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The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 1995, Pages 312-319

Genetic Information and Health Insurance: State Legislative Approaches

(1) Rothenberg, Karen H a

a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF LAW (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOETHICS; GENETIC DISORDER; GENETIC PRIVACY; GENETICS; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION; GOVERNMENT; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HEALTH INSURANCE; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LEGAL APPROACH; LEGAL ASPECT; MEDICAL GENETICS; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; UNITED STATES;

GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION; LEGAL APPROACH;

BIOETHICS; DISCLOSURE; FEDERAL GOVERNMENT; GENETIC DISEASES, INBORN; GENETIC PRIVACY; GENETICS, MEDICAL; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HUMANS; INSURANCE, HEALTH; PREJUDICE; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0029439988 PISSN: 10731105 EISSN: 1748720X Source Type: Journal
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.1995.tb01373.x Document Type: Article

Times cited : (59)

References (67)

1
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- Genetics and the Moral Mission of Health Insurance
- (1992) Hustings Center Report , vol.22 , Issue.6 , pp. 12-17
- Murray, T.H.¹

2
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- Discrimination as a Consequence of Genetic Testing
- Genetic discrimination refers to discrimination directed against an individual or family based solely on an apparent or perceived genetic variation from the ‘normal’ human genotype.”, : at 476.
- (1992) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.50
- Billings, ER.¹

3
- 84985297235
- This is not to imply that fear of genetic discrimination is not an issue in the life and disability income insurance context as well. However, this article, like most legislative approaches to date, focuses on health insurance. But see Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 20–448 (1989); and Mont. Code Ann. § 33–18–206 (1991) (life and disability insurance).

4
- 84985269495
- supra note 2. See also K. Hudson er al., “Genetic Discrimination and Health Insurance: An Urgent Need for Reform,” Science, 270 (1995): 391–93.
- Billings¹

5
- 0347441571
- State insurance reforms have addressed community rating, preexisting condition clauses, portability, guaranteed issue, and renewal. For a description of recent state legislative activity on health care reform, see generally, ( Washington, D.C.:, George Washington University Intergovernmental Health Policy Project); and D. Parde and C. Popolo, Health Care Reform in the States: A Special Report on State Health Care Reform Initiatives (Alexandria: Council for Affordable Health Insurance, 1994).
- (1994) Health Care Reform: 50 State Profiles
- Ladenheim, K.¹ Lipson, L.² Markus, A.³

6
- 0343307923
- This summary is based on two excellent discussions describing health insurance. See, ( Lexington:, Council of State Governments); and Genetic Information and Health Insurance (Bethesda: Task Force on Genetic Information and Insurance, NIH‐DOE Working Group on Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of Human Genome Research, 1993).
- (1993) Advances in Genetic Information: A Guide for State Policy Makers

7
- 84985297296
- supra note 4 (citing Employee Benefit Research Institute, Special Report SR‐26, Issue Brief 158, 1995).
- Hudson¹

8
- 84985297304
- supra note 4, at 392.
- Hudson¹

9
- 84985269488
- 29 U.S.C. (1974).

10
- 84985261205
- 15 U.S.C. § 1011 (1988).

11
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- 42 U.S.C. § 12101–12213 (1990); and 42 U.S.C. § 12201 (1990).

12
- 84985296916
- On March 15, 1995, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission clarified that “disability” applies to individuals who are subjected to discrimination on the basis of genetic information relating to illness, disease, or other disorders. To illustrate their policy further, one example of genetic discrimination based on genetic information concerns an individual with an increased susceptibility to colon cancer. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Compliance Manual: Definition of the Term “Disability” (Mar. 15, 1995): § 902.

13
- 84985189366
- N.C. Gen. Stat. § 58–65–70 (1975).

14
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- Fla. Stat. Ann. § 626.9707 (West 1978).

15
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- Md. Code Ann., Ins., § 223 (1986).

16
- 84985220544
- Id

17
- 84985296906
- Cal. Ins. Code § 10123.2, 10123.3, 10123.31, 10123.35, 10140, 10140.1, 10140.5, 10147, 10148, 10149, 10149.1, 11512.95, 11512.96, 11512.965 (West 1994 & West 1995); and Cal. Health & Safety Code § 1374.7, 1374.9 (West 1994 & West 1995).

18
- 84985220545
- Col. Rev. Stat. § 10–3–1104.7 (1994).

19
- 84985244350
- Ga. Code Ann. § 33–54–1–8 (1995).

20
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- 1995 Minn. Laws 251.

21
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- 1995 N.H. Laws 101.

22
- 84985295260
- Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1742.42, 1742.43, 3901.49, 3901.491, 3901.50, 3901.501 (Baldwin 1993).

23
- 84985295253
- 1995 Or. Laws 680.

24
- 84985185723
- S. 576 and S. 299, Haw. 18th Leg. (1995); and H. 1556, Haw. 18th Leg. (1995).

25
- 84985295645
- H. 2251, Kan. Sess. (1995).

26
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- H. 4485, Mass. (1995).

27
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- H. 1662, Pa. 179th Gen. Assembly (1995–96).

28
- 84985298320
- 1995 Or. Laws 680.

29
- 84985296924
- Cal. Ins. Code § 10147 (b) (West 1994).

30
- 84985194448
- Wis. Stat. Ann. § 631.89 (West 1991).

31
- 84985186032
- 1995 Minn. Laws 251.

32
- 84985186028
- Cal. Ins. Code § 10147(e) (West 1994).

33
- 84985237202
- 1995 N.H. Laws 101.

34
- 84985293253
- A. 227, § 2 & 3, WIS. Leg. (1995–96).

35
- 84985293264
- Id

36
- 84985261200
- 1995 N.H. Laws 103.

37
- 84985293236
- Id

38
- 84985221370
- Wis. Stat. Ann. § 631.89(2)(b) (West 1991).

39
- 84985277978
- A. 227, Wis. Leg. (1995–96).

40
- 84985295224
- Special Comm. on Genetic and Medical Information, Wis. Joint Legis. Counsel (1994).

41
- 84985295219
- Cal. Ins. Code § 10149.1 (West 1994).

42
- 84985295225
- Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10–3–1104.7(3)(a) (1994).

43
- 84985293268
- 1995 Or. Laws 680; and Ga. Ann. Code § 33–54–1 (1) (1995).

44
- 84985247300
- Fla. Stat. Ann. § 760.40 (West 1992).

45
- 84985293284
- Wis. Stat. Ann. § 631.89(3)(b) (West 1991).

46
- 84985293282
- 1995 N.H. Laws 101.

47
- 84985295234
- 1995 Minn. Laws 251.

48
- 84985295232
- Id

49
- 84985232460
- Cal. Ins. Code § 10148(a)‐(b) (West 1994).

50
- 84985261185
- H. 4485 § 1‐E, Mass. (1995).

51
- 84985244369
- L. Res. 467, Neb. (1994). In addition, both Nebraska and Massachusetts have bills pending to establish commissions to study the utilization of genetic information. See L. 698, Neb. 94th Leg., 1st Sess. (1995); and S. 2045, Mass. 179th Gen. Court, 1st Sess. (1995).

52
- 84985190105
- H. 71 § 3, Ohio 120th Gen. Assembly (1993) (enacted).

53
- 84985283293
- S.J. Res. 372, Va. Reg. Sess. (1994–95).

54
- 84985247310
- H. 343, Tex. 1995.

55
- 84985221365
- A. 5892, N.Y. Reg. Sess. (1995).

56
- 84985265161
- A. 7839, N.Y. Reg. Sess. (1995–96).

57
- 84985189389
- A. 5796, N.Y. Reg. Sess. (1995–96).

58
- 84985265148
- supra note 4, at 392.
- Hudson¹

59
- 84985265153
- Id

60
- 84985261258
- See, for example, the Health Insurance Reform Act of 1995 (S. 1028), introduced by Senator Kassebaum on July 13, 1995. The Labor and Human Resources Committee on Senate Bill 1028 did state, however, that genetic information is to be included in its prohibitions against denying coverage based on health status or medical history. The Clinton administration's proposal for health care reform did prohibit limiting access or coverage on the basis of “existing medical conditions or genetic predisposition to medical conditions.”Id. (citing the Health Security Act, § 1516, S. 1757/H.R. 3600).

61
- 84985191899
- supra note 4, at 392.
- Hudson¹

62
- 84985253759
- The NIH‐DOE ELSI Working Group has a “broad and diverse membership including genome scientists; medical geneticists; experts in law, ethics and philosophy; and consumers, to explore and propose options for the development of sound professional and public policies related to human genome research and its applications.”Id.

63
- 84985277989
- NAPBC is a “public‐private partnership designed to eradicate breast cancer as a threat to the lives of American women,” and it “has identified genetic discrimination in health insurance as a high priority.”Id. at 393.

64
- 84985277986
- These recommendations have been endorsed by the National Advisory Council on Human Genome Research. Id

65
- 84985265178
- Id

66
- 84985293321
- Id. Furthermore, legislation should provide enforcement mechanisms, including civil and criminal liability, to assure that insurance entities comply with these provisions. For example, as noted earlier, California provides that negligent and willful disclosure of genetic test results without authorization is subject to civil and criminal liability. Cal. Ins. Code § 10147(b)
- (1994)

67
- 84985253744
- Since November 1995, a few federal bills that address genetic discrimination and privacy have been introduced; they include the Genetic Privacy and Nondiscrimination Act of 1995 (S. 1416), introduced by Senator Hatfield, and a similar bill (H.R. 2690), introduced by Representative Stearns. In addition, Representative Slaughter introduced the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination in Health Insurance Act of 1995 (H.R. 2748), which integrates the four recommendations developed by ELSI and NAPBC. Senator Feinstein is also considering the introduction of similar insurance legislation in the Senate. With respect to privacy, Senator Bennett has introduced the Medical Records Confidentiality Act of 1995 (S. 1360), which generally addresses health information and privacy, but does not specifically consider genetic information.

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