Exobiology, the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life within the context of cosmic evolution: a review

Planetary and Space Science

Volumn 43, Issue 1-2, 1995, Pages 189-217

  Horneck, G ^a  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASTRONOMY; BIOGENESIS; BIOLOGY; CHEMICAL MODEL; EVOLUTION; MICROCLIMATE; REVIEW; SPACE FLIGHT;

ASTRONOMY; BIOGENESIS; EARTH (PLANET); EVOLUTION; EXOBIOLOGY; EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT; MODELS, CHEMICAL; SOLAR SYSTEM; SPACE FLIGHT;

EID: 0029171460     PISSN: 00320633     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0032-0633(94)00190-3     Document Type: Review

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16. Channels and valleys on Venus: preliminary analysis of Magellan data
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67. Microbial Mats: Stromatolites
68. Role of water molecules in bacteria and viruses
69. Directed panspermia
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71. Acid-labile amino acid precursors in the Murchison meteorite II: a search for peptides and amino acyl amides
72. Organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites, planetary satellites, asteroids, and comets
73. Anhydrobiosis: a strategy for survival
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76. The D/H ratio and the evolution of water in the terrestrial planets
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79. Role of amphiphilic compounds in the evolution of membrane structure on the early Earth
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81. Nature and history of the organic compounds in comets: an astrophysical view
82. Cometary origin of carbon nitrogen and water on the Earth
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84. NASA's exobiology program
85. Planetary protection issues and the future exploration of Mars
86. Planetary protection issue for sample return missions
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90. The vacuum ultraviolet photochemistry of nucleotides
91. Deuterium on Venus
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93. Hypotheses on the appearance of life on Earth (review)
94. Survival under space vacuum
95. Präbiotische Evolution und der Ursprung des Lebens ein kritischer Rückblick
96. DNA-strand breaks limit survival in extreme dryness
97. Survival in extreme dryness and DNA-single-strand breaks
98. Progress in determining the space orientation of stars
99. Exobiological habitats: an overview
100. Radiation chemistry of a multi-component aqueous system relevant to chemistry of cometary nuclei
101. How can we detect radiotransmissions from distant planetary systems?
102. Project Ozma
103. Scientific investigations at a lunar base
104. Comparative analysis of the atmospheres of early Earth and Mars
105. Comets and ESA's space mission Giotto to Halley's comet
106. 3 in the presence of substituted acetylenes: a possible source of oligomers and HCN on Jupiter
107. Gas-grain simulation facility: fundamental studies of particle formation and interactions
108. Response of terrestrial microorganisms to simulated Martian environment
109. Endolythic microbial life in hot and cold deserts
110. Endolithic microorganisms in the Antarctic cold desert
111. The Antarctic cold desert and the search for traces of life on Mars
112. Life on Mars: How it disappeared (if it was ever there)
113. Endolithic blue-green algae in the dry valleys: primary producers and the Antarctic desert ecosystem
114. The cryptoendolithic microbial environment in the Ross Desert of Antarctica; satellite transmitted continuous nanoclimate data
115. Long-term preservation of microbial ecosystems in permafrost
116. Cryoprotective properties of water in the Earth cryolithosphere and its role in exobiology
117. Ecospheres of giant stars and ecospheric evolution of Sun's planetary system
118. Evolution of proton pumping ATPases: rooting the tree of life
119. +-ATPases: implications for the origin of eukaryotes
120. Soil mineralogy and chemistry on Mars: possible clues from salts and clays in SNC meteorites
121. Radical formation, chemical processing and explosion of interstellar grains
122. What are comets made of? A model based on interstellar dust
123. The largest molecules in space: interstellar dust
124. The chemical composition of comets and possible contribution to planet composition and evolution
125. From interstellar dust to comets
126. The seeding of life by comets
127. 3 in Jupiter's great red spot, from Voyager IRIS observations
128. Was Venus wet? Deuterium reconsidered
129. Comets Halley and Giocobini-Zinner
130. Collisional balance of the meteorite complex
131. Organic synthesis in the atmosphere of Titan
132. Risk of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation for aquatic ecosystems
133. Effect of ultraviolet on the survival of bacteria air-borne in simulated Martian dust clouds
134. Radiation biology in space: a critical review
135. Ten years of development of the planetary quarantine program of the United States
136. Habitable zones about main sequence stars
137. Search for the Universal Ancestors
138. Survival of microorganisms in a simulated Martian environment I Bacillus subtilis var globigii
139. Effect of reduced barometric pressure on water availability related to microbial growth
140. Probability of growth (pG) of viable micro-organisms in Martian environments
141. Organic compounds in meteorites and their origins
142. Etablierung von Leben auf dem Mars durch gerichtete Panspermie: Technische und ethische Probleme der Ökopoese
143. The implantation of life on Mars: feasibility and motivation
144. Venus volcanism, classification of volcanic features and structures, associations, and global distribution from Magellan data
145. Venus volcanism, classification of volcanic features and structures, associations, and global distribution from Magellan data
146. Venus volcanism classification of volcanic features and structures associations and global distribution from Magellan data
147. Of Martian atmospheres, oceans, fossils
148. Technical description of the Gemini S-10 and S-12 micrometeorite experiments
149. Action spectra for inactivation and membrane damage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in vacuum by monochromatic synchroton UV radiation (155–250 nm)
150. Wavelength dependence of the formation of single strand breaks and base changes in DNA by ultraviolet radiation above 150 nm
151. Horizontal transfer of ATPase genes—the tree of life becomes a net of life
152. Diversity and identification of heterotrophs from Antarctic rocks of the McMurdo Dry Valley (Ross Desert)
153. X-ray photoelectron spectrometric and gas exchange evidence for surface oxidation of Martian regolith analogues by ultraviolet irradiation
154. New evidence for a tubular structure of β-iron(III) oxide hydroxide akaganéite
155. Diatoms on Earth, comets, Europa, and in interstellar space
156. Survival of microorganisms in space: a review
157. Exobiological aspects in view of Titan
158. European activities in exobiological research in space
159. Survival strategies for life in high UV, very low density environment
160. Exobiology
161. Radiobiological experiments in space a review
162. Impact of human expeditions to Mars
163. Responses of Bacillus subtilis spores to space environment: results from experiments in space
164. Study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life with emphasis on exobiology experiments in Earth orbit
165. Can microorganisms withstand the multistep trial of interplanetary transfer? Considerations and experimental approaches
166. Survival of bacterial spores under some simulated lunar surface conditions
167. Micro-organisms in the space environment
168. Microorganisms and biomolecules in space environment. Experiment ES 029 on Spacelab 1
169. Exobiological experiments on the first EURECA mission
170. ERA Follow-on Scientific Study
171. Long-term survival of bacterial spores in space
172. The design of Martian biological experiments
173. The search for life on Mars
174. Planetary contamination I: the problem and the agreements
175. Microbiology of the dry valleys of Antarctica
176. The Viking carbon assimilation experiments: interim report
177. Viking on Mars the carbon assimilation experiments
178. The survival of micro-organisms in space, further rocket and balloon-borne exposure experiments
179. The survival of terrestrial microorganisms in space at orbital altitudes during Gemini satellite experiments
180. Prebiotic molecules in interstellar grain clumps
181. Organic grains in space
182. Life supporting regions in the vicinity of binary systems
183. The pyrolytic release experiment: measurement of carbon assimilation
184. First polymer in space identified in comet Halley
185. Comets as possible source of prebiotic molecules
186. “Return to the Moon” The case for an international lunar base
187. A comparative evaluation of methods for the search for life on Mars
188. Multiplication of certain soil microorganisms under simulated Martian conditions
189. On the multiplication of xerophilic micro-organisms under simulated Martian conditions
190. On micro-organisms of the stratosphere
191. Physiology of xerophylic microorganisms growing under Martian conditions
192. Upper boundary of the biosphere
193. Microorganisms of the upper layer of the atmosphere and the protective role of their cell pigments
194. On the possibility of life on Mars
195. Biological studies of Martian soil analogue
196. Chemistry in the cosmos
197. Thermal history, chemical composition and relationship of comets to the origin of life
198. Wavelength dependence for the inactivation of ATP in the vacuum-ultraviolet region above 140 nm
199. Wavelength dependence of inactivation and membrane damage to Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by monochromatic synchroton vacuum-UV radiation (145–190 nm)
200. Some evidence for the possible presence of peptides in two chondrites by use of a sequencing procedure
201. Potential for searching for chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms on Mars
202. Evolutionary relationships of archaebacteria, eubacteria and eukaryotes inferred from phylogenetic trees of duplicated genes
203. On the optical properties of bacterial grains I
204. Besteht die Möglichkeit, daß Bakteriensporen auf natürliche Weise von der Erdoberfläche bzw. -atmosphäre in den interplanetaren Raum gelangen
205. Der Planet Mars
206. Der Planet Mars
207. Aspects of the major element composition of Halley's dust
208. Sputtering processes: erosion and chemical change
209. Could organic matter have been preserved on Mars for 3.5 billion years?
210. The early diversification of life
211. The composition and early evolution of Earth
212. Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus
213. Climatic consequences of very high carbon dioxide levels in the Earth's early atmosphere
214. How climate evolved on the terrestrial planets
215. Habitable zones around main sequence stars
216. Action spectra in the vacuum-UV and far-UV (122–300 nm) for inactivation of wet and vacuum-dry spores of Streptomyces griseus and photo-reactivation
217. Martian meteorites are arriving
218. Cassini: mission to Saturn and Titan
219. Ultraviolet-photoproduced organic solids synthesized under simulated Jovian conditions: molecular analysis
220. Evolution of structure and function of V-ATPases
221. Time and the solar system
222. The organic component in dust from comet Halley as measured by the PUMA mass spectrometer on board of Vega 1
223. Composition of comet Halley dust particles from Giotto observations
224. Composition of comet Halley dust particles from Vega observations
225. Automated life-detection experiments for the Viking mission to Mars
226. General constraints of the Viking biology investigation
227. The Viking biological investigations general aspects
228. The Viking biological investigations: review and status
229. The Viking mission and the search for life on Mars
230. Exobiology revisited
231. Strategies for the future exploration of Mars
232. The Viking biology experiments: epilogue and prologue
233. Biological instrumentation for the Viking 1975 mission to Mars
234. Biological experiments: the Viking Mars Lander
235. DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase subnit B as a tool for phylogenetic reconstructions: branching topology of Archaeal domain
236. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases as phylogenetic marker molecules
237. Comet Simulation Experiments in the DFVLR Space Simulators
238. Future Lunar Base
239. Survival rates of some terrestrial microorganisms under simulated space conditions
240. Extraterrestrial life detection by means of isotopic oxygen exchange
241. Venusian channels and valleys: distribution and volcanological implications
242. Biogenesis by cometary grains—thermodynamic aspects of self-organization
243. The organic matter of comet Halley as inferred by gas phase and solid phase analyses
244. Solar radiation incident on the Martian surface
245. Ultraviolet solar irradiance measurement from 200 to 358 nm during Spacelab 1 mission
246. Physical-chemical limits for the stability of biomolecules
247. First statistical analysis of 5000 mass spectra of cometary grains obtained by PUMA I (Vega I) and PIA (Giotto) impact ionization mass spectrometers in the compressed modes
248. Amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites
249. The Cassini mission to Saturn and Titan—an overview
250. Exobiology: approaches to life beyond the Earth
251. Microenvironments for life on Mars
252. Interplanetary dust
253. Labeled release—an experiment in radiorespirometry
254. Viking labeled release biology experiment: interim results
255. Recent results from the Viking labeled release experiment on Mars
256. Life on Mars? The Viking labeled release experiment
257. Search for a non-biological explanation of the Viking labeled release life detection experiment
258. “Gulliver”, an experiment for extraterrestrial life detection and analysis
259. The prebiological paleoatmosphere: stability and composition
260. Multivator—a biochemical laboratory for Martian experiments
261. Lander imaging as a detector of life on Mars
262. Action spectra for survival and spore photoproduct formation of Bacillus subtilis irradiated with short-wavelength (200–300 nm) UV at atmospheric pressure and in vacuo
263. Thymine photoproduct formation and inactivation of intact spores of Bacillus subtilis irradiated with short wavelength UV (200–300 nm) at atmospheric pressure and in vacuo
264. The biological effectiveness of solar electromagnetic radiation in space
265. Survival for microorganisms in space
266. Resistance of the protozoon Colpoda maupasi to Martian conditions of atmospheric pressure and low partial pressure of oxygen
267. Some potentialities of living organisms under simulated Martian conditions
268. Ice and debris in the fretted terrain Mars
269. Did ice streams carve Martian outflow channels?
270. Origin and evolution of outer solar system atmospheres
271. Description of an apparatus for studying microorganisms in the upper atmosphere
272. Action spectra for inactivation of dry phage T1 after monochromatic (150–254 nm) synchroton irradiation in the presence and absence of photoreactivation and dark repair
273. Impact frustration of the origin of life
274. Peroxides and the survivability of micro-organisms on the surface of Mars
275. The evolution of nitrogen cycling
276. Airborne bacteria in an urban environment
277. Analyses of exobiological and potential resource materials in the Martian soil
278. Working Group papers
279. Belt of life in the Galaxy
280. Classification and time of formation of Martian channels based on Viking data
281. Wavelength dependent formation of thymine dimers and (6-4) photoproducts in DNA by monochromatic ultraviolet light ranging from 150 to 365 nm
282. The internal structure of molecular clouds: III. Evidence for molecular depletion in the NGC 2024 condensation
283. Characteristics and mass distribution of extraterrestrial dust from the Greenland ice cap
284. L'expédition “Glace Bleue I” de collecte de micrométéorites antarctiques de Janvier-Fevrier 1988: resultats préliminaires et perspectives
285. A collection of diverse micrometeorites recovered from 100 tonnes of Antarctic blue ice
286. Radiation chemistry in the Jovian stratosphere: laboratory simulations
287. Photochemistry and evolution of Mars's atmosphere a Viking perspective
288. Escape of hydrogen from Venus
289. The evolution of CELSS for lunar bases
290. Terraforming Mars
291. Exobiology and future Mars missions: the search for Mars' earliest biosphere
292. Urey price lecture: planetary evolution and the origin of life
293. Mars: a reassessment of its interest to biology
294. Planetary protection issues in advance of human exploration of Mars
295. The duration of liquid water on early Mars
296. Should we implant life on Mars?
297. The early environment and its evolution on Mars: implications for life
298. Space station gas-grain simulation facility: application to exobiology
299. Making Mars habitable
300. History of water on Mars: a biological perspective
301. Coupled atmosphere-ocean models of Titan's past
302. Mineralogical and chemical properties of the lunar regolith
303. Impact ejection, spallation, and the origin of meteorites
304. Ejection of rock fragments from planetary bodies
305. The rocky road to panspermia
306. Impact erosion of the primordial atmosphere of Mars
307. Laboratory simulation of organic grain mantles
308. Exobiology: results of spaceflight missions
309. Directed panspermia: a technical and ethical evaluation of seeding nearby solar systems
310. Wavelength dependence of the photodecomposition of 2′ deoxythymidylyl-(3′ → 5′-2′-deoxythymindine dTpdT irradiated by monochromatic vacuum UV photons above 50 nm
311. The production of amino acids under possible primitive Earth conditions
312. The Evolution of Complex and Higher Organisms
313. Evidence for chain molecules enriched in carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in comet Halley
314. The origin of complex organic ions in the coma of comet Halley
315. Model systems for life processes on Mars
316. Survival of microorganisms in smectite clays: implications for Martian exobiology
317. Early Archean age for the Isua iron-formation, West Groenland
318. Microorganism transport from Earth to Mars
319. Detection of parent molecules in comet P/Halley from IKS-Vega experiment
320. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence SETI
321. Organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites
322. Action spectra in the ultraviolet wavelength (150–250 nm) for inactivation and mutagenesis of Bacillus subtilis spores obtained with synchroton radiation
323. Guidance on Radiation Received in Space Activities
324. Cosmic vacuum prevents radiopanspermia
325. Frontiers of the Earth's biosphere and extraterrestrialization
326. Can spores arrive alive in interstellar space?
327. Model of the fine-grain component of Martian soil based on Viking lander data
328. Impact constraints on the environment for chemical evolution and the origin of life
329. Asteroid impacts, microbes and the cooling of the atmosphere
330. Oblique impact a process for obtaining meteorite samples from other planets
331. Ribosomal RNA: a key to phylogeny
332. Survival of tobacco mosaic virus in space
333. Comets and the formation of biochemical compounds on the primitive Earth
334. Constraints imposed by cosmic evolution towards the development of life
335. The effects of ultraviolet light on the degradation of organic compounds: a possible explanation for the absence of organic matter on Mars
336. Criteria for the emergence and evolution of life in the solar system
337. Comets and the formation of biochemical compounds on the primitive Earth—a review
338. Europa: prospects for an ocean and exobiological implications
339. Life Sciences Research in Space
340. The possibility of organic molecule formation in the Venus atmosphere
341. The composition and origin of Titan's atmosphere
342. Life as a planetary phenomenon
343. Colors on Jupiter
344. Deuterium on Mars: the abundance of HDO and the value D/H
345. Titan
346. The Viking Gas Exchange Experiment results from Chryse and Utopia surface samples
347. The search for life on Mars: Viking 1976 gas changes as indicators of biological activity
348. Preliminary findings of the Viking gas exchange experiment and a model for Martian surface chemistry
349. 3 and carbon suboxide polymer in the Martian soil
350. Ribosomal RNA phylogeny and the primary lines of evolutionary descent
351. Biological contamination of Mars: constraints on the survival of terrestrial micro-organisms in simulated Martian environments
352. The search for extrasolar planetary systems
353. Carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis
354. Comparative ecology of plankton communities in seven Antarctic oasis lakes
355. Further studies on criteria for the onset of dynamic instability in general three-body systems
356. Chemical fossils in early minerals
357. Combined structural and chemical analysis of 3.800-Myr-old microfossils
358. Martian channels: distribution of small channels on the Martian surface
359. Martian valleys: morphology, distribution and age
360. From a lunar outpost to Mars: science, policy and the U.S. space exploration initative
361. Chemical model for Viking biology experiments: implications for the composition of the Martian regolith
362. Giant planets: clues on current and past organic chemistry in the outer solar system
363. The case for a wet, warm climate on early Mars
364. Possible surface reactions on Mars
365. 2) on Martian paleoclimates
366. Archaebacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerases testify to the evolution of the eukaryotic nuclear genome
367. An integrated multi-purpose biology instrument utilizing a single detector, the mass spectrometer
368. Sterilization of biological analyser
369. Titan: a prebiotic planet?
370. Exobiology and the solar system: the Cassini mission to Titan
371. Prebiotic-like organic synthesis in extraterrestrial environments: the case of Titan
372. On the habitability of Europa
373. Zur Darwinschen Lehre
374. The Earth's core its composition formation and bearing upon the origin of the Earth
375. Evidence that eukaryotes and eocyte prokaryotes are immediate relatives
376. Dynamic effects of radiation on the solar system
377. Suprathermal chemistry in space
378. Gaseous products from VUV photolysis of cometary solids
379. The collection of microorganisms above 36000 feet
380. The Atmospheres of Saturn and Titan
381. Methane photochemistry and haze production on Nepture
382. Earth analogs for Martian life. Microbes in evaporites, a new model system for life on Mars
383. Stable carbon isotope fractionation in the search for life on early Mars
384. Chemical evolution and the origin of life, cumulative keyword subject index 1970–1986
385. Planetary protection policy overview and application to future missions
386. Planetary protection policy (USA)
387. The search for indigenous Lunar organic matter
388. On the detectivity of advanced galactic civilizations
389. Production and condensation of organic gases in the atmosphere of Titan
390. Contamination of Mars
391. Vega spacecraft encounters with comet Halley
392. Titan's aerosols
393. A 3.800 million-year isotopic record of life from carbon in sedimentary rocks
394. Life on the early Earth: bridgehead from cosmos or autochthonous phenomenon?
395. Stable carbon isotopes: possible clues to early life on Mars
396. The beginnings of life on Earth: evidence from geological record
397. The initiation of biological processes on Earth, summary of empirical evidence
398. Precambrian sedimentary carbonates: carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry and implications for the terrestrial oxygen budget
399. 9 yr old Isua sediments, West Greenland: implications for the Archean carbon and oxygen cycles
400. 2 I
401. Microfossils of the early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life
402. Early Archean (3.3-Billion to 3.5-Billion-Year-old) microfossils from Warrawoona Group, Australia
403. The atmosphere of Venus
404. Recent progress in the prebiotic chemistry of HCN
405. Bio-markers and the search for extinct life on Mars
406. The use of mineral crystals as biomarkers in the search for life on Mars
407. Interstellar and interplanetary communication by optical masers
408. Being optimistic about SETI
409. Geophysiology and habitable zones around sun-like stars
410. Rosetta—comet nucleus sample return
411. Martian paleolakes and waterways: exobiological implications
412. Life in hot springs and hydrothermal vents
413. Mars fretted and chaotic terrains
414. Channels on Mars
415. Amino acids in Yamato carbonaceous chondrite from Antarctica
416. Characterization of 15 selected coccal bacteria isolated from Antarctic rock and soil samples from the McMurdo-Dry Valleys (South Victoria Land)
417. Annihilation of ecosystems by large asteroid impacts on the early Earth
418. The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1
419. Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 imaging science results
420. A new look at the Saturn system: the Voyager 2 images
421. The extended mission of Viking
422. The planet Mars as seen at the end of the Viking mission
423. An extensive galactic search for conformer II glycine
424. Scientific results of the Viking missions
425. Energy requirements for damaging DNA molecules: III. The mechanisms of inactivation of bacteriophage ΦX174 by vacuum ultraviolet radiation
426. Effects of solar ultraviolet radiations on Bacillus subtilis spores and T7 bacteriophage
427. Martian fretted terrain: flow of erosional debris
428. Urey price lecture: water on Mars
429. Geomorphic evidence for the distribution of ground ice water
430. Life at the upper temperature border
431. Isolation of extremely thermophilic sulfate reducers: evidence for a novel branch of Archaebacteria
432. Hyperthermophilic microorganisms
433. An analysis of the Voyager 2 ultraviolet spectrometer occultation data at Uranus: inferring heat sources and model atmospheres
434. Science strategy for human exploration of Mars
435. Nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds in meteorites: significance and mechanisms of formation
436. Voyager 1 encounter with the Jovian system
437. Modification of grains by particle bombardment in the early solar system
438. Survey of Earth orbital telescopes and their potential for exobiology
439. Review of methodology available for the detection of extrasolar planetary systems
440. Space microbiology
441. A descriptive analysis of the Apollo 16 microbial release to space environment experiment
442. DNA, light, and dewar pyrimidones: the structure and biological significance of TpT3
443. A physical model of Titan's aerosols
444. Inorganic chemical investigation by X-ray fluorescence analysis: the Viking Mars lander
445. The large crater origin of SNC meteorites
446. Antarctica as a Martian model
447. Extraterrestrial microbiology
448. Pyrite formation the first energy source for life a hypothesis
449. The case for the chemo-autotrophic origin of life in an iron-sulfur-world
450. Evolution of the first metabolic cycles
451. Life in a ligand sphere
452. Lunar manufacturing: a survey of products and processes
453. Filamentous microfossils from 3.500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group
454. Preservation of biological information in thermal spring deposits: developing strategy for the search for fossil life on Mars
455. Stromatolites 3.400–3.500 Myr old from the north pole area, Western Australia
456. Constitut of terrestrial planets
457. Chemistry accretion and evolution of Mars
458. Chemical composition and accretion history of terrestrial planets
459. Can spores survive in interstellar space?
460. Distribution, species composition and morphology of algal mats in Antarctic dry valley lakes
461. Cryconite holes on glaciers
462. Early Martian environments; the Antarctic and other terrestrial analogs
463. On the nature of global classification
464. Microbial extraction of hydrogen from lunar dust
465. Habitable zones for Earth-like planets around main sequence stars
466. The chemical composition of the interstellar gas
467. Organic and cosmochemistry
468. Bacterial evolution
469. Archaebacterial phylogeny: perspectives on the urkingdoms
470. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya
471. Cosmic History of the Biogenic Elements and Compounds
472. A spectroscopic study of the microorganism model of interstellar grains
473. Wavelength dependence (150–290 nm) of the formation of the cyclobutane dimer and the (6-4) photoproduct of thymine
474. The distribution of hydrocarbons in Neptune's upper atmosphere
475. The origin and evolution of the Viking mission to Mars
476. Bacteria under simulated Martian conditions
477. Photochemistry of the atmosphere of Titan: comparison between model and observations
478. HDO in the Martian atmosphere: implications for the abundance of crystal water
479. The apparatus “Photostat-I” for simulating Martian environmental conditions
480. The phylogenetic relations of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of archaebacteria, eukaryotes and eubacteria
481. The nature of the common ancestor of the three domains of life and the origin of the Eucarya
482. Molecules as documents of evolutionary history