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Also see: Yoshino, K.; Ozaki, M.; Taniguchi, H.; Ito, M.; Sato, K.; Yamazaki, N.; Kitazume, T. J. Jpn. Appl. Phys. 1987, 26, L77.
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For our preliminary communications of asymmetric catalytic fluoral-ene reactions: (a) Mikami, K.; Yajima. T.; Terada, M.; Uchimaru, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 7591.
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Most recently asymmetric catalytic aldol reactions with fluorinated aromatic aldehydes and ketones were reported: Soloshonok, V. A.; Hayashi, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2713.
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For asymmetric catalysis of glyoxylate-ene reactions: (a) Mikami, K.; Terada, M.; Nakai, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 1940.
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(g) Terada, M.; Matsukawa, S.; Mikami, K. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1993, 327.
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We carried out molecular orbital calculations on the protonated aldehydes as a model for 2/ Lewis acid complexes. In the transition states, one of the halogen substituents on the α carbon of aldehydes is most likely to occupy the antiperiplanar region relative to the attacking reagent; Mikami, K.; Shimizu, M. 'Stereoelectronic Rules in Addition Reactions: "Cram's Rule" in Olefinic Systems' in Advances in Detailed Reaction Mechanisms; Coxon, J. M., Ed.; JAI Press: Connecticut, U. S. A. Vol. 3, 1993.
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R molecular modeling workstation) and ab-initio (RHF/6-31G**; Gaussian 90 on HP/Apollo-Series-700) geometry optimizations were carried out without any additional constraints.
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MNDO and PM3 atomic charges were evaluated from the positive core charges and the numbers of valence electrons. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, instead of conventional Mulliken population analysis, was used for evaluating atomic charges in the ab-initio calculations: Reed, A. E.; Weinstock, R. B.; Weinhold, F. J. Chem. Phys. 1985, 83, 735.
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The reduced carbonyl C-O bond polarity for fluoral might be rationalized by electron withdrawal from oxygen by fluorine substituents. Also see ref. 12b.
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Only small amounts of allylic alcohols were obtained.
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Ab initio MO calculations reveal that bidentate transition structures for the reactions of 2-fluoropropanal or monofluoroacetaldehyde, however, with lithium hydride are stabilized by the electrostatic attraction between Li and F: Wong, S. S.; Paddon-Row, M. N. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1991, 327.
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