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J. M. Rensberger, in Teeth Revisited, Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on Dental Morphology, J.-P. Santoro and D. Signeau-Russell, Eds. (Memoirs de Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1988), pp. 351-365; J. J. Hooker, in Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution, D. R. Prothero and W. A. Berggren, Eds. (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1992), pp. 494-515; for changes in the Cretaceous, see J. D. Archibald, Science 272, 1150 (1996).
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We used several fossil collections (mainly those of the American Museum of Natural History, New York) to assign species to crown types. Crown types with four or more buccal or lingual cusps, respectively, were given the value M for "many" (such as type R2M00). Sharp cusps are pointy and most of their slopes are straight or concave, whereas the slopes of round cusps are convex. A loph can consist of a single cusp or of several cusps. Structures that had a tip and were equal in height to or exceeded two-thirds of the total crown height were counted as cusps. A similar cutoff point was used for lophs. The crown type scheme is conservative in the recognition of morphological features and underestimates the origin of these features in the phylogeny. For information on crown types in recent mammals, see (6).
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Of the paraphyletic archaic ungulates, the families Arctocyonidae, Hyopsodontidae, Meniscotheriidae, Mioclaenidae, Periptychidae, Phenacodontidae, and Tricuspiodontidae were analyzed. We report here the results on taxonomic trends using genera, although analyses using species gave equivalent results. The taxonomic data were derived from D. E. Savage and D. E. Russell, Mammalian Paleofaunas of the World (Addison-Wesley. Reading, MA, 1983) We made a few changes in it, most notably in the classification of archaic ungulates [R. K. Stucky and M. C. McKenna, in The Fossil Record II, M. J. Benton, Ed. (Chapman and Hall, London, 1993), pp. 739-771] and time scale [M. O. Woodbourne, Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Geochronology and Biostratigraphy (Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1987); D. R, Prothero, in Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, M.-P. Aubry, J. Hardenbol, Eds. (Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, OK, 1995), pp. 305-315].
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Of the paraphyletic archaic ungulates, the families Arctocyonidae, Hyopsodontidae, Meniscotheriidae, Mioclaenidae, Periptychidae, Phenacodontidae, and Tricuspiodontidae were analyzed. We report here the results on taxonomic trends using genera, although analyses using species gave equivalent results. The taxonomic data were derived from D. E. Savage and D. E. Russell, Mammalian Paleofaunas of the World (Addison-Wesley. Reading, MA, 1983) We made a few changes in it, most notably in the classification of archaic ungulates [R. K. Stucky and M. C. McKenna, in The Fossil Record II, M. J. Benton, Ed. (Chapman and Hall, London, 1993), pp. 739-771] and time scale [M. O. Woodbourne, Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Geochronology and Biostratigraphy (Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1987); D. R, Prothero, in Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, M.-P. Aubry, J. Hardenbol, Eds. (Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, OK, 1995), pp. 305-315].
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McKenna, M.C.2
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Of the paraphyletic archaic ungulates, the families Arctocyonidae, Hyopsodontidae, Meniscotheriidae, Mioclaenidae, Periptychidae, Phenacodontidae, and Tricuspiodontidae were analyzed. We report here the results on taxonomic trends using genera, although analyses using species gave equivalent results. The taxonomic data were derived from D. E. Savage and D. E. Russell, Mammalian Paleofaunas of the World (Addison-Wesley. Reading, MA, 1983) We made a few changes in it, most notably in the classification of archaic ungulates [R. K. Stucky and M. C. McKenna, in The Fossil Record II, M. J. Benton, Ed. (Chapman and Hall, London, 1993), pp. 739-771] and time scale [M. O. Woodbourne, Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Geochronology and Biostratigraphy (Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1987); D. R, Prothero, in Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, M.-P. Aubry, J. Hardenbol, Eds. (Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, OK, 1995), pp. 305-315].
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Of the paraphyletic archaic ungulates, the families Arctocyonidae, Hyopsodontidae, Meniscotheriidae, Mioclaenidae, Periptychidae, Phenacodontidae, and Tricuspiodontidae were analyzed. We report here the results on taxonomic trends using genera, although analyses using species gave equivalent results. The taxonomic data were derived from D. E. Savage and D. E. Russell, Mammalian Paleofaunas of the World (Addison-Wesley. Reading, MA, 1983) We made a few changes in it, most notably in the classification of archaic ungulates [R. K. Stucky and M. C. McKenna, in The Fossil Record II, M. J. Benton, Ed. (Chapman and Hall, London, 1993), pp. 739-771] and time scale [M. O. Woodbourne, Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Geochronology and Biostratigraphy (Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1987); D. R, Prothero, in Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, M.-P. Aubry, J. Hardenbol, Eds. (Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, OK, 1995), pp. 305-315].
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10544236364
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note
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Cusp shapes were tabulated as round (R) = 0 and sharp (S) = 1, and loph (L) was tabulated as having a zero distance to R or S cusps. For example, the distance between S2200 (or R2200) and L2310 is 0 + 0 + 1 + 1 + 0 = 2. This tabulation is a conservative measure of distances between lophed and nonlophed teeth. Crown types with many (≥4) buccal or lingual cusps were given the value of 4. The disparity frequencies in Fig. 3 are for all pairs of crown types within each land mammal age. For example, 10 different crown types have 45 crown type - crown type distances.
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22
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10544241018
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See (2) and (6) for details
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See (2) and (6) for details.
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26
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0020901565
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D. H. Wright, Oikos 41, 496 (1983); M. L. Rosenzweig and Z. Abramsky, in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives, R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, Eds. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1993), pp. 52-65; D. H. Wright, D. H. Currie, B. A. Maurer,ibid., pp. 66-74.
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D. H. Wright, Oikos 41, 496 (1983); M. L. Rosenzweig and Z. Abramsky, in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives, R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, Eds. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1993), pp. 52-65; D. H. Wright, D. H. Currie, B. A. Maurer,ibid., pp. 66-74.
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See (4) and (14); but for an opposite conclusion concerning the later Cenozoic, see B. Van Valkenburgh and C. M. Janis, in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives, R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, Eds. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1993), pp. 330-340.
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10544249728
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note
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We thank the staff of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for help and access to their collections of fossil ungulates, and J. Alroy, V. Haukisalmi, W. L. Jungers, D. W. Krause, J. Lindström, E. Ranta, and P. C. Wright for comments or advice on this paper. Funding was provided to J.J. by the Finnish Cultural Foundation and to J.P.H. by NSF grant IBN9624939. This is a contribution from the Valio Armas Korvenkontio Unit of Dental Anatomy in Relation to Evolutionary Theory.
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