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1
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10544235511
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-
note
-
18O, the conventional reference standard is the Pee Dee belemnite (PDB).
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-
-
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2
-
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0027101663
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-
J. W. Beck et al., Science 257, 644 (1992); ibid. 264, 891 (1994).
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(1992)
Science
, vol.257
, pp. 644
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Beck, J.W.1
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3
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0028304739
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J. W. Beck et al., Science 257, 644 (1992); ibid. 264, 891 (1994).
-
(1994)
Science
, vol.264
, pp. 891
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-
-
8
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-
0002770403
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T. Oomori, K. Kaneshima, Y. Nakamura, Y. Kitano, Galaxea 1, 77 (1982).
-
(1982)
Galaxea
, vol.1
, pp. 77
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-
Oomori, T.1
Kaneshima, K.2
Nakamura, Y.3
Kitano, Y.4
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11
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10544221715
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-
note
-
18O was estimated at 0.06 per mil (2σ) after 20 runs of 0.5 mg reference carbonate.
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-
-
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12
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10544255428
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note
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First, we cleaned the samples with 1 ml of distilled (deionized) water at room temperature, followed by addition of 1 ml of 4 mM nitric acid at room temperature and then 2 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide at 60°C, all in an ultrasonic cleaner for 15 min.
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-
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13
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10544236990
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note
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Typically, 1 mg of the washed subsample finally obtained was dissolved in 4 g of 0.5 M nitric acid for sequential triplicate measurements of Mg, Sr, and Ca by ICP-AES with Seiko SPS-7000A.
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-
-
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14
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10544254754
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-
note
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The sample for x-ray diffraction was taken from adjacent parts of the transect and homogenized in an agate mortar. We used copper Kα radiation. A scan was made at the rate of 1 degree (2θ) per minute between 20 and 60 degrees (2θ).
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-
-
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15
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10544240434
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-
note
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Anomalies for annual maxima and minima are differences from the mean values for annual maxima and minima, respectively, over the period 1986-1993.
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-
-
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16
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10544227374
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note
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We estimated the analytical errors (2σ) for the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios with the following method. We crushed and homogenized 10 g of coral sample cut from other parts of the sliced core in an agate mortar. Twenty-five coral powder fractions of 1.5 mg each were taken from the whole and cleaned and used for measurements (10, 11). The average analytical errors (2σ) for the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios were 0.068 and 0.10 mmol/mol, respectively.
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-
-
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17
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0042204867
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J. H. Carpenter and M. E. Manelia, J. Geophys. Res. 78, 3621 (1973); S. Tsuriogai, H. Yamahata, S. Kudo, O. Saito, Deep-Sea Res. 20, 717 (1973); Y. Horibe, K. Endo, H. Tsubota, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 23, 136 (1974).
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(1973)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.78
, pp. 3621
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Carpenter, J.H.1
Manelia, M.E.2
-
18
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0015655478
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J. H. Carpenter and M. E. Manelia, J. Geophys. Res. 78, 3621 (1973); S. Tsuriogai, H. Yamahata, S. Kudo, O. Saito, Deep-Sea Res. 20, 717 (1973); Y. Horibe, K. Endo, H. Tsubota, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 23, 136 (1974).
-
(1973)
Deep-Sea Res.
, vol.20
, pp. 717
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-
Tsuriogai, S.1
Yamahata, H.2
Kudo, S.3
Saito, O.4
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19
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0037496820
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J. H. Carpenter and M. E. Manelia, J. Geophys. Res. 78, 3621 (1973); S. Tsuriogai, H. Yamahata, S. Kudo, O. Saito, Deep-Sea Res. 20, 717 (1973); Y. Horibe, K. Endo, H. Tsubota, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 23, 136 (1974).
-
(1974)
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
, vol.23
, pp. 136
-
-
Horibe, Y.1
Endo, K.2
Tsubota, H.3
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20
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0004263296
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-
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, New York
-
W. S. Broecker and T. H. Peng, Tracers in the Sea (Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, New York, 1982).
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(1982)
Tracers in the Sea
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Broecker, W.S.1
Peng, T.H.2
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22
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0000541583
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A. Katz, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37, 1563 (1973); T. Oomori, H. Kaneshima, Y. Maezato, Mar. Chem. 20, 327 (1987).
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(1973)
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
, vol.37
, pp. 1563
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Katz, A.1
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23
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0023524457
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A. Katz, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37, 1563 (1973); T. Oomori, H. Kaneshima, Y. Maezato, Mar. Chem. 20, 327 (1987).
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(1987)
Mar. Chem.
, vol.20
, pp. 327
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Oomori, T.1
Kaneshima, H.2
Maezato, Y.3
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26
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0028193063
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-
S. de Villiers, G. T. Shen, B. K. Nelson, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 197 (1994); S. de Villiers, B. K. Nelson, A. R. Chivas, Science 269, 1247 (1995); T. McConnaughey, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 151 (1989).
-
(1994)
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
, vol.58
, pp. 197
-
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De Villiers, S.1
Shen, G.T.2
Nelson, B.K.3
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27
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0028978265
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S. de Villiers, G. T. Shen, B. K. Nelson, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 197 (1994); S. de Villiers, B. K. Nelson, A. R. Chivas, Science 269, 1247 (1995); T. McConnaughey, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 151 (1989).
-
(1995)
Science
, vol.269
, pp. 1247
-
-
De Villiers, S.1
Nelson, B.K.2
Chivas, A.R.3
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28
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0024528359
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S. de Villiers, G. T. Shen, B. K. Nelson, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 197 (1994); S. de Villiers, B. K. Nelson, A. R. Chivas, Science 269, 1247 (1995); T. McConnaughey, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 151 (1989).
-
(1989)
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
, vol.53
, pp. 151
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McConnaughey, T.1
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30
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10544220095
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note
-
The comparison is based on the following: The annual extrema of each tracer are assigned to the corresponding annual extrema of the SST record, and coral growth rate is assumed to be constant between the extrema.
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-
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31
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10544254331
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note
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We thank B. Parker of the Australian Institute of Marine Science for drilling the coral core and R. G. Fairbanks of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University for helpful comments.
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