The failure of current immunotherapy for malignant glioma. Tumor-derived TGF-β, T-cell apoptosis, and the immune privilege of the brain

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 1995, Pages 128-151

  Weller, Michael ^a,b   Fontana, Adriano ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Fas APO 1; Immunosuppression; Immunotherapy; Malignant glioma; TGF ; TNF

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOTOXIN; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR VACCINE;

APOPTOSIS; GLIOMA; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE;

EID: 0029610610     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(95)00010-0     Document Type: Review

References (254)

1. 1 down-regulates expression of membrane-associated lymphotoxin and secretion of soluble lymphotoxin by human lymphokine-activated killer T-cells in vitro
2. Effect of transforming growth factor-β on early and late activation events in human T-cells
3. Transforming growth factor β abrogates the effects of hematopoietins on eosinophils and induces their apoptosis
4. Altered metabolic and adhesive properties and increased tumorigenesis associated with increased expression of transforming growth factor β1
5. Anti-transforming growth factor (TGF)-β antibodies inhibit breast cancer cell tumorigenicity and increase mouse spleen natural killer cell activity
6. Cell mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of glioma patients
7. T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity of human gliomas: a tumor necrosis factor independent mechanism
8. Intratumoral LAK cell and interleukin-2 therapy of human gliomas
9. Development of anti-tumor immunity following thymidine kinase-mediated killing of experimental brain tumors
10. Monocyte tumoricidal activity and tumor necrosis factor production in patients with malignant brain tumors
11. + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
12. Inhibition of basal and tumor necrosis factor-enhanced binding of murine tumor cells to murine endothelium by transforming growth factor-β
13. The binding and lysis of target cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Molecular and cellular aspects
14. T-cell based cancer immunotheraphy: direct or redirected tumor-cell recognition
15. Inflammatory leukocytes associated with increased immunosuppression by glioblastoma
16. Immunosuppression and transforming growth factor-β in glioblastoma. Preferential production of transforming growth factor-β2
17. 2: evidence for secretion of both high and low molecular weight biologically active forms
18. Contrasting mechanisms for suppression of macrophage cytokine release by transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10
19. Loco-regional immunotherapy with recombinant interleukin-2 and adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells (A-LAK) in recurrent glioblastoma patients
20. Comparison of in vitro glioma cell cytotoxicity of LAK cells from glioma patients and healthy subjects
21. Transforming growth factor β and cyclosporin A inhibit the inducible activity of the interleukin-2 gene in T-cells through a noncanonical octamer-binding site
22. Suppression of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell induction mediated by interleukin-4 and transforming growth factor-β1: effect of addition of exogenous tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, and measurement of their endogenous production
23. Transforming growth factor-β1 as a signal for induction of cell death by apoptosis
24. Expression of HLA-DR and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigens on glioma cells
25. Prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis by human intracranial tumors
26. TGF-β1 is a potent inducer of human effector T-cells
27. Treatment of experimental glioblastoma with a human major histocompatibility complex nonrestricted cytotoxic T-cell line
28. Increased transforming growth factor β expression inhibits cell proliferation in vitro, yet increases tumorigenicity and tumor growth of meth A sarcoma cells
29. Transforming growth factor-β-like activity in tumors of the central nervous system
30. Overexpression of c-K-ras, c-N-ras and transforming growth factor β co-segregate with tumorigenicity in morphologically transformed C3H 10T1/2 cell lines
31. Cytokine gene transfer in tumor inhibition and tumor therapy: where are we now?
32. Differential expression of transforming growth factor-β1, β2, and β3 by glioblastoma cells, astrocytes, and microglia
33. Malignant glioma modulation of immune function: relative contribution of different soluble factors
34. 1 modulates the expression of class II histocompatibility antigens on human cells
35. Brain tumor working group report on the 9th International Conference on Brain Tumor Research and Therapy
36. Tumor-derived transforming growth factor-β1 and interleukin-6 are chemotactic for lymphokine-activated killer cells
37. Synthesis of messenger RNAs for transforming growth factors α and β and the epidermal growth factor receptor by human tumors
38. Inhibition of interferon-γ-induced major histocompatibility complex class II gene transcription by interferon-β and type β1 transforming growth factor in human astrocytoma cells
39. Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity
40. Skewed distribution of TCR Vα 7-bearing T-cells within tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of HLA-A24(9)-positive patients with malignant glioma
41. Shared amino acid sequences in the NDβN and Nα regions of the T-cell receptors of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes within malignant glioma
42. In vivo immunization against autologous glioblastoma-associated antigens
43. Inability of mitogen-activated lymphocytes obtained from patients with malignant primary intracranial tumors to express high affinity interleukin 2 receptors
44. Suppression of high affinity IL-2 receptors on mitogen activated lymphocytes by glioma-derived suppressor factor
45. Inhibition of cytokine production by cyclosporin A and transforming growth factor β
46. 1
47. TGF-β inhibition of cdk4 synthesis is linked to cell cycle arrest
48. Interleukin-4 affects phenotype and proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from glioblastoma patients after specific or nonspecific in vitro stimulation
49. Randomised, controlled study of intratumoral recombinant γ-interferon treatment in newly diagnosed glioblastoma
50. Inactivation of a cdk2 inhibitor during interleukin 2-induced proliferation of human T lymphocytes
51. 6 glioma cells
52. Astrocytes present myelin basic protein to encephalitogenic T-cell lines
53. Glioblastoma cells release interleukin 1 and factors inhibiting interleukin 2-mediated effects
54. Transforming growth factor-β inhibits the generation of cytotoxic T-cells in virus-infected mice
55. Evidence that TGF-β can inhibit human T-lymphocyte proliferation through paracrine and autocrine mechanisms
56. Granylocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production by glioblastoma cells. Despite the presence of inducing signals GM-CSF is not expressed in vivo
57. Enhanced interleukin-1β release and longevity of glioma-associated peripheral blood monocytes in vitro
58. Endothelial cell adhesiveness for human T lymphocytes is inhibited by transforming growth factor-β
59. Generation of lymphokine-activated killer activity in T-cells. Possible regulatory circuits
60. Dendritic cells as initiators of tumor immune responses: a possible strategy for tumor immunotherapy?
61. TGF-beta inhibits the in vitro induction of lymphokine-activated killing
62. Immunotoxins and central nervous system neoplasia
63. INK4B is a potential effector of TGF-β-induced cell cycle arrest
64. Growth inhibition of subcutaneously transplanted human glioma by transfection-induced tumor necrosis factor-α and augmentation of the effect by γ-interferon
65. The cellular immunotherapy of primary brain tumors
66. The effects of type beta transforming growth factor on proliferation and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in a human glioblastoma cell line
67. Effects of type beta transforming growth factor in combination with retinoic acid or tumor necrosis factor on proliferation of a human glioblastoma cell line and clonogenic cells from freshly resected human brain tumors
68. Vaccinations with tumor cells genetically engineered to produce different cytokines: effectivity not superior to a classical adjuvant
69. Generation of cellular immune responses against a glioma-associated antigen(s)
70. Generation of cytotoxic immune responses against a rat glioma by in vivo priming and secondary in vitro stimulation with tumor cells
71. Generation of cytotoxic immune responses during the progression of a rat glioma
72. DR expression in glioblastoma cells by interferon gamma and other cytokines
73. Morphology of interleukin-2-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear effector cells killing glioma-derived tumor cells in vitro
74. 1 in human astrocytomas
75. cdc2 phosphorylation and histone H1 kinase activity is associated with G1/S-phase growth arrest
76. 1 growth arrest by transforming growth factor β1 requires cellular ras activity
77. Activation of human platelet-derived latent transforming growth factor-β1 by human glioblastoma cells
78. Protease inhibitors interface with the transforming growth factor-β-dependent but not the transforming growth factor-β-independent pathway of tumor cell-mediated immunosuppression
79. Functional and molecular characterization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes transduced with tumor necrosis factor-α cDNA for the gene therapy of cancer in humans
80. 1
81. Immunomodulatory effects of transforming growth factor-β on T lymphocytes. Induction of CD8 expression in the CTLL-2 cell line and in normal thymocytes
82. Salvage immunotherapy of malignant glioma
83. Modulation of proliferation and antigen expression of a cloned human glioblastoma by interleukin-4 alone and in combination with tumor necrosis factor-α and/or interferon-γ
84. 2-specific phosphorothioate-anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotides in reversing cellular immunosuppression in malignant glioma
85. In vitro studies of cytokine-mediated interactions between malignant glioma and autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells
86. Interleukin-2 or autologous lymphokine-activated killer cell treatment of malignant glioma: phase I trial
87. Immunotherapy of malignant glioma
88. In vivo regulation of transforming growth factor β1 transcription by immunotherapy: interleukin-2 impairs interferon-α-stimulated increase in steady state mRNA levels of transforming growth factor β1
89. Therapy of recurrent high grade gliomas with surgery, and autologous mitogen activated IL-2 stimulated killer (MAK) lymphocytes: I. Enhancement of MAK lytic activity and cytokine production by PHA and clinical use of PHA
90. 2 are potential growth regulators for low-grade and malignant gliomas in vitro: evidence in support of an autocrine hypothesis
91. Fas and perforin pathways as major mechanisms of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity
92. Establishment of a human glioma cell line bearing a homogenously staining chromosomal region and releasing α- and β-type transforming growth factors
93. Effects of transforming growth factor-β on human lymphokine-activated killer cell precursors. Autocrine inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation to immune killer cells
94. Transforming growth factor β is an important immunomodulatory protein for human B lymphocytes
95. Production of transforming growth factor β by human T lymphocytes and its potential role in the regulation of T-cell growth
96. Oral tolerance to myelin basic protein and natural recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are associated with downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and differential upregulation of transforming growth factor β, interleukin 4, and prostaglandin E expression in the brain
97. Cytological characteristics of human glioma-infiltrating lymphocytes stimullated with recombinant interleukin-2 and an anti-CD3 antibody
98. Establishment of interleukin 2 dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte cell line specific for autologous brain tumor and its intracranial administration for therapy of the tumor
99. The effect of irradiation on expression of HLA class I antigens in human brain tumors in culture
100. Negative regulation of G1 in mammalian cells: inhibition of cyclin E-dependent kinase by TGF-β1
101. Tumour necrosis factor-α induces an increase in susceptibility of human glioblastoma U87-MG cells to natural killer cell-mediated lysis
102. Analysis of interleukin-2 and various effector cell populations in adoptive immunotherapy of rat 9L gliosarcoma: allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes prevent tumor take
103. Systemic chemotherapy combined with local adoptive immunotherapy cures rats bearing 9L gliosarcoma
104. Migration of activated lymphocytes when adoptively transferred into cannulated rat brain
105. Intercranial administrations of single or multiple source allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes; chronic therapy for primary brain tumors
106. 1 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death
107. Immunohistological and functional analysis of lymphoid infiltrates in human glioblastomas
108. Inhibition of lymphocyte function by glioblastoma-derived transforming growth factor β2
109. Activation and adhesion molecule expression on lymphoid infiltrates in human glioblastomas
110. 2-and cAMP-modulating agents on human glioblastoma cell killing by interleukin-2-activated lymphocytes
111. Programmed cell death during regression of PC-82 human prostate cancer following androgen ablation
112. Programmed cell death during regression of the MCF-7 human breast cancer following estrogen ablation
113. Growth inhibition by TGF-β linked to suppression of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation
114. Monoclonal antibody analysis of MHC expression in human brain biopsies: tissue ranging from ‘histologically normal’ to that showing different levels of glial tumor involvement
115. Co-stimulation of T-cell proliferation by transforming growth factor-β1
116. Maternal rescue of transforming growth factor-β1 null mice
117. + T-cell function
118. Coexpression of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in human brain tumors
119. Long-term follow-up of patients with recurrent malignant gliomas treated with adjuvant adoptive immunotherapy
120. 1
121. TGF-β1 and cyclic AMP promote apoptosis in resting human B lymphocytes
122. Hematopoietic cytokines inhibit apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor β1 and cancer chemotherapy compounds in myeloid leukemic cells
123. Cytolytic T-cell cytotoxicity is mediated through perforin and Fas lytic pathways
124. 1 during lymphocyte activation. A study with a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA
125. Improvement of macrophage dysfunction by administration of anti-transforming growth factor-β antibody in EL4-bearing hosts
126. Systemic gamma-interferon therapy for recurrent gliomas
127. Expression of platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor and their correlation with cellular morphology in glial tumors
128. Expression of platelet-derived growth factors, transforming growth factors, and the ros gene in a variety of primary human brain tumors
129. Treatment of established lung metastates with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes derived from a poorly immunogenic tumor engineered to secrete human TNF-α
130. Complementary DNA for human glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, a novel member of the transforming growth factor-β gene family
131. Effect of the expression of transforming growth factor-β2 in primary human glioblastomas on immunosuppression and loss of immune surveillance
132. Transfection of transforming growth factor-β producing tumor EMT6 with interleukin-2 elicits tumor rejection and tumor reactive cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
133. Cytokine-regulated adhesion between encephalitogenic T lymphocytes and cerebrovascular endothelial cells
134. Corticosteroids inhibit the generation of lymphokine-activated killer activity in vitro
135. In vitro analysis of the proliferative potential of T-cells from patients with brain tumor: glioma-associated immunosuppression unrelated to intrinsic cellular defect
136. Activation of cyclin A-dependent protein kinases during apoptosis
137. Transforming growth factor-β prevents stem cell factor-mediated rescue of mast cells from apoptosis after IL-3 deprivation
138. Intralesional infusion of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) for the treatment of patients with malignant brain tumor
139. Immunotherapy for malignant glioma using human recombinant interleukin-2 and activated autologous lymphocytes
140. T-cell receptor V-gene usage in neoplasms of the central nervous system. A comparative analysis in cultured tumor infiltrating and peripheral blood T-cells
141. Cytokine gene expression in primary brain tumors, metastases and meningiomas suggests specific transcription patterns
142. 1
143. In situ characterization, clonogenic potential, and antitumor cytolytic activity of T lymphocytes infiltrating human brain cancers
144. Suppressor T-cells generated by oral tolerization to myelin basic protein suppress both in vitro and in vivo immune responses by the release of transforming growth factor β after antigen-specific triggering
145. Immunohistochemical detection and correlation between MHC antigen and cell-mediated immune system in recurrent glioma by APAAP method
146. Specific cytotoxic activity of T lymphocyte clones derived from a patient with gliosarcoma
147. Decreased susceptibility of lined human gliosarcoma cells to lymphokine-activated killer cell cytolysis by γ-interferon treatment
148. Liposomal transfection of human γ-interferon gene into human glioma cells and adoptive immunotherapy using lymphokine-activated killer cells
149. Autocrine and paracrine regulation of astrocyte function by transforming growth factor-β
150. Transforming growth factor-β blocks proliferation but not early mitogenic signaling events in T-lymphocytes
151. Transforming growth factor-beta inhibits the in vitro generation of lymphoiine-activated killer cells and cytotoxic T-cells
152. Phenotyping of 60 cultured human gliomas and 34 other neuroectodermal tumors by means of monoclonal antibodies against glioma, melanoma and HLA-DR antigens
153. Sensitivity of human glioma and brain cells to natural killer cell lysis
154. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α and -β secretion by lymphokine activated killer cells by transforming growth factor-β
155. Preliminary trial of specific targeting therapy against malignant glioma
156. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β like activity of intracranial meningioma and its effect on cell growth
157. Induction of apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes and in regressing liver by transforming growth factor β1
158. Apoptonic death in epithelial cells: cleavage of DNA to 300 and/or 50 kg fragments prior to or in the absence of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation
159. Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice
160. Transforming growth factor-β1, -β2, and -β3 secreted by a human glioblastoma cell line
161. Mechanistic studies of transforming growth factor-β inhibition of IL-2-dependent activation of CD3 large granular lymphocyte functions. Regulation of IL-2Rβ (p75) signal transduction
162. Anti-Fas on nonhematopoietic tumors: levels of Fas/APO-1 and bcl-2 are not predictive of biological response
163. Cancer vaccines
164. Transforming growth factor β1 suppression of c-myc gene transcription: role in inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation
165. Kip1, a cyclin-cdk inhibitor, links transforming growth factor-β and contact inhibition to cell cycle arrest
166. 1
167. Evidence of endogenous regulatory function of transforming growth factor-β1 in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
168. In vivo transfer of the human interleukin-2 gene: negative tumoricidal results in experimental brain tumors
169. Inhibition of cytotoxic T-cell development by transforming growth factor β and reversal by recombinant tumor necrosis factor α
170. Rat glioblastoma cells expressing an antisense RNA to the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor are nontumorigenic and induce regression of wild-type tumors
171. The human melanoma antigen-encoding gene, MAGE-1, is expressed by other tumour cells of neuroectodermal origin such as glioblastomas and neuroblastomas
172. Effect of transforming growth factor β on the functions of natural killer cells: depressed cytolytic activity and blunting of interferon responsiveness
173. Immunohistological study of mononuclear cell infiltrate in malignant gliomas
174. Modulation of T-cell function by gliomas
175. Coordinated regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation by transforming growth factor β1 in cultured uterine epithelial cells
176. Fas involvement in Ca2+-independent T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity
177. Regulatory effects of transforming growth factor-β on IL-2 and IL-4-dependent T-cell-cycle progression
178. Factors, including transforming growth factor β, released in the glioblastoma residual cavity, impair activity of adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells
179. Astrocyte-derived TGF-β2 and NGF differentially regulate neural recognition molecule expression by cultured astrocytes
180. Immunocytochemical study of transforming growth factor expression in benign and malignant gliomas
181. Studies on the mechanisms by which transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) protects against allergic encephalomyelitis
182. Treatment of murine primary brain tumors with systemic interleukin-2 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
183. Inhibition of cell growth by TGFβ1 is associated with inhibition of B-myb and cyclin A in both BALB/MK and Mv1Lu cells
184. Isolation and in vitro growth of glioma-infiltrating lymphocytes, and an analysis of their surface phenotypes
185. Antitumor activity and surface phenotypes of human glioma-infiltrating lymphocytes after in vitro expansion in the presence of interleukin 2
186. Increased expression of genes from growth factor signaling pathways in glioblastoma cell lines
187. 2 suppress rat astrocyte autoantigen presentation and antagonize hyperinduction of class II major histocompatibility complex antigen expression by interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α
188. 2: cytokines with identical immunosuppressive effects and a potential role in the regulation of autoimmune T-cell function
189. Spontaneous multidrug transport in human glioma cells is regulated by transforming growth factors type β
190. 1.2
191. Apoptosis of T lymphocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Evidence for programmed cell death as a mechanism to control inflammation in the brain
192. Cytokines and immunoregulatory molecules in malignant glial neoplasms
193. Partial purification and biochemical characterization of a T-cell suppressor factor produced by human glioblastoma cells
194. The novel primary response gene MyD118 and the protooncogenes myb, myc, and bcl-2 modulate transforming growth factor β1-induced apoptosis of myeloid leukemia cells
195. cdc2 activation required for apoptosis
196. Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-β1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease
197. The glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor/transforming growth factor-β2 inhibits T-cell growth without affecting the interaction of interleukin 2 with its receptor
198. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-resistant helper T lymphocyte clones show a concomitant loss of all three types of TGF-β receptors
199. Successful adoptive immunotherapy with lymphokine-activated killer cells in the treatment of medulloblastoma disseminated via cerebrospinal fluid: case report
200. + T lymphocytes. Inhibition by transforming growth factor-β
201. Transforming growth factor-β1 overproduction in prostate cancer: effects on growth in vitro and in vivo
202. + cells and suppression of antibody formation
203. Comparison of the immunosuppressive properties of milk growth factor and transforming growth factors β1 and β2
204. i and the activation of protein kinase C
205. Effect of transforming growth factor beta on the EL4 thymoma variant EL4/6.1: dissociation of inhibition of proliferation from expression of IL-1 and IL-2 receptors
206. Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family
207. Transforming growth factor-β suppresses activation and proliferation of microglia in vitro
208. Transforming growth factor-β and IL-4 cause helper T-cell precursors to develop into distinct effector helper cells that differ in lymphokine secretion pattern and cell surface
209. Transforming growth factor-β-inhuced inhibition of T-cell function. Susceptibility difference in T-cells of various phenotypes and functions and its relevance to immunosuppression in the tumor-bearing state
210. Cellular and cytokine responses of the human central nervous system to intracranial administration of tumor necrosis factor α for the treatment of malignant gliomas
211. Detection of active form of transforming growth factor-β in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with glioma
212. Analysis of cytokine receptor messenger RNA expression in human glioblastoma cells and normal astrocytes by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
213. Effects of transforming growth factor β1 on growth and apoptosis of human acute myelogenous leukemia cells
214. Gene expression of fibroblast growth factors in human gliomas and meningiomas: demonstration of cellular source of basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA and peptide in tumor tissues
215. Transfection-induced tumor necrosis factor-α increases the susceptibility of human glioma cells to lysis by lymphokine-activated killer cells: continuous expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on the glioma cells
216. Response of glioma cells to interferongamma: increase in class II RNA, protein and mixed lymphocyte reaction-stimulating ability
217. Particular types of tumor cells have the capacity to convert transforming growth factor β from a latent to an active form
218. Reinforced cytotoxicity of lymphokine-activated killer cells toward glioma cells by transfection with the tumor necrosis factor-α gene
219. Murine interleukin-4 displays potent anti-tumor activity in vivo
220. An eosinophil-dependent mechanism for the antitumor effect of interleukin-4
221. 1 cDNA escapes immune surveillance
222. Effects of transforming growth factor β1 on astroglial cells in culture
223. Interleukin-2-transduced lymphocytes grow in an autocrine fashion and remain responsive to antigen
224. Loss of tumorigenicity of rat glioblastoma directed by episome-based antisense cDNA transcription of insulin-like growth factor I
225. Treatment and prevention of rat glioblastoma by immunogenic C6 cells expressing antisense insulin-like growth factor I RNA
226. Excessive production of transforming growth-factor β1 can play an important role in the development of tumorigenesis by its action for angiogenesis: validity of neutralizing antibodies to block tumor growth
227. A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma
228. A peptide encoded by human gene MAGE-3 and presented by HLA-A2 induces cytolytic T lymphocytes that recognize tumor cells expressing MAGE-3
229. Intratumoral injection of autologous lymphocytes plus human lymphoblastoid interferon for the treatment of glioblastoma
230. Transforming growth factor-β is a potent immunosuppressive agent that inhibits IL-1-dependent lymphocyte proliferation
231. Immunoregulatory role of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in development of killer cells: comparison of active and latent TGF-β
232. Human astrocytes are only partially competent antigen presenting cells. Possible implications for lesion development in multiple sclerosis
233. 2 induces apoptosis of murine T-cell clones without down-regulating bcl-2 mRNA expression
234. Anti-Fas/APO-1 antibody-mediated apoptosis of cultured human glioma cells
235. Protooncogene bcl-2 gene transfer abrogates Fas/APO-1 antibody-mediated apoptosis of human malignant glioma cells and confers resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and therapeutic irradiation
236. Fas/APO-1 gene transfer for human malignant glioma
237. Effects of γ-interferon on major histocompatibility complex antigen expression and lymphocytic infiltration in the 9L gliosarcoma brain tumor model: implications for strategies of immunotherapy
238. Fas antigen and p55 TNF receptor signal apoptosis through distinct pathways
239. Mechanism of activation of the TGF-β receptor
240. T-cell suppressor factor from human glioblastoma cells is a 12.5-kd protein closely related to transforming growth factor-β
241. 1 is an autocrine-negative growth regulator of human colon carcinoma FET-cells in vivo as revealed by transfection of an antisense expression vector
242. Generation of stimulated, lymphokine activated T killer (T-LAK) cells from peripheral blood of normal donors and adult patients with recurrent glioblastoma
243. TGF-β mediates natural suppressor activity of IL-2-activated lymphocytes
244. Cytokine gene expression on glioma cell lines and specimens
245. Immunoregulatory effects of interleukin-2 and interferon on syngeneic murine malignant glioma-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
246. 1 induces apoptotic cell death in cultured human gastric carcinoma cells
247. Interferon-γ induces a decrease in the susceptibility of human glioma cells to lysis by lymphokine-activated killer cells
248. γ-interferon promotes proliferation of adult human astrocytes in vitro and reactive gliosis in the adult mouse brain in vivo
249. Analysis of mixed lymphocyte-tumor culture in patients with malignant brain tumor
250. Expression of MHC class II antigens on human glioma cells modulated by transfection with genes encoding these antigens
251. Clinical effect of intra-arterial tumor necrosis factor-α for malignant glioma
252. Treatment of glioma by engineered interleukin 4-secreting cells
253. Transforming growth factor-β2 down-regulates HLA-DR antigen expression on human malignant glioma cells