Greening the United Nations: Environmental organisations and the UN system

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 1995, Pages 441-458

  Conca, Ken ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL NGOS; NONGOVERNMENT ORGANISATION; UNITED NATIONS;

EID: 0029477668     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: 13602241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599550035997     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. 1992, On the many dimensions of the global environmental challenge, see Mostafa K Tolba et al., The World Environment 1972-1992: Two Decades of Challenge, London: Chapman & Hall
2. 1993, For a critique of the ‘planetary management’ approach, see Wolfgang Sachs (ed), Global Ecology: A New Arena of Political Conflict, London: Zed Books
3. 1995, 119-148, Karen Litfin estimates that by the early 1990s there were more than 650 such agreements in operation. Most of these are bilateral or regional agreements with a relatively narrow focus on specific environmental problems or disputes. See Litfin, ‘Eco-regimes: playing tug of war with the nation-state’, in Ronnie D Lipschutz & Ken Conca (eds), The State and Social Power in Global Environmental Politics, New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, pp 94-117. Harold K Jacobson and Edith Brown-Weiss estimate the number at close to 900 in ‘Strengthening compliance with international environmental accords: preliminary observations from a collaborative project’, Global Governance
4. Tolba, 1972
5. see Oran Young, International Cooperation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and the Environment, 1989, NY: Cornell University Press
6. Politics beyond the state: environmental activism and world civic politics, P. Wapner, Paul, World Politics, 1995
7. before changing its name in 1956. The organisation later changed its name to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources before adopting the current name of The World Conservation Union. On the origins of iucn see John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, 31-41, IN: Indiana University Press
8. 41-43, Ibid
9. Ibid, chs 2 and 5.
10. ch 5. See also Lynton Caldwell, International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions, 1990, NC: Duke University Press
11. Appraising the Earth Summit: how should we judge UNCED's success?, P.M. Haas, Peter M. Environment, 1992, 8, 7-11, As the authors point out, ‘Such numbers must be taken with a grain of salt because not all NGOs reported their attendance to the secretariat’
12. Reclaiming Paradise, McCormick
13. Appraising the Earth Summit, Haas
14. The Worldwide Fund for Nature was previously known as the World Wildlife Fund and retains the acronym wwf. The US affiliate still employs the name World Wildlife Fund.
15. Introduction, T. Princen, Thomas, M. Finger, Matthias, Finger & Princen, Environmental ngos in World Politics: Linking the Local and the Global, 1994, New York: Routledge
16. The Road from Rio: Sustainable Development and the Nongovernmental Movement in the Third World, J. Fisher, Julie, Westport, 1993
17. 1992, One effort to identify transnational environmental organisations is found in Helge Ole Bergesen, Magnar Norderhaug & Georg Parmann (eds), Green Globe Yearbook, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. The editors list 25 organisations described as ‘multinational and [having] a substantial part of their activities in environment and development’ (p 14). The list excludes research institutions and ad hoc networks. Of those listed, several are best described not as ‘environmental’, but rather as organisations with a broader mandate that may intersect with environmental matters; examples include the International Chamber of Commerce, the International Organisation of Consumer Unions, and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. Removing such organisations from the list leaves 10 multinational NGOs and one mixed-membership body, the World Conservation Union
18. Green Globe Yearbook, and Paul Wapner, 1992
19. Malaysia, with of® ces in Accra
20. Environmental NGOs in the UNCED process, Finger & Princen, 204
21. Third World NGOs: a missing piece to the population puzzle, Environment, 1994, 7
22. see the 1992 edition of World Development Report, Washington, 1992
23. FAO: an insider’s view, The Ecologist, 1991, 2
24. Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, 1994, On the Bank and the environment, see Bruce Rich, Environmental Impoverishment, and the Crisis of Development, Boston, MA: Beacon Press, and Philippe G Le Prestre, The World Bank and the Environmental Challenge, Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 1989. See also the Bank’s annual reports The World Bank and the Environment, a series begun in 1990
25. The United Nations in the 1990s New York: St Martin’s Press
26. Environmental reform and the multilateral banks, P. Aufderheide, Pat, B. Rich, Bruce, World Policy Journal, 1988
27. The World Bank and the Environment: Fiscal 1992, Washington, 1992
28. The World Bank’s new inspection panel’ Environment, 1994, 9
29. The emperor’s new clothes: the World Bank and environmental reform, B. Rich, Bruce, World Policy Journal, 1990
30. see Robert Winterbottom, Taking Stock: The Tropical Forestry Action Plan After Five Years, 1990, June
31. Tropical Forests: A Call for Action, Washington, 1985
32. forest-based industrial development, fuelwood and energy issues, 4
33. 13, Ibid
34. TFAP Update 31, Rome: FAO, 1994, June
35. The World Conservation Union (IUCN), the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 8
36. The emperor’s new clothes’ or the special edition on FAO of The Ecologist, Rich, WRI itself produced a strongly critical assessment of the TFAP in 1991, 1991
37. Surviving the Cut: Natural Forest Management in the Humid Tropics, N. Johnson, Nels, B. Cabarle, Bruce, Washington, 1993, February
38. FAO and tropical forestry, G. Marshall, George, The Ecologist, 1991, 2
39. Environmental NGOs in the UNCED process, Finger, 200
40. The countries were Norway, 208, Ibid, Sweden, the UK, Denmark, Finland, Canada, New Zealand, the USA, Australia, the Netherlands, the Commonwealth of Independent States, India, Switzerland and France.
41. Matthias Koch, M. Grubb, Michael, Abby Munson, 1993, 44
42. Environmental NGOs in the UNCED process, 196
43. 203-206, Ibid
44. The Earth Summit Agreements, Grubb, 46
45. Environmental NGOs in the UNCED process
46. Too many cooks? The post-Rio reform of the United Nations, International Affairs, 1994, 1, Peter M Haas, ‘Institutions: United Nations Environment Programme’, Environment, 36 (7), pp 43-45; Caldwell, International Environmental Policy
47. McCormick
48. Introduction, Princen, 6
49. Saving the Mediterranean: The Politics of International Environmental Cooperation, P.M. Haas, Peter M., 1990
50. Environmental NGOs in the UNCED process, 195
51. Haas
52. Too many cooks?, 69
53. The Earth Summit Agreements, 21
54. NGOs applying for consultative status with ECOSOC must be approved unanimously by the 19-member Committee on NGOs. If accredited, they submit written testimony and ask to be heard at Council meetings.
55. Empty symbols or a process that can’ t be reversed?, International Challenges, 3, 43
56. NGO Guide to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, UNA-USA Background Paper, 1994, June
57. The Earth Summit Agreements, 46