Neoliberalism and the transformation of populism in latin america the peruvian case

World Politics

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 1995, Pages 82-116

  Roberts, Kenneth M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

A.; ECONOMIC CRISIS; FUJIMORI; NEOLIBERALISM; POPULISM;

PERU;

EID: 0029539270     PISSN: 00438871     EISSN: 10863338     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/wp.1995.0004     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. See Sergio Zermeño, “El Regreso del Líder: Crisis, Neoliberalismo, y Desorden,” Revista Mexicana de Sociologia 51 (October-December 1989); or Jorge Castañeda, Utopia Unarmed: The Latin American Left after the Cold War (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), 49–50.
2. Different conceptions of populism are discussed in Margaret Canovan, Populism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981).
3. The best representative of the ideological perspective Ernesto Laclau (fn. 2), chap. 4. See also Canovan (fn. 4), 294.
4. 11See, for example, Robert R. Kaufman and Barbara Stallings, “The Political Economy of Latin American Populism,” in Dornbusch and Edwards (fn. 6), 31-32; and the “Comment” by Paul Drake in the same volume, 40.
5. See, for example, Carlos de la Torre, “The Ambiguous Meanings of Latin American Populisms,” Social Research 59 (Summer 1992), 396-99; and Conniff (fn. 10), 21–22, Paul W. Drake acknowledges the importance of this element but warns that populism cannot be reduced to it; see Drake, “Conclusion: Requiem for Populism?” in Conniff (fn. 10), 220–23.
6. Germani (fn.5), 325—27, for example, argues that Peron's working-class support was based less on tangible material rewards than on perceived gains in personal power and citizenship rights.
7. Kaufman and Stallings (fn. 11), 33.
8. 20 See Ian Roxborough, “Unity and Diversity in Latin American History” Journal of Latin American Studies 16 (May 1984), 14.
9. 23The classic critique of redistributive combines is Hernando de Soto, The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), chap. 6.
10. 24 See Guillermo O'Donnell, “Delegative Democracy,” Journal of Democracy 5 (January 1994); and Bresser Pereira, Maravail, and Przeworski (fn. 1), 10.
11. 25Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971).
12. 34 See Aldo Panfichi, “The Authoritarian Alternative: Anti-Politics' among the Popular Sectors of Lima,” in Carlos Vilas, Katherine Roberts-Hite, and Monique Segarra, eds., Rethinking Participation in Latin America (forthcoming).
13. Alberto Adrianzen, “Dispersión Política, Partidos y Rito Electoral,” Quebacer 91 (September-October 1994), 5.
14. Peru Country Profile, 1992–93 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1992), 11.
15. See Rafael Romero, El Pragmatismo de Fujimori; Del Exceso Ideológico al Realismo Politico (Lima: Sediot S.A., 1992).
16. Fujimori's attacks on the party system and the generalized crisis of political representation in Peru are analyzed in Alberto Adrianzén Merino, “Democracia y Partidos en el Perú,” Pretextos 3–4 (December 1992), 7–19.
17. For an analysis of the “politics of antipolitics,” see Panfichi (fn. 34).
18. Walter Alarcón Glasinovich, “Clases Populares, Cultura Política y Democracia,” Socialism y Participation 54 (June 1991), 4.
19. Sandro Macassi Lavander, “Cultura Politica de la Eficacia: Qué HayTras la Discusion Dictadura-Orden Constitucional?” Socialismo y Participación 58 (June 1992), 70–71.
20. Apoyo S.A., Informe de Opinion (September 1992), 32. One study of the urban poor found that only 1.5% belonged to a political party, while 94% claimed that “the people have always been deceived by politicians”; see Jorge Parodi and Walter Twanama, “Los Pobladores, la Ciudad y la Politica: Un Estudio de Actitudes,” in Parodi, ed., Los Pobres, La Ciudad y la Política (Lima: Centro de Estudios de Democracia y Sociedad, 1993), 68–70.
21. Foreign Labor Trends: Peru (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1991), 7.
22. Sulmont Samain (fn. 41), 11.
23. Carlos Franco, Imagenes de la Sociedad Peruana: La Otra Modernidad (Lima: Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo y la Participación, 1991). See also Parodi and Twanama (fn. 48).
24. Julio Coder, Descomposición Política y Autoritarismo en el Peru (Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 1993), 27.
25. Maxwell A. Cameron, “Political Parties and the Informal Sector in Peru” (Paper presented at the Eighteenth Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Atlanta, March 10-12,1994), 23.
26. Semana Económics, March 20, and April 24, 1994, p. 6.
27. Bresser Pereira, Maravail, and Przeworski (fn. 1), 10.
28. José María Salcedo, “Si Hay Alternativas,” Quebacer 85 (September-October 1993), 18.
29. Latin America Weekly Report, June 2, 1994, p. 237.
30. See “El Camino a la Reelección Pasa por el Millón de Empleos,” Actualidad Economica 152 (March 1994), 6–7.
31. La República, June 29,1994, p. 6.
32. 70“La Buena Estrella del Presidente Fujimori,” Argumentos 2 (April 1994), 7.
33. Félix Jiménez estimates that the budget of FONCODES is approximately one-tenth what would be required to attend to the basic needs of Peruvians living below the poverty line; see Jiménez, “Estratégias de Desarrollo y Política Social,” Socialismo y Participación 67 (September 1994), 22.
34. Caretas, February 3,1994, p. 25.
35. Resúmen Semanal, December 21-27,1993, pp. 2–3.
36. Barbara Geddes, Politicians's Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), chap. 6.
37. See David Collier's analysis of Odria's paternalistic relationship to shantytown settlements; Collier, Squatters and Oligarchs: Authoritarian Rule and Policy Change in Peru (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), chap. 4. Fujimori also resembles Odria in his efforts to transform the unorganized poor into a bastion of personalist support, as Odria had to bypass the organized social and political constituencies of APRA.
38. Imasen Confidential, June 1994, p. 12.
39. 84 José Cordoba, “Mexico,” in John Williamson, ed., The Political Economy of Policy Reform (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1994), 266.
40. Carol Graham, “Mexico's Solidarity Program in Comparative Context: Demand-Based Poverty Alleviation Programs in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe,” in Wayne A. Cornelius, Ann L. Craig, and Jonathan Fox, eds., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, 1994), 323.
41. See Jonathan Fox, “The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico.” World Politics 46 (January 1994).
42. 88 Wayne A. Cornelius, Ann L. Craig, and Jonathan Fox, “Mexico's National Solidarity Program: An Overview,” in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox (fn. 85), 14.
43. 89See Juan Molinar Horcasitas and Jeffrey A. Weldon, “Electoral Determinants and Consequences of National Solidarity,” in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox (fn. 85).
44. 90See Kathleen Bruhn, “Taking on Goliath: The Emergence of a New Cardenista Party and the Struggle for Democracy in Mexico” (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1993), chaps. 6, 7.
45. Charles L. Davis and Kenneth M. Coleman, “Neoliberal Economic Policies and the Potential for Electoral Change in Mexico,” Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 10 (Summer 1994).
46. Latin American Weekly Report, June 16,1994, p. 262, and December 8,1994, p. 557.
47. Sarah Kelsey and Steve Levitsky, “Captivating Alliances: Unions, Labor-backed Parties, and the Politics of Economic Liberalization in Argentina and Mexico” (Paper presented at the Eighteenth International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Atlanta, March 10-12,1994).
48. Aldo C. Vacs, “Attending Marvels: The Unanticipated Merger of Liberal Democracy, Neo-Lib-eralism, and Neo-Populism in Argentina” (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, September 1-4,1994).
49. Manuel Antonio Garretón, El Proceso Politico Chileno (Santiago: FLCSO, 1983).
50. See, for example, Anthony Lake, “The Reach of Democracy,” New York Times, September 23, 1994, p. A17.
51. 103See Francisco Verdera V., “La Preoccupación por el Empleo,” Debate 16 (July-August 1994), 43–44.
52. 104See Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); or Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1944).