased 33%, whereas the net growth of wood products (and carbon as well) in buildings was 23% only.
30. -1.
31. Aalstad, T. 1990. Consumption of Timber m Norway, What are the End-uses and How Long Life Time Does the Products Have? Department of Forestry, AUN ÅS. 15 pp (In Norwegian).
32. Virtanen, Y. and Nilsson, S 1993. Environmental Impacts of Wastepaper Recycling IIASA and Earthscan Publications, 166 pp.
33. Bilitewski, B. 1993. Mengenstrome in der Papierindustrie 1992. Das Papier, Heft 10 A, V 88-V 92.
34. Recycling does not actually decrease the final amount of waste fibers, although more paper can be produced from the same amount of fibers. In the long-term, the consumption of virgin fibers determines the amount of waste fibers in a paper recycling system
35. IPCC/OECD. 1995. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual, IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 3.
36. 2 and 50% CH4.
37. In the anaerobic conditions of landfills some organic materials do not decay at all, or only very slowly. The almost 30% lignin fraction of wood belongs to this category. Paper grades produced from mechanical pulp also contain lignin.
38. In reality this part decays only in the very long term.
39. Bungemer, H G. and Crutzen, P.J. 1987. The production of methane from solid wastes. J Geophys Res 92, D2, 2181-2187.
40. A reasonable estimate of the process temperature at depths exceeding 2 m seems to be 35°C if external heating or cooling is not excessive.
41. 4: rates, fates, and role in global carbon cycle. Chemosphere 26, 369-386.
42. 2O emissions in Finland. Environ. Mgmt 20, 219-233.
43. -1) by assuming that the waste flows in the past were proportional to the production rates of the Finnish forest industries of that time. Of the waste carbon, 27% was assumed to be bound in the lignin fraction Two integration intervals were used, from 1930 and from 1960 to 1990. The range of the estimated carbon storage was the result from these integrations. However, the estimated net change of the storage and greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 were about the same in both cases.
44. -1) by assuming that the waste flows in the past were proportional to the annual volumes of house construction of that time. The lignin fraction of the waste wood was estimated to be 27%. Two integration intervals were used, from 1900 and from 1945 to 1990. The range of the estimated carbon storage was the result from these integrations
45. -1 in 1990. The historical flow rates were estimated in a similar manner as above by assuming that they were proportional to the annual volumes of house construction in the past. 46 65% of the exported fibers were assumed to be landfilled as well as 65% of the non-recycled fibers in domestic market. The historical paper and board waste flows to the landfills were estimated by assuming that the waste flows in the past were proportional to the volume of pulp production in Finland of that time It was also assumed that mechanical pulp includes 27% lignin (as well as paper fabricated from mechanical pulp). Two integration intervals were used, from 1930 and from 1960 to 1990. The range of the estimated carbon storage was the result from these integrations. Because of the growing production rates in Finnish pulp and paper industries most of the waste has been formed in recent years. There was a longer growing trend in the Finnish pulp and paper industry until 1990 The carbon content of its annual production has increased by 60% from 1970 and nearly 200% from 1960.
46. 2.
47. 2 emissions caused by fossil fuel and forest management scenarios in Finland. Carbon Balance of the World's Forested Ecosystems Towards a Global Assessment Proceedings of the IPCC/AFOS workshop held in Joensuu, Finland, 11-15 May 1992. Kanninen, M. (ed.). Publications of The Academy of Finland 3/93, 240-251.
48. The authors would like to thank Ms Anna-Leena Peralä for her expertise and computational efforts concerning the carbon storage of the wooden structures in buildings. The authors gratefully acknowledge the helpful discussions with Dr Pekka E. Kauppi regarding the carbon balance of the forest ecosystems and with Ms Riitta Pipatti regarding the emissions from landfills. This paper is a contribution to the SILMU programme of the Academy of Finland.
49. First submitted 20 February 1995. Accepted for publication after revision 4 October 1995.