Model-Based Image Coding: Advanced Video Coding Techniques for Very Low Bit-Rate Applications

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 83, Issue 2, 1995, Pages 259-271

  Aizawa, Kiyoharu ^a   Huang, Thomas S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER GRAPHICS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS; IMAGE QUALITY; IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION; IMAGE SEGMENTATION; MATHEMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS; THREE DIMENSIONAL;

FACIAL MODEL; IMAGE SOURCE MODELS; MODEL BASED IMAGE CODING; TWO DIMENSIONAL; VERY LOW BIT RATE APPLICATIONS;

IMAGE CODING;

EID: 0029247599     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: 15582256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/5.364463     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. D. R. Aberle, F. Gleeson, J. W. Sayre et al., “The effect of irreversible image compression on diagnostic accuracy in thoracic imaging,” Investigative Radiology, vol. 28, pp. 398-403, 1993.
2. American College of Radiology (ACR)/National Electrical Manufacturers Association Standards Publication for Data Compression Standards, NEMA Publication PS-2, Washington, DC, 1989.
3. E. H. Adelson, E. Simoncelli, and R. Hingorani, “Orthogonal pyramid transforms for image coding,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 845, pp. 50-58, 1987.
4. N. Ahmed, T. Natarajan, and K. R. Rao, “Discrete cosine transform,” IEEE Trans. Computers, vol. C-23, pp. 90-93, 1974.
5. N. Akrout, C. Diab, R. Prost, et al., “Subband directional vector quantization in radiologic image compression,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1653, pp. 203-212, 1992.
6. N. Akrout, R. Prost, and R. Goutte, “A fast algorithm for vector quantization in radiological image compression,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1897, pp. 259-268, 1992.
7. J. Akune, H. Yonekawa, Y. Ishimitsu, H. Takeuchi, K. Doi, and H. MacMahon, “Development of a data compression module for digital radiography,” Med. Biolog. Eng. Comput., 29 Suppl., 1991.
8. M. Antonini, M. Barlaud, P. Mathieu, and I. Daubechies, “Image coding using wavelet transform,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 1, pp. 205-220, 1992.
9. C. Avril and T. Nguyen-Trong, “Linear filtering for reducing blocking effects in orthogonal transform image coding,” J. Electr. Imag., vol. 1, pp. 183-191, 1992.
10. L. A. Barfood, R. S. Fazzio, and D. R. Smith, “An introduction to wavelets,” Hewlett-Packard Rep. HPL-92-124, Sept. 1992.
11. M. F. Barnsley, Fractal Everywhere. New York: Academic, 1988.
12. M. F. Barnsley, The Desktop Fractal Design Handbook. New York: Academic, 1989.
13. K. G. Baxter, L. H. Wetzel, M. D. Murphy et al., “Wide area networks for teleradiology,” J. Digital Imaging, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 51-59, Feb. 1991.
14. G. J. Blaine, S. M. Moore, J. R. Cox, and R. A. Whitman, “Teleradiology via narrow-band integrated services digital network (N-ISDN) and Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) image compression,” J. Digital Imaging, vol. 5, pp. 156-160, 1992.
15. H. Blume and A. Fand, “Reversible and irreversible image data compression using S-transform and Lempel–Ziv coding,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1091, pp. 2-18, 1989.
16. H. Blume, “An overview of lossy image compression schemes,” invited lecture presented at the AAPM Annu. Meet., Washington, DC, Aug. 1993.
17. H. Blume, Private Communication, Philips Medical Systems North American, Shelton, CT, 1994.
18. C. G. Boncelet. Jr., J. R. Cobbs, and A. R. Moser, “Error free compression of medical X-ray images,” Proc. SPIE, Visual Commun. Image Processing 88, vol. 1001, pp. 269-276, 1988.
19. R. N. Bracewell, “The fast Hartley transform,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 72, pp. 1010-1018, 1984.
20. R. N. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform and its Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.
21. J. M. Bramble, “Comparison of information-preserving and information losing data-compression algorithms for CT images,” Radiology, vol. 170, pp. 453-455, Feb. 1989.
22. J. M. Bramble, H. K. Huang, and M. D. Murphy, “Image data compression,” Investigative Radiology, vol. 23, pp. 707-712, 1988.
23. M. Breeuwer and R. Heusdens, “Overlapped transform coding of medical X-ray images,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 2164, pp. 264-275, 1994. Also shown in SPIE Medical Imaging Presentation, Newport Beach, CA, 1994.
24. S. R. Burgett and M. Das, “Multiresolution multiplicative autoregressive coding of images,” Proc. IEEE Conf. on Syst. Eng., pp. 276-279, 1991.
25. S. R. Burgett and M. Das, “Adaptive predictive image coding using two-dimensional multiplicative autoregressive models,” Proc. 34th Midwest Symp. Circ. and Syst., pp. 633-636, May, 1991; also Signal Processing, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 121-132, 1993.
26. S. R. Burgett and M. Das, “Predictive image coding using multiresolution multiplicative regressive models,” IEE Proc.—I: Commun., Speech, and Vision, vol. 140, no. 2, pp. 127-134, Apr. 1993.
27. P. J. Burt and E. H. Adelson, “The Laplacian pyramid as a compact image code,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-31, pp. 532-540, 1983.
28. A. Buzo, A. H. Gray, R. M. Gray, and J. D. Markel, “Speech coding based on vector quantization,” IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Sig. Process., vol. ASSP-28, pp. 562-574, 1980.
29. P. M. Cassereau, D. H. Staelin, and G. de Jager, “Encoding of images based on a lapped orthogonal transform,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 37, pp. 189-193, 1989.
30. V. Chameroy and R. di Paola, “High compression of nuclear medicine dynamic studies,” Int. J. Cardiac Imaging, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 261-269, 1990.
31. V. Chameroy and R. di Paola, “Towards multidimensional medical image coding,” Image Capture, Formatting, and Display, SPIE, vol. 1653, pp. 261-269, 1992.
32. K. K. Chan, S. L. Lou, and H. K. Huang, “Radiologic image compression using full-frame cosine transform with adaptive bit-allocation,” Comput. Med. Imag. Graph., vol. 13, pp. 153-159, 1989.
33. K. K. Chan, S. L. Lou, and H. K. Huang, “Full-frame transform compression of CT and MR images,” Radiology, vol. 171, pp. 847-851, 1989.
34. K. K. Chan, C. C. Lau, A. Hayrapetian, B. Ho, and H. K. Huang, “Three-dimensional transform compression of images from dynamic studies,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1232, pp. 322-326, 1990.
35. J. Chen, M. Flynn, B. Gross, and D. Spizarny, “Observer detection of image degradation caused by irreversible data compression processes,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1444, pp. 256-264, 1991.
36. K. Chen and Ramabadran, “Reversible compression of medical images with adaptive context selection,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1897, pp. 503-510, 1993.
37. W. J. Chimiak, “The digital radiology environment,” IEEE J. Selected Areas in Commun., vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1133-1144, Sept. 1992.
38. C. K. Chui, An Introduction to Wavelets. New York: Academic, 1992
39. R. C. Cosman, C. Tseng, R. M. Gray, et al., “Tree-structured vector quantization of CT chest scans: image quality and diagnostic accuracy,” IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, vol. 12, pp. 727-739, Dec. 1993.
40. P. C. Cosman, H. C. Davidson, C. J. Bergin, et al., “Thoracic CT images: The effect of lossy image compression on diagnostic accuracy,” Radiology, vol. 190, pp. 517-524, 1994.
41. M. Das and S. Burgent, “Lossless compression of medical images using two-dimensional multiplicative autoregressive models,” IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, vol. 12, Dec. 1993.
42. R. A. DeVore, B. Jawerth, and B. J. Lucier, “Image compression through wavelet transform coding,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 38, pp. 719-746, Feb. 1992.
43. Digital imaging and communication in Medicine (DICOM), version 3, American College of Radiology (ACR)/National Elecrical Manufacturers Assoc. (NEMA) Standards Draft, Dec. 1992.
44. S. J. Dwyer, A. W. Templeton, and S. Batnitzky, “Teleradiology: costs of hardware and communications,” Am. J. Roentgenology, vol. 156, no. 6, pp. 1279-82, June 1991.
45. S. J. Dwyer, A. W. Templeton, W. H. Anderson et al., “Teleradiology using switched dialup networks,” IEEE J. Selected Areas in Commun., vol. 10, pp. 1161-1172, Sept. 1992.
46. S. E. Elnahas, R. G. Jost, J. R. Cox, and R. L. Hill, “Progressive transmission of digital diagnostic images,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 575, pp. 48-55, 1985.
47. S. E. Elnahas, K. H. Tzou, J. R. Cox, R. L. Hill, and R. G. Jost, “Progressive coding and transmission of digital diagnostic pictures,” IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, vol. 4, pp. 73-83, 1986.
48. R. Fiete, H. H. Barrett, W. E. Smith, and K. J. Meyers, “The Hotelling trace criterion and its correlation with human observer performance,” J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 4, pp. 945-953, 1987.
49. M. J. Flynn, J. S. Newman, and R. M. Mares, “Digital storage compression for diagnostic images,” Am. J. Roentgenology, vol. 136, no. 6, pp. 1279-1280, June 1981.
50. F. Georinger, “Medical diagnostic imaging support system for military medicine,” in Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS). H. K. Huang, O. Ratib, A. R. Bakker, and G. Witte, Eds., NATO ASI Series F, PACS in Medicine, vol. 74. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 213-230, 1991.
51. A. Gersho and R. M. Gray, Vector Quantization and Signal Compression. Boston: Kluwer, 1991.
52. R. C. Gonzales and P. Wintz, Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992.
53. D. S. Gooden, “Legal aspects of image compression,” presented at American Assoc. of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) 1993 Annu. Meeting, Washington, DC, Aug. 1993.
54. R. M. Gray, “Vector Quantization,” IEEE ASSP Magazine, pp. 4-29, Apr. 1984.
55. R. M. Gray, P. C. Cosman, and E. A. Riskin, “Image compression and tree-structured vector quantization,” in Image and Text Compression, J. A. Storer, Ed., Boston: Kluwer, 1992, pp. 1-34.
56. Guidance for the content and review of 510(k) notifications for picture archiving and communication systems and related products, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, the US Food and Drug Agency, Washington, DC, Aug. 1993.
57. R. A. Haddad, A. N. Akansu, and A. Benyassine, “Time-frequency localization in transforms, subbands, and wavelets: a critical review,” Opt. Eng., vol. 32, pp. 1411-1428, 1993.
58. E. J. Halpern, J. H. Newhouse, E. S. Amis, et al., “Evaluation of a quadtree-based compression algorithm with digitized urograms,” Radiology, vol. 171, pp. 259-263, 1989.
59. E. J. Halpern, H. M. Levy, J. H. Newhouse, et al., “Quadtree-based data compression of abdominal CT images,” Investigative Radiology, vol. 25, pp. 31-38, 1990.
60. E. J. Halpern, A. Premkumar, and D. J. Mullen, et al., “Application of region of interest definition to quadtree-based compression of CT images,” Investigative Radiology, vol. 25, pp. 703-707, 1990.
61. H. M. Hang and J. W. Woods, “Predictive vector quantization of images,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-33, pp. 1208-1219, Nov. 1985.
62. A. Hayrapatian, H. Kangarloo, T. Hall, K. K. Chan, B. K. Ho, and H. K. Huang, “Compression of radiological hand images: An ROC study,” Med. Biolog. Eng. Comput., 29 Suppl., 846, 1991.
63. M. W. Hedgcock et al., “Calculating storage needs for an optical archive,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1093, pp. 551-557, 1989.
64. V. K. Heer and H. K. Reinfelder, “A comparison of reversible methods for data compression,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1233, pp. 354-365, 1990.
65. B. Ho, J. Chao, C. S. Wu, and H. K. Huang, “Full-frame cosine transform image compression for medical and industrial applications,” Mach. Vision Appl., vol. 3, pp. 89-96, 1991.
66. B. Ho, J. Chao, P. Zhu, and H. K. Huang, “Design and implementation of full-frame, bit-allocation image compression hardware module,” Radiology, vol. 179, pp. 563-567, 1991.
67. B. Ho and H. K. Huang, “Specialized module for full-frame radiologic image compression,” Opt. Eng., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 544-550, May 1991.
68. H. Hotelling, “Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components,” J. Educ. Psych., vol. 24, pp. 417-441, pp. 498-520, 1933.
69. H. K. Huang, Elements of Digital Radiology: A Professional Handbook and Guide. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Apr. 1987.
70. H. K. Huang, S. C. Lo, B. Ho, and S. L. Lou, “Radiologic image compression using error-free and irreversible, and two-dimensional discrete-cosine-transform coding techniques,” J. Opt. Sco. Amer., vol. 4, pp. 984-992, May 1987.
71. H. K. Huang et al., “Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) for radiologic images: State of the art,” in CRC Critical Reviews in Medical Informatics, vol. 28, pp. 383-427, 1988.
72. H. K. Huang and O. Ratib et al., Eds., Special issue on Picture Archiving and Commun. Syst. (PACS), J. Digital Imaging., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 22-25, 1992.
73. H. K. Huang, W. K. Wong, S. L. Lou, and B. K. Stewark, “Architecture of a comprehensive radiographic imaging network,” IEEE J. Special Areas in Commun., vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1118-1196, 1992.
74. H. K. Huang, R. K. Tairia, S. L. Lou, and W. K. Wong et al., “Implementation of a large-scale picture archiving and communication system,” Comp. Med. Imaging and Graphics, 17, pp. 1-11, 1993.
75. T. S. Huang, “Coding of two-tone images,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 25, pp. 1405-1424, 1977.
76. D. A. Huffman, “A method for the construction of minimum redundancy codes,” Proc. IRE, vol. 40, pp. 1098-1101, 1962.
77. J. Huffman and H. L. Resnikoff, “Wavelet technology for radiology image processing, I: image compression,” Tech. Rep. AD930111, Aware Inc., Cambridge, MA, 1993.
78. J. Huffman and A. Cohen, “Wavelet technology for radiology image processing, V: Lossy compression of plain films,” Tech. Rep. AD93063, Aware Inc., Cambridge, MA, 1993.
79. R. Hunter and A. H. Robinson, “International digital facsimile standards,” Proc. IEEE, vol. PROC-68, pp. 854-867, Nov. 1980.
80. C. Hwang, S. Venkatraman, and K. R. Rao, “Human visual system weighted progressive image transmission using lapped orthogonal transform/classified vector quantization,” Opt. Engineering, vol. 32, pp. 1524-1530, 1993.
81. T. Ishigaki, S. Sakuma, M. Ikeda, et al., “Clinical evaluation of irreversible image compression: Analysis of chest imaging with computed radiography,” Radiology, vol. 175, pp. 739-743, 1990.
82. G. Irie, “Clinical Experience—16 months of HU-PACS,” in Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS), H. K. Huang, O. Ratib, A. R. Bakker, and G. Witte, Eds. NATO ASI Series F, PACS in Medicine, vol. 74. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 213-230, 1991.
83. A. E. Jacquin, “Fractal image coding: a review,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 81, pp. 1451-1465, Oct. 1993.
84. A. K. Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
85. A. E. James, J. H. Anderson, and C. B. Higgins, eds., Digital image Processing in Radiology. Baltimore, MD: Williams Wilkins, 1985.
86. N. Jayant, J. Johnston, and R. Safranek, “Signal compression based on models of human perception,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 81, pp. 1385-1422, Oct. 1993.
87. G. Jost, Ed., Medical Imaging 1993: PACS Design and Evaluation, vol. 1899, SPIE, 1993.
88. A. Keizers, D. Meyer-Ebrecht, and F. Vosseburger, “A fiberoptic line-switching network with a 140 Mb/s user data rate,” IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun., vol. 19, pp. 1197-1202, Sept. 1992.
89. T. J. Kostas, B. J. Sullivan, R. Ansari et al., “Adaptation and evaluation of JPEG-based compression for radiographic images,” Proc. SPIE, 1897, pp. 276-281, 1993.
90. G. R. Kuduvalli, R. M. Rangayyan, and J. E. L. Deasutels, “High resolution digital teleradiology: A perspective,” J. Digital Imaging, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 251-261, 1991.
91. G. R. Kuduvalli and R. M. Rangayyan, “Performance analysis of reversible image compression techniques for high-resolution digital teleradiology,” IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, vol. 11, pp. 430-445, Sept. 1993.
92. M. Kunt and O. Johnson, “Block coding of graphics: A tutorial review,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 68, pp. 770-786, Nov. 1980.
93. M. Kunt, “Second-generation image-coding techniques,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 73, pp. 549-574, Apr. 1985.
94. G. G. Langdon, Jr. and J. Rissanen, “Compression of black-white images with arithmetic coding,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-29, pp. 858-867, June 1981.
95. D. J. Le Gall, “MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications,” Comm. ACM, vol. 34, no. 4, Apr. 1991.
96. L. A. Lehmann and A. Macoviski, “Data compression of X-ray images by adaptive differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) coding,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 314, pp. 396-404, 1981.
97. H. U. Lemke and M. Osteaux, Eds., “Special issue: Picture archiving and communication systems and digital radiology,” Europe. J. Radiology, vol. 17, no. 1, June 1993.
98. J. Liénard, “Real-time distortionless high-factor compression scheme,” Medical Phys., vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 845-849, Nov./Dec. 1989.
99. Y. Linde, A. Buzo, and R. M. Gray, “An algorithm for vector quantization design,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-28, pp. 84-89, 1980.
100. A. Lippman and W. Butera, “Coding image sequences for interactive retrieval,” Comm. ACM, vol. 32, no. 7, July 1989.
101. J. Liu and M. W. Engelhorn, “Improvement in the locally optimum run-length compression of CT images,” J. Biomed. Eng., vol. 12, pp. 108-110, 1990.
102. J. Liu and M. W. Engelhorn, “Locally optimum run-length compression of CT images without restriction on pixel value,” J. Biomed. Eng., vol. 12, pp. 105-108, 1990.
103. S. C. Lo and H. K. Huang, “Radiologic image compression: Full-frame bit-allocation technique,” Radiology, vol. 155, 811-817 (1985).
104. S. C. Lo and H. K. Huang, “Compression of radiologic images with 512, 1024, and 2048 matrices,” Radiology, vol. 161, pp. 519-525, 1986.
105. S. C. Lo, E. L. Shen, S. J. Mun, and J. Chen, “A method for splitting digital value in radiologic image compression,” Medical Physics, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 939-946, Sept.-Oct. 1991.
106. S. C. Lo, B. H. Krasner, S. K. Mun, and S. C. Horii, “A hybrid coding for slit gray values in radiologic image compression,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1653, pp. 194-202, 1992.
107. P. Lux, “Redundancy reduction in radiographic pictures,” Opt. Acta., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 349-365, 1977.
108. N. M. Nasrabadi and R. A. King, “Image coding using vector quantization: A review,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 36, pp. 957-971, Aug. 1988.
109. National Cancer Institute (NCI)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Workshop “Digital mammography,” May 1993, Washington, DC.
110. J. D. Newell, Jr. and C. A. Kelsey, Eds., Digital Imaging in Diagnostic Radiology. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990.
111. H. MacMahon, K. Doi, S. Sanada, et al., “Data compression: effect on diagnostic accuracy in digital chest radiographs,” Radiology, vol. 178, pp. 175-179, 1991.
112. H. S. Malvar and D. H. Staelin, “The LOT: Transform coding without blocking effects,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Sig. Process, vol. 37, pp. 553-559, 1989.
113. H. S. Malvar, “Lapped transforms for efficient transform/subband coding,” IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Sig. Process, vol. 38, pp. 969-978, 1990.
114. M. Manduca, “A wavelet-based tool for medical image compression,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1653, pp. 495-503, 1992.
115. M. Manduca, “Interactive wavelet-based 2-D and 3-D image compression,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1987, pp. 307-318, 1993.
116. T. Markas and J. Reif, “Quad tree structures for image compression applications,” Information Processing Management, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 707-721, Nov./Dec. 1992.
117. H. Masser, A. Mandl, M. Urban, H. Hradil, and W. Hruby, “The Vienna project SMZO in picture archiving and communication systems (PACS),” in H. K. Huang, O. Ratib, A. R. Bakker, G. Witte, Eds.NATO ASI Series F, PACS in Medicine, vol. 74, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 247-250, 1991.
118. Medical Equipment and Electronic News (MEEN), “A product survey of picture archiving and communication systems,” Nov. 1992.
119. C. E. Metz, “Basic principle of ROC analysis,” Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, vol. VIII, pp. 282-298, Oct. 1978.
120. H. G. Musmann, “Predictive image coding,” W. K. Pratt, Ed., in Image Transmission Techniques, Advanced Electronics Electron Physics. Orlando, FL: Academic, 1979, pp. 73-112, suppl. 12.
121. A. Papoulis, Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.
122. W. B. Pennebaker, J. L. Mitchell et al., “Arithmetic coding articles,” IBM J. Res. Dev., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 717-774, Nov. 1988.
123. W. B. Pennebaker, J. L. Mitchell et al., JPEG—Still Image Data Compression Standard. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993, pp. 65-79.
124. M. Rabbani and P. W. Jones, “Image compression techniques for medical diagnostic imaging systems,” J. Digital Imaging, vol. 4. no. 2, pp. 65-78, May 1991.
125. M. Rabbani and P. W. Jones, Digital Image Compression Techniques, vol. TT7, SPIE Tutorial Text Series. Bellingham, WA: SPIE Press, 1991.
126. T. V. Ramabadran and K. Chen, “Efficient compression of medical images through arithmetic coding,” Proc. SPIE Conf. Medical Imaging IV, vol. 1234, pp. 761-775, Feb. 1990.
127. T. V. Ramabadran and K. Chen, “The use of contextual information in the reversible compression of medical images,” IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 185-195, June 1992.
128. K. R. Rao and P. Yip, Discrete Cosine Transform-Algorithms, Advantages, Applications. London: Academic, 1990.
129. M. L. Rhodes, J. F. Quinn, and J. Silvester, “Locally optimal run-length compression applied to CT images,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, vol. 4, pp. 84-90, 1985.
130. E. A. Riskin, T. Lookabaugh, P. A. Chou, and R. M. Gray, “Variable rate vector quantization for medical image compression with application to progressive transmission,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1091, pp. 110-120, 1989.
131. E. A. Riskin, T. Lookabaugh, P. A. Chou, and R. M. Gray, “Variable rate vector quantization for medical image compression,” IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, vol. 9, pp. 290-298, 1990.
132. E. A. Riskin and R. M. Gray, “A greedy tree growing algorithm for the design of variable rate vector quantizers,” IEEE Trans. Sig. Process., vol. 39, pp. 2500-2507, 1991.
133. O. Rioul and M. Vetterli, “Wavelets and signal processing,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 8, pp. 14-38, Oct. 1991.
134. O. Rompelman, “Medical image compression: Possible applications of subband coding,” J. W. Woods, Ed., in Subband Image Coding. Boston: Kluwer, 1991, pp. 319-352.
135. P. Roos, M. A. Viergever, M. C. A. van Dikje, and J. H. Peters, “Reversible intraframe compression of medical images,” IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, vol. 7, pp. 328-336, 1988.
136. P. Roos and M. A. Viergever, “Reversible interframe compression based on HINT (hierarchical interpolation) decorrelation and arithmetic coding,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1444, pp. 283-290, 1991.
137. P. Roos and M. A. Viergever, “Reversible 3-D decorrelation of medical images,” IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 413-420, 1993.
138. P. Roos and M. A. Viergever, “Reversible interframe compression of medical images: A comparison of decorrelation methods,” IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, vol. 10, pp. 538-547, 1991.
139. H. Samet, “Data structures for quadtree approximation and compression,” Commun. ACM, vol. 28, pp. 973-993, 1985.
140. J. W. Sayre, B. K. T. Ho, M. I. Boechat, T. R. Hall and H. K. Huang, “Subperiosteal resorption: Effect of full-frame image compression of hand radiographs on diagnostic accuracy,” Radiology, vol. 185, pp. 599-603, 1992.
141. J. W. Sayre, D. R. Aberle, M. I. Boechat, T. R. Hall and H. K. Huang et al., “Effect of data compression on diagnostic accuracy in digital hand and chest radiography,” Proc. Medical Imaging IV: Image Capture, Formatting, and Display, vol. 1653, pp. 232-240, Feb. 1992.
142. R. B. Schilling, “Teleradiology, information transfer, and PACS: implication for diagnostic imaging in the 1990's,” Radiographics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 683-686, May 1993.
143. J. W. Schwartz and R. C. Barker, “Bit-Plane encoding: A technique for source encoding,” IEEE Trans. Aerospace Elec. Systems, vol. 2, pp. 385-392, 1966.
144. M. I. Sezan, M. Rabbani, and P. W. Jones, “Progressive transmission of images using a prediction/residual encoding approach,” Opt. Eng., vol. 28, pp. 556-564, 1989.
145. C. E. Shannon, “Coding theorems for a discrete source with fidelity criterion,” IRE Nat. Convent. Record, pp. 142-163, 1959.
146. E. Simoncelli and E. Adelson, “Subband transforms,” J. W. Woods, Ed., in Subband Image Coding. Boston: Kluwer, pp. 143-192, 1991.
147. B. S. Slasky, D. Gur, M. A. Costa-Greco, and K. M. Harris, “Receiver operating characteristics analysis of chest image interpretation with conventional, laser-printed, and high-resolution workstation images,” Radiology, vol. 174, pp. 775-780, 1990.
148. B. K. Stewart, P. S. Choo, S. L. Lou et al., “Performance characteristics of an ultrafast network for PACS,” in The UCLA PACS Research and Development Program and Related Projects—A Progress Report, Department of Radiological Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, Feb. 1991.
149. J. A. Storer, Data Compression. New York: Computer Science Press, 1988.
150. J. A. Swets, “ROC analysis applied to the evaluation of medical imaging techniques,” Investigative Radiology, vol. 14, pp. 109-121, Mar./Apr. 1979.
151. N. Tavakoli, “Lossless compression of medical images,” Proc. 4th Annu. IEEE Symp. on Computer-Based Medical Syst., pp. 201-207, 1991.
152. A. W. Templeton, L. T. Cook, and D. A. Eckard et al., “Compression of digital and teleradiology images,” Radiology, 185(P), p. 392, 1992.
153. M. Tinker, “DVI parallel image compression,” Comm. ACM, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 844-851, July 1989.
154. J. D. Villasenor, “Alternatives to the discrete cosine transform for irreversible tomographic image compression,” IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, vol. 12, pp. 803-811, Dec. 1993.
155. G. K. Wallace, “The JPEG still picture compression standard,” Comm. ACM, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 30-44, April 1991.
156. L. Wang and M. Goldberg, “Progressive image transmission using vector quantization on images in quadtree form,” IEE Proc. Sect. F. Commun. Radar, Sig. Process., vol. 135, pp. 421-430, 1988.
157. L. Wang and M. Goldberg, “Comparative performance of pyramid data structures for progressive of medical imagery,” Medical Imaging IV: Image Capture and Display, SPIE vol. 1232, pp. 403-413, 1990.
158. P. Wilhelm, D. R. Haynor, Y. Kim, A. C. Nelson, and A. Riskin, “Lossy image compression for digital medical imaging systems,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1232, pp. 348-358, Feb. 1990.
159. P. A. Wintz, “Transform picture coding,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 60, 1972.
160. X. Wu and Y. Fang, “Lossless interframe compression of medical images,” DCC '92 Data Compr. Conf., IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, pp. 249-258, 1992.
161. M. Vetterli, “Multi-dimensional subband coding: Some theory and algorithms,” Signal Processing, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 97-112, 1984.
162. T. Welch, “A Technique for high-performance data compression,” IEEE Computer, vol. C-17, pp. 8-19, June 1984.
163. W. J. Welsh, S. Searby, and J. B. Waite, “Model-based image coding,” British Telecom Tech. J., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 94-106, July 1990.
164. J. W. Woods and S. D. O'Neil, “Subband coding of images,” IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Sig. Process, vol. 34, pp. 1278-1288, Oct. 1986.
165. J. W. Woods, Ed., Subband Image Coding. Boston: Kluwer, 1991.
166. P. S. Yeh and W. H. Miller, “Application Guide for universal source encoding for space,” NASA Tech. Paper, p. 3441, Dec. 1993.
167. P. S. Yeh, R. F. Rice, and W. H. Miller, “On the optimality of a universal noiseless code,” Proc. AIAA Computing in Aerospace 9 Conf., San Diego, CA, Oct. 1993.
168. L. A. Zaremba and R. A. Phillips, “Image compression—regulatory issues and policies,” Presentation at American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) 1993 Annual Meeting, Washington DC, Aug. 1993.
169. Y. Q. Zhang, M. H. Loew, and R. L. Pickholtz, “Combined-transform coding scheme for medical images,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 1445, pp. 358-366, 1991.
170. Y. Q. Zhang, M. H. Loew, and R. L. Pickholtz, “A combined-transform coding (CTC) scheme for medical images,” IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, vol. 11, pp. 196-202, 1992.