The next wave of recombinant and synthetic anticancer vaccines

Seminars in Cancer Biology

Volumn 6, Issue 6, 1995, Pages 337-347

  Irvine, Kari R ^a   Restifo, Nicholas P ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Immunotherapy; Recombinant adenovirus; Recombinant fowlpox; Recombinant vaccines; Tumor associated antigen

Indexed keywords

RECOMBINANT VACCINE; TUMOR ANTIGEN;

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; ANIMAL; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; NEOPLASM; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY, ACTIVE; NEOPLASMS; T-LYMPHOCYTES; VACCINES, SYNTHETIC;

EID: 0029421973     PISSN: 1044579X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/1044-579X(95)90003-9     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Greenberg PD, Cheever MA, Fefer A (1981) H-2 restriction of adoptive immunotherapy of advanced tumors. J Immunol 126:2100-2103
2. Rosenberg SA, Packard BS, Aebersold PM, Solomon D, Topalian SL, Toy ST, Simon P, Lotze MT, Yang JC, Seipp CA, Simpson C, Carter C, Bock S, Schwartzentruber D, Wei JP, White DE (1988) Use of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin-2 in the immunotherapy of patients with metastatic melanoma. Preliminary report. N Engl J Med 319:1676-1680
3. Greenberg PD (1991) Adoptive T cell therapy of tumors: Mechanisms operative in the recognition and elimination of tumor cells. Adv Immunol 49:281-355
4. Hellstrom KE, Hellstrom I (1969) Cellular immunity against tumors. Adv Cancer Res 12:167-223
5. Houghton AN (1994) Cancer antigens: Immune recognition of self and altered self. J Exp Med 180:1-4
6. Pardoll DM (1994) Tumour antigens. A new look for the 1990s. Nature 369:357
7. Boon T, Gajewski TF, Coulie PG (1995) From defined human tumor antigens to effective immunization? Immunol Today 16:334-336
8. Rosenberg SA (1995) The development of new cancer therapies based on the molecular identification of cancer regression antigens. Cancer J 1:89-101
9. Chow VTK. (1993) Cancers and viruses. Ann Acad Med 22:163-168
10. Durst M, Gissman L, Ikenberg H, zur Hausen H (1983) A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geo-graphic regions. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 80:3812-3815
11. Pallesen G, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Rowe M, Young LS (1991) Expression of Epstein-Barr virus latent gene products in tumour cells of Hodgkin’s disease. Lancet 377:320-322
12. Young LS, Dawson CW, Clark D, Rupani H, Busson P, Tursz T, Johnson A, Rickinson AB (1988) Epstein-Barr vims gene expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Gen Virol 69:1051-1065
13. Young LS, Yao QY, Rooney CM, Sculley TB, Moss DJ, Rupani H, Laux G, Bornkamm GW, Rickinson AJ (1987) New type B isolates of Epstein-Ban’ virus from Burkitt’s lymphoma and from normal individuals in endemic areas. J Gen Virol 68:2853-2862
14. Moss DJ, Burrows SR, Suhrbier A, Khanna R (1994) Potential antigenic targets on Epstein-Barr vi ins-associated tumours and the host response. Ciba Found Symp 187:4-13
15. Chen L, Mizuno MT, Singhai MC, Hu SL, Galloway DA, Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE (1992) Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for a syngeneic tumor expressing the E6 oncoprotein of human papillomavims type 16. J Immunol 148:2617-2621
16. Kast WM, Brandt RM, DrijfhoutJW, Melief CJ (1993) Human leukocyte antigen-A2.1 restricted candidate cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 proteins identified by using the processing-defective human cell line T2. J Immunother 14:115-120
17. Gold P, Freedman SO (1965) Specific carcinoembryonic antigens of the human digestive system. J Exp Med 122:467
18. Muraro R, Wunderlich D, Thor A, Lundy J, et al (1985) Definition by monoclonal antibodies of a repertoire of epitopes in human colon carcinomas versus normal adult tissues. Cancer Res 45:5769-5780
19. Steward AM, Nixon D, Zamcheck N, Aisenberg A (1974) Carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer patients: Serum levels and disease progress. Cancer 33:1246
20. Tsang KY, Zaremba S, Nieroda CA, Zhu MZ, Hamilton JM, Schlom J (1995) Generation of human cytotoxic T cells specific for human carcinoembryonic antigen epitopes from patients immunized with recombinant vaccinia-CEA vaccine. J Nad Cancer Inst 87:982-990
21. Acres RB, Hareuveni M, Balloul J-M, Kieny M-P (1993) Vaccinia virus MUC1 immunization of mice: Immune response and protection against the growth of murine tumors bearing the MUC1 antigen. J Immunother 14:136-143
22. Bakker AB, Schreurs MW, de Boer AJ, Kawakami Y, Rosenberg SA, jAdema GJ, Figdor CG (1994) Melanocyte lineage-specific antigen gplOO is recognized by melanoma-derived tumor- infiltrating lymphocytes. J Exp Med 179:1005-1009
23. Monach PA, Meredith SC, Siegel CT, Schreiber H (1995) A unique tumor antigen produced by a single amino acid substitution. Immunity 2:45-59
24. Wang RF, Robbins PF, Kawakami Y, Kang XQ, Rosenberg SA (1995) Identification of a gene encoding a melanoma tumor antigen recognized by HLA-A31-restricted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. J Exp Med 181:799-804
25. Townsend A, Ohlen C, Rogers M, Edwards J, Mukheijee S, Bastin J (1994) Source of unique tumour antigens. Nature 371:662
26. Coulie PG, Lehmann F, Lethe B, Herman J, Lurquin C, Andraniss M, Boon T (1995) A mutated intron sequence codes for an antigenic peptide recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Proc Nad Acad Sei USA 92:7976-7980
27. Disis ML, Smith JW, Murphy AE, Chen W, Cheever MA (1994) In vitro generation of human cytolytic T-cells specific for peptides derived from the HER-2/neu protooncogene protein. Cancer Res 54:1071-1076
28. Peace DJ, Smith JW, Chen W, You SG, Cosand WL, Blake J, Cheever MA (1994) Lysis of ras oncogene-transformed cells by specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes elicited by primary in vitro immunization with mutated ras peptide.J Exp Med 179:473-479
29. Melief CJ, Kast WM (1993) Potential immunogenicity of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene products. Curr Opin Immunol 5:709-713
30. Ciernik IF, Berzofsky JA, Carbone DP (1995) Mutant oncopep- tide immunization induces CTL specifically lysing tumor cells endogenously expressing the corresponding intact mutant p53. Hybridoma 14:139-142
31. Yanuck M, Carbone DP, Pendleton CD, Tsukui T, Winter SF, Minna JD, Berzofsky JA (1993) A mutant p53 tumor suppressor protein is a target for peptide-induced CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. Cancer Res 53:3257-3261
32. Cheever MA, Chen W, Disis ML, Takahashi M, Peace DJ (1993) T-cell immunity to oncogenic proteins including mutated ras and chimeric bcr-abl. Ann NY Acad Sci 690:101-112
33. Germain RN (1994) MHC-dependent antigen processing and peptide presentation: Providing ligands for T lymphocyte activation. Cell 76:287-299
34. Accolla RS, Adorini L, Sartoris S, Sinigaglia F, Guardiola J (1995) MHC: Orchestrating the immune response. Immunol Today 16:8-11
35. Townsend A, Bodmer H (1989) Antigen recognition by class I-restricted T lymphocytes. Annu Rev Immunol 7:601-624
36. Hunt DF, Michel H, Dickinson TA, Shabanowitz J, Cox AL, Sakaguchi K, Appella E, Grey HM, Sette A (1992) Peptides presented to the immune system by the murine class II major histocompatibility complex molecule I-Ad. Science 256:1817-1820
37. Rock KL, Gramm C, Rothstein L, Clark K, Stein R, Dick L, Hwang D, Goldberg AL (1994) Inhibitors of die proteasome block the degradation of most cell proteins and the generation of peptides presented on MHC class I molecules. Cell 78:761-771
38. Yewdell JW, Bennink JR (1992) Cell biology of antigen processing and presentation to major histocompatibility complex class I molecule-restricted T lymphocytes. Adv Immunol 52:1-123
39. Falk K, Rotzschke O, Deres K, MetzgerJ, Jung G, Rammensee H-G (1991) Identification of naturally processed viral non- apeptides allows their quantification in infected cells and suggests an allele-specific T cell epitope forecast.J Exp Med 174:425-434
40. Rudensky AY, Preston-Hurlburt P, al-Ramadi BK, Rothbard J, Janeway CA, Jr (1992) Truncation variants of peptides isolated from MHC class II molecules suggest sequence motifs. Nature 359:429-431
41. Bacik I, Cox JH, Anderson R, Yewdell JW, Bennink JR (1994) TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing)-inde- pendent presentation of endogenously synthesized peptides is enhanced by endoplasmic reticulum insertion sequences located at the amino-but not carboxyl-terminus of die peptide. J Immunol 152:381-387
42. Hartmann E, Sommer T, Prehn S, Gorlich D, Jentsch S, Rapoport TA (1994) Evolutionary conservation of components of the protein translocation complex. Nature 367:654-657
43. Restifo NP, Bacik I, Irvine KR, Yewdell JW, McCabe BJ, Anderson RW, Eisenlohr LC, Rosenberg SA, Bennink JR. (1995) Antigen processing in vivo and the elicitation of primary CTL responses. J Immunol 154:4414-4422
44. Irvine KR, McCabe BJ, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP (1995) Synthetic oligonucleotide expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus elicits therapeutic CTL. J Immunol 154:4651-4657
45. Lin X, Dashti A, Schinazi RF, Tang J (1993) Intracellular diversion of glycoprotein GP160 of human immunodeficiency virus to lysosomes as a strategy of AIDS gene therapy. FASEB 7:1070-1080
46. Rowell JF, Ruff AL, Guarnieri FG, Stavely-O’Carroll K, Lin X, Tang J, August T, Siliciano RF (1995) Lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 mediated targeting of the HIV-1 envelope protein to an endosomal/lysosomal compartment enhances its presentation to MHC class II-restricted T cells. J Immunol 155:1818-1828
47. Harding CV, Geuze HJ (1992) Class II MHC molecules are present in macrophage lysosomes and phagolysosomes that function in Lhe phagocytic processing of Listeria monocytogenes for presentation to T cells. J Cell Biol 119:531-534
48. Colombo MP, Forni G (1994) Cytokine gene transfer in tumor inhibition and tumor therapy: Where are we now?. Immunol Today 15:48-51
49. Deres K, Schild H, Wiesmuller K-H, Jung G, Rammensee H-G (1989) In vivo priming of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes with synthetic lipopeptide vaccine. Nature 342:561-564
50. Schulz M, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H (1991) Peptide- induced antiviral protection by cytotoxic T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:991-993
51. Harty JT, Bevan MJ (1992) CD8 + T cells specific for a single nonamer epitope of Listeria monocytogenes are protective in vivo. J Exp Med 175:1531-1538
52. Nair S, Zhou F, Reddy R, Huang L, Rouse BT (1992) Soluble proteins delivered to dendritic cells via pH-sensitive liposomes induce primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in vitro. J Exp Med 175:609-612
53. Romero P, Eberl G, Casanova JL, Cordey AS, Widmann C, Luescher IF, Corradin G, Maryanski JL (1992) Immunization with syndietic peptides containing a defined malaria epitope induces a highly diverse cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. Evidence that two peptide residues are buried in the MHC molecule. J Immunol 148:1871-1878
54. Zhou F, Rouse BT, Huang L (1992) Prolonged survival of thymoma-bearing mice after vaccination with a soluble protein antigen entrapped in liposomes: A model study. Cancer Res 52:6287-6291
55. Shirai M, Pendleton CD, Ahlers J, Takeshita T, Newman M, Berzofsky JA (1994) Helper-cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) determinant linkage required for priming of anti-HIV CD8 + CTL in vivo with peptide vaccine constructs. J Immunol 152:549-555
56. Minev BR, McFarland BJ, Spiess PJ, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP (1994) Insertion signal sequence fused to minimal peptides elicits specific CD8 + T-cell responses and prolongs survival of thymoma-bearing mice. Cancer Res 54:4155-4161
57. Takahashi H, Nakagawa Y, Yokomuro K, Berzofsky JA (1993) Induction of CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes by immunization with syngeneic irradiated HIV-1 envelope derived peptide- pulsed dendritic cells. Int Immunol 5:849-857
58. Boehncke WH, Takeshita T, Pendleton CD, Houghten RA, Sadegh-Nasseri S, Racioppi L, Berzofsky JA, Germain RN (1993) The importance of dominant negative effects of amino acid side chain substitution in peptide-MHC molecule interactions and T cell recognition. J Immunol 150:331-341
59. Lipford GB, Bauer S, Wagner H, Heeg K (1995) Peptide engineering allows cytotoxic T-cell vaccination against human papilloma virus tumor antigen, E6. Immunology 84:298-303
60. Moss B (1991) Vaccinia virus: A tool for research and vaccine development. Science 252:1662-1667
61. Estin CD, Stevenson US, Plowman GD, Hu S-L, Sridham P, Hellstrom I, Brown JP, Hellstrom KE (1988) Recombinant vaccinia virus against the human melanoma antigen p97 for use in immunotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:1052-1056
62. Hu S-L, Plowman GD, Sridhar P, Stevenson US, Brown JP, Estin C (1988) Characterization of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing human melanoma-associated antigen p97. J Virol 62:176-180
63. Kantor J, Irvine K, Abrams S, Kaufman H, DiPietroJ, Schlom J (1992) Antitumor activity and immune responses induced by a recombinant carcinoembryonic antigen-vaccinia virus vaccine.J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1084-1091
64. Kaufman H, Schlom J, Kantor J (1991) A recombinant vaccinia virus expressing human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Int J Cancer 48:900-907
65. Clertant P, Kieny MP, LecocqJP, Guizani I, Chambon P, Cuzin F, Lathe R (1988) Recombinant polyoma-vaccinia viruses: T antigen expression vectors and anti-tumor immunization agents. Biochimie 70:1075-1087
66. Hareuveni M, Gautier C, Kieny M-P, Wreschner D, Chambon P, Lathe R (1990) Vaccination against tumor cells expressing breast cancer epithelial tumor antigen. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 87:9498-9502
67. Bernards R, Destree A, McKenzie S, Gordon E, Weinberg RA, Panicali D (1987) Effective tumor immunotherapy directed against an oncogene-encoded product using a vaccinia virus vector. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 84:6854-6858
68. McCabe BJ, Irvine KR, Nishimura MI, Yang JC, Spiess PJ, Shulman EP, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP (1995) Minimal determinant expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus elicits therapeutic antitumor cytolytic T lymphocyte responses. Cancer Res 55:1741-1747
69. Mackett M, Smith GL, Moss B (1982) Vaccinia virus: A selectable eukaryotic cloning and expression vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:7415-7419
70. Rodriguez JF, Smith GL (1990) Inducible gene expression from vaccinia virus vectors. Virology 177:239-250
71. Coupar BEH, Andrew ME, Both GW, Boyle DB (1986) Temporal regulation of influenza hemagglutinin expression in vaccinia virus recombinants and effects on the immune response. Eur J Immunol 16:1479-1487
72. Cooney EL, Collier AC, Greenberg PD, Coombs RW, Zarling J, Arditti DE, Hoffman MC, Hu SL, Corey L (1991) Safety of and immunological response to a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine expressing HIV envelope glycoprotein.Lancet 337:567-572
73. Graham BS, Matthews TJ, Belshe RB, Clements ML, Dolin R, Wright PF, Gorse GJ, Schwartz DH, Keefer MC, Bolognesi DP (1993) Augmentation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralizing antibody by priming with gpl60 recombinant vaccinia and boosting with rgpl60 in vaccinia-naive adults. The NIAID AIDS Vaccine Clinical Trials Network. J Infect Dis 167:533-537
74. Battegay M, Moskophidis D, Waldner H, Brundler MA, Fung- Leung WP, Mak TW, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM (1993) Impairment and delay of neutralizing antiviral antibody responses by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. J Immunol 151:5408-5415
75. McElrath MJ, Corey L, Berger D, Hoffman MC, Klucking S, Dragavon J, Peterson E, Greenberg PD (1994) Immune responses elicited by recombinant vaccinia-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope and HXV envelope protein: Analysis of the durability of responses and effect of repeated boosting. J Infect Dis 169:41-47
76. Baxby D, Paoletti E (1992) Potential use of non-replicating vectors as recombinant vaccines. Vaccine 10:8-9
77. Somogyi P, Frazier J, Skinner MA (1993) Fowlpox virus host range restriction: Gene expression, DNA replication, and morphogenesis in nonpermissive mammalian cells. Virology 197:439-444
78. Taylor J, Weinberg R, Languet B, Desmettre P, Paoletti E (1988) Recombinant fowlpox virus inducing protective immunity in non-avian species. Vaccine 6:497-503
79. Wang M, Bronte V, Chen PW, Gritz L, Panicali D, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP (1995) Active immunotherapy of cancer with a nonreplicating recombinant fowlpox virus encoding a model tumor-associated antigen. J Immunol 154:4685-4692
80. Taylor J, Meignier B, Tartalia J, Languet B, VanderHoeven J, Franchinni G, Trimarchi C, Paoletti E (1995) Biological and immunogenic properties of a canarypox-rabies recombinant, ALVAC-RG (vCP65) in non-avian species.Vaccine 13:539-549
81. Taylor J, Weinberg R, Tartaglia J, Richardson C, AJkhatib G, Briedis D, Appel M, Norton E, Paoletti E (1992) Non- replicating viral vectors as potential vaccines: Recombinant canarypox virus expressing measles virus fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins. Virology 187:321-328
82. Cadoz M, Strady A, Meignier B, Taylor J, Tartaglia J, Paoletti E, Plotkin S (1992) Immunisation with canarypox virus expressing rabies glycoprotein.Lancet 339:1429-1432
83. Cox WI, Tartaglia J, Paoletti E (1993) Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by recombinant canarypox (ALVAC) and attenuated vaccinia (NYVAC) viruses expressing the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein.Virology 195:845-850
84. Meyer H, Sutter G, Mayr A (1991) Mapping of deletions in the genome of the highly attenuated vaccinia virus MVA and dieir influence on virulence. J Gen Virol 72:1031-1038
85. Pinto VB, Rock KL (1991) Characterization of the proliferative response of a CD4-8-thymic T lymphoma cell line to stimulation by diymic cellular elements. J Immunol 147:42-49
86. Graham FL, Prevec L (1992) Adenovirus-based expression vectors and recombinant vaccines. Biotechnology 20:363-390
87. Berkner KL (1992) Expression of heterologous sequences in adenoviral vectors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 158:39-66
88. Irwin MJ, Laube LS, Austin M, Chada S, Anderson C, Townsend K, Jolly DJ, Warner JF (1994) Direct injection of a recombinant retroviral vector induces human immunodeficiency virus-specific immune responses in mice and non human primates. J Virol 68:5036-5044
89. Stover CK, de la Cruz VF, Fuerst TR, Burlein JE, Benson LA, Bennett LT, Bansal GP, Young JF, Lee MH, Hatfull GF, Snapper SB, Barletta RG, Jacobs Jr WR, Bloom BR (1991) New use of BCG for recombinants vaccines. Nature 351:456-460
90. Jacobs WRJ, Tuckman M, Bloom BR (1987) Introduction of foreign DNA into mycobacteria using a shutde plasmid. Nature 327:532-535
91. Snapper SP, Lugosi L, Jekkel A, Melton RE, Kieser T, Bloom BR, Jacobs WR (1988) Lysogeny and transformation in mycobacteria: Stable expression of foreign genes. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 85:6987-6991
92. Connell ND, Medina-Acosta E, McMaster WR, Bloom BR, Russell DG (1993) Effective immunization against cutaneous leishmaniasis with recombinant bacille Calmette-Guerin expressing the Leishmania surface proteinase gp63. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 90:11473-11477
93. Stover CK, Bansal GP, Hanson MS, Burlein JE, Palaszynski SR, Young JF, Koenig S, Young DB, Sadziene A, Barbour AG (1993) Protective immunity elicited by recombinant BCG expressing outer surface protein A (OspA) lipoprotein: A candidate Lyme Disease vaccine. J Exp Med 178:197-209
94. Simon MM, Schaible UE, Karmer MD, Eckerson C, Museteanu C, Muller-Hermelink HK, Wallich R (1991) Recombinant outer surface protein A from Borrelia burgdorferi induces antibodies protective against spirochetal infection in mice. J Inf Dis 164:123-132
95. Tilney LG, Portnoy DA (1989) Actin filaments and the growth, movement, and spread of the intracellular bacterial parasite, Listeria monocytogenes. J Cell Biol 109:1597
96. Ikonomidis G, Paterson Y, Kos FJ, Portnoy DA (1994) Delivery of a viral antigen to the class I processing and presentation pathway by Listeria monocytogenes. J Exp Med 180:2209-2218
97. Schafer R, Portnoy DA, Brassell SA, Paterson Y (1992) Induction of a cellular immune response to a foreign antigen by a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine. J Immunol 149:53-59
98. Pan Z-K, Ikonnomidis G, Lazenby A, Pardoll D, Paterson Y (1995) A recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine expressing a model tumour antigen protects mice against ledial tumour cell challenge and causes regression of established tumours. Nature Med 1:471-480
99. Wolff JA, Malone RW, Williams P, Chong W, Acsadi G, Jani A, Feigner PL (1990) Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science 247:1465-1468
100. Davis HL, Whalen RG, Demeneix BA (1993) Direct gene transfer into skeletal muscle in vivo: Factors affecting efficiency of u-ansfer and stability of expression. Hum Gene Ther 4:151-159
101. Williams RS, Johnston SA, Riedy M, DeVit MJ, McElligott SG, Sanford JC (1991) Introduction of foreign genes into tissues of living mice by DNA-coated microprojectiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:2726-2730
102. Mielke ME, Ehlers S, Hahn H (1988) T cell subsets in delayed- type hypersensitivity, protection, and granuloma formation in primary and secondar)’ Listeria infection in mice: Superior role of Lyt2+ cells in acquired immunity. Infect Immun 56:1920
103. Eisenbraun MD, Fuller DH, Haynes JR (1993) Examination of parameters affecting the elicitation of humoral immune responses by particle bombardment-mediated genetic immunization. DNA Cell Biol 12:791-797
104. Pertmer TM, Eisenbraun MD, McCabe D, Prayaga SK, Fuller DH, Haynes JR (1995) Gene gun-based nucleic acid immunization: Elicitation of humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses following epidermal delivery of nanogram quantities of DNA. Vaccine (in press)
105. Yang N-S, Burkholder J, Roberts B, Martinelli B, McCabe D (1990) In vivo and in vitro gene transfer to mammalian somatic cells by particle bombardment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9568-9572
106. Tang D, DeVit M.Johnston SA (1992) Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response. Nature 356:152-154
107. Fuller DH, HaynesJR (1994) A qualitative progression in HIV type 1 glucoprotein 120-specific cytotoxic cellular and humoral immune responses in mice receiving a DNA-based glycoprotein 120 vaccine. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 10:1433
108. Ulmer JB, Donnelly JJ, Parker SE, Rhodes GH, Feigner PL, Dwarki VJ, Gromkowski SH, Deck RR, DeWitt CM, Friedman A (1993) Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. Science 259:1745-1749
109. Wang B, Ugen EU, Srikantan V, Agadjanyan MG, Dang K, Refaeli Y, Sato A, Boyer J, Williams WV, Weiner DB (1993) Gene inoculation generates immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 90:4156-4160
110. Conry RM, LoBuglio AF, Loechel F, Moore SE, Sumerel LA, Barlow DL, Curiel DT (1995) A carcinoembryonic antigen polynucleotide vaccine has in vivo antitumor activity. Gene Ther 2:59-65
111. Wang B, Merva M, Dang K, Ugen KE, Williams WV, Weiner DB (1995) Immunization by direct DNA inoculation induces rejection of tumor cell challenge. Hum Gene Ther 6:407-418
112. Bluestone J (1995) New perspectives of CD28-B7-mediated T cell costimulation. Immunity 2:555-559
113. Chen L, Ashe S, Brady WA, Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE, Ledbetter JA, McGowan P, Linsley PS (1992) Costimulation of antitumor immunity by the B7 counterreceptor for the T lymphocyte molecules CD28 and CTLA-4. Cell 71:1093-1102
114. Chen L, McGowan P, Ashe S, Johnson J, Li Y, Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE (1994) Tumor immunogenicity determines the effect of B7 costimulation on T cell-mediated tumor immunity. J Exp Med 179:523-532
115. Li Y, McGowan P, Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE, Chen L (1994) Costimulation of tumor-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes by B7, a natural ligand for CD28, can be used to treat established mouse melanoma. J Immunol 153:421-428
116. Yang G, Hellstrom KE, Hellstrom I, Chen L (1995) Antitumor immunity elicited by tumor cells transfected with B7-2, a second ligand for CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory molecules. J Immunol 154:2794-2800
117. Hodge JW, Abrams S, Schlom J, Kan tor JA (1994) Induction of antitumor immunity by recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing B7-1 or B7-2 costimulatory molecules. Cancer Res 54:5552-5555
118. Hodge JW, McLaughlin JP, Abrams SI, Shuperl L, Schlom J, Kan tor J A (1995) Admixture of a recombinant vaccinia virus containing the gene for the costimulatory molecule B7 and a recombinant vaccinia vims containing a tumor-associated antigen gene results in enhanced specific T-cell responses and antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 55:3598-3603
119. Bronte V, Tsung K, Rao JB, Chen PW, Wang M, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP (1995) IL-2 enhances the function of recombinant poxvirus-based vaccines in the treatment of established pulmonary metastases. J Immunol 154:5282-5292
120. Mosmann TR (1994) Properties and functions of ILIO. Adv Immunol 56:1-26
121. Kennedy MK, Picha KS, Shanebeck KD, Anderson DM, Grabstein KH (1994) Interleukin-12 regulates the proliferation of Thl, but not Th2 or ThO, clones. Eur J Immunol 24:2271-2278