Postseismic rebound in fault step-overs caused by pore fluid flow

Science

Volumn 273, Issue 5279, 1996, Pages 1202-1204

  Peltzer, Gilles ^a   Rosen, Paul ^a   Rogez, Francois ^a   Hudnut, Ken ^b  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMPRESSION; EARTHQUAKE; HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE; INTERFEROMETRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ROCK; TELECOMMUNICATION; UNITED STATES; WATER FLOW;

EARTHQUAKE; PORE PRESSURE; POSTSEISMIC REBOUND; SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR; UPLIFT;

USA, CALIFORNIA;

EID: 0029659882     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5279.1202     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. For example, see Z. K. Shen et al., Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84, 780 (1994); F. K. Wyatt, D. C. Agnew, M. Gladwin, ibid., p. 768.
2. For example, see Z. K. Shen et al., Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84, 780 (1994); F. K. Wyatt, D. C. Agnew, M. Gladwin, ibid., p. 768.
3. A. Nur and J. R. Booker, Science 175, 885 (1972).
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5. J. R. Booker, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 2037 (1974); C. H. Scholz, Geology 2, 551 (1974); J. B. Rundle and W. Thatcher, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 70, 1869 (1980).
6. J. R. Booker, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 2037 (1974); C. H. Scholz, Geology 2, 551 (1974); J. B. Rundle and W. Thatcher, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 70, 1869 (1980).
7. J. R. Booker, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 2037 (1974); C. H. Scholz, Geology 2, 551 (1974); J. B. Rundle and W. Thatcher, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 70, 1869 (1980).
8. GPS arrays in the region of Landers have station spacing of ∼10 km or more and therefore capture only long-wavelength features of the deformation field (1). Small-aperture trilateration arrays were surveyed after the earthquake and were able to measure only minor, localized deformation along the 1992 rupture [A. G. Sylvester, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 1079 (1993) ]. Creepmeters along the Eureka Peak fault revealed up to 23 cm of surface slip in 1 year [J. Behr et al., Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84, 826 (1994)].
9. GPS arrays in the region of Landers have station spacing of ∼10 km or more and therefore capture only long-wavelength features of the deformation field (1). Small-aperture trilateration arrays were surveyed after the earthquake and were able to measure only minor, localized deformation along the 1992 rupture [A. G. Sylvester, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 1079 (1993) ]. Creepmeters along the Eureka Peak fault revealed up to 23 cm of surface slip in 1 year [J. Behr et al., Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84, 826 (1994)].
10. H. Gabriel, R. Goldstein, H. Zebker, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 9183 (1989); H. Zebker et al., ibid. 99, 19617 (1994); G. Peltzer and P. Rosen, Science 268, 1333 (1995).
11. H. Gabriel, R. Goldstein, H. Zebker, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 9183 (1989); H. Zebker et al., ibid. 99, 19617 (1994); G. Peltzer and P. Rosen, Science 268, 1333 (1995).
12. H. Gabriel, R. Goldstein, H. Zebker, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 9183 (1989); H. Zebker et al., ibid. 99, 19617 (1994); G. Peltzer and P. Rosen, Science 268, 1333 (1995).
13. We used the three-pass method to process SAR data acquired by the European remote sensing satellite (ERS-1) into interferograms (6). Each SAR image triplet forms a pair of images spanning a long time interval with a small spatial baseline (6) and a pair spanning a short time interval to remove the topographic phase signal. The data were acquired on descending orbits on (A) 7 August 1992-24 September 1995-11 June 1995, (B) 27 September 1992-23 January 1996-14 November 1995, and (C) 10 January 1993-23 May 1995-14 November 1995. For each image triplet, the first two dates correspond to the long time interval pair and the last two dates to the pair used to remove the topography.
14. Surface strain patterns of longer wavelength are also clear in the intermediate field and are the subject of a separate study (G. Peltzer et al., in preparation).
15. K. Sieh et al., Science 260, 171 (1993); E. W. Hart et al., California Geol. 46, 10 (1993).
16. K. Sieh et al., Science 260, 171 (1993); E. W. Hart et al., California Geol. 46, 10 (1993).
17. J. M. Sower et al., Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84, 528 (1994); J. A. Spotila and K. Sieh, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 545 (1995).
18. J. M. Sower et al., Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84, 528 (1994); J. A. Spotila and K. Sieh, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 545 (1995).
19. A. Sylvester, personal communication.
20. For ERS-1, the satellite line of sight is nearly perpendicular to the orbit and has an incidence angle of 23° in the center of the scene [European Space Agency, ERS-1 System (ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 1992)].
21. See, for example, K Mogi, Tokyo Univ. Earthquake Res. Inst. Bull. 40, 107 (1962); P. J. Eaton, U.S. Geol Surv. Prof. Pap. 579 (1967)
22. See, for example, K Mogi, Tokyo Univ. Earthquake Res. Inst. Bull. 40, 107 (1962); P. J. Eaton, U.S. Geol Surv. Prof. Pap. 579 (1967)
23. D. L. Anderson and J. H. Whitcomb, J. Geophys: Res. 80, 1497 (1975); R. Muir-Wood and G. C. P. King, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 22035 (1993).
24. D. L. Anderson and J. H. Whitcomb, J. Geophys: Res. 80, 1497 (1975); R. Muir-Wood and G. C. P. King, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 22035 (1993).
25. d = 0.03 for the present calculation, although large uncertainties clearly exist for these values.
26. d = 0.03 for the present calculation, although large uncertainties clearly exist for these values.
27. d = 0.03 for the present calculation, although large uncertainties clearly exist for these values.
28. d = 0.03 for the present calculation, although large uncertainties clearly exist for these values.
29. An alternative model involving fault collapse and fault strike perpendicular compression has been advocated to explain surface uplift near the Johnson Valley fault [D. Massonnet, W. Thatcher, H. Vadon, Nature 382, 612 (1996)]. Although fault strike perpendicular compression may have actually occurred after the 1992 Landers earthquake, such a model does not explain the fact that the observed strain is localized in fault step-overs and is not distributed along the entire 1992 rupture, nor does it explain the subsidence observed in the compressive jog along the Emerson-Camp Rock fault.
30. -1, consistent with the value estimated for a variety of earthquake-associated phenomena (14).
31. We thank E. Ivins and P. Segall for discussions on postaeismic deformation processes, A. Sylvester tor sharing unpublished results of leveling across the Homestead Valley fault, and two anonymous reviewers for constructive suggestions. The ERS-1 radar data were provided by the European Space Agency. The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA, and at the U.S. Geological Survey.