Molecular biology of somatostatin receptors

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 1995, Pages 427-442

  Reisine, Terry ^a   Bell, Graeme I ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR;

CELL FUNCTION; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; INSULIN RELEASE; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR CLONING; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; SECOND MESSENGER; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL; CLONING, MOLECULAR; HUMAN; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; MULTIGENE FAMILY; RECEPTORS, SOMATOSTATIN; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.;

EID: 0029114410     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: 0163769X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/edrv-16-4-427     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Brazeau P, Vale W, Burgus R, Ling N, Rivier J, Guillemin R 1972 Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immuno- reactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 129:77-79
2. Epelbaum J 1986 Somatostatin in the central nervous system: physiology and pathological modification. Prog Neurobiol 27:63-100
3. Raynor K, Reisine T 1992 Somatostatin receptors. Crit Rev Neurobiol 16:273-289
4. Reichlin S 1983 Somatostatin. N Engl J Med 309:1495-1563
5. Weir G, Bonner-Weir S 1985 Pancreatic somatostatin. In: Patel Y, Tannenbaum G (eds) Somatostatin. Plenum, New York, pp 403-423
6. Bloom S, Mortimer C, Thomer M, Besser G, Hall R, Gomex-Pan A, Roy U, Russel R, Coy D, Kastin A, Schally A 1974 Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion by growth hormone release- inhibitory hormone. Lancet 2:1106-1109
7. Bloom S, Ralphs D, Besser G, Hall R, Coy D, Kastin A, Schally A 1975 Effect of somatostatin on motilin levels and gastric emptying. Gut 16:834
8. Gomez-Pan A, Reed J, Albinus M, Shaw B, Hall R, Besser G, Coy Kastin A, Schally A 1975 Direct inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion by growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone in cats. Lancet 1:888-890
9. Raynor K, Lucki I, Reisine T 1993 Somatostatin receptors in nucleus accumbens selectively mediate the stimulatory effect of somatostatin on locomotor activity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265:67-73
10. Schettini G, Glorio T, Magri G, Grimaldi M, Meucci O, Landolfi Marino A 1988 Somatostatin and SMS-201-995 reverse the impairment of cognitive functions induced by cysteamine depletion of brain somatostatin. Eur J Pharmacol 151:399-407
11. Haroutunian V, Mantin G, Campell G, Tsuboyama G, Davis K 1987 Cysteamine-induced depletion of central SRIF-like immuno- reactivity: effects on behavior, learning, memory and bfain neurochemistry. Brain Res 403:234-242
12. DeNoble V, Hepler D, Barto R 1989 Cysteamine-induced depletion of somatostatin produces differential cognitive deficits in rats. Brain Res 482:42-48
13. Tahiri-Jouti N, Cambillau C, Viguerie N, Vidal C, Buscail L, Saint Laurent N, Vaysse N, Susini C 1992 Characterization of a membrane tyrosine phosphatase in AR42J cells: regulation by somatostatin. Am J Physiol 262:G1007-G1014
14. Liebow C, Reilly C, Serrano M, Schally A 1989 Somatostatin analogues inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancer by stimulating tyrosine phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2003-2007
15. Pan M, Florio T, Stork P 1992 G protein activation of a hormone- stimulated phosphatase in human tumor cells. Science 256: 1215-1217
16. Lamberts S, Krenning E, Reubi J-C 1991 The role of somatostatin and its analogs in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Endocr Rev 12:450-482
17. Krulich L, Dhariwal APS, McCann SM 1968 Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of purified hypothalamic extracts on growth hormone release from rat pituitary in vitro. Endocrinology 83:787-790
18. a cells. Endocrinology 84:1484-1488
19. Pradayrol L, Jomvall H, Mutt V, Ribet A 1980 N-terminally extended somatostatin: the primary structure of somatostatin-28. FEBS Lett 109:55-58
20. Hobart P, Crawford R, Shen L-P, Pictet R, Rutter W 1980 Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding two distinct somatostatin precursors found in the endocrine pancreas of anglerfish. Nature 288:137-141
21. Goodman R, Jacobs J, Chin W, Lund P, Dee P, Habener J 1980 Nucleotide sequence of a cloned structural gene coding for a precursor of pancreatic somatostatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 5869-5873
22. Su C-J, White J, Li W, Luo C, Frazier M, Saunders G, Chan L 1988 Structure and evolution of somatostatin genes. Mol Endocrinol 2:209-216
23. Montiminy M, Goodman R, Habener J 1984 Primary structure of the gene encoding rat preprosomatostatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:3337-3340
24. Shen L, Pictet R, Rutter WJ 1982 Human somatostatin I: sequence of the cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4575-4579
25. Sevarino K, Felix R, Banks C, Low M, Montminy M, Mandel G, Goodman R 1987 Cell-specific processing of preprosomatostatin in cultured neuroendocrine cells. J Biol Chem 262:4987-4993
26. Schonnbrun A, Tashjian AH 1978 Characterization of functional receptors for somatostatin in rat pituitary cells in culture. J Biol Chem 253:6473-6483
27. Raynor K, Reisine T 1989 Analogs of somatostatin selectively label distinct subtypes of somatostatin receptors in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:510-517
28. Tran V, Uhl G, Martin J 1985 Two types of somatostatin receptors differentiated by cyclic somatostatin analogs. Science 228:492-495
29. Reubi JC 1984 Evidence for two somatostatin-14 receptor types in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 49:259-263
30. Srikant C, Patel Y 1981 Receptor binding of somatostatin-28 is tissue specific. Nature 294:259-260
31. Jakobs K, Aktories K, Schultz G 1983 A nucleotide regulatory site for somatostatin inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in S49 lymphoma cells. Nature 303:177-178
32. Law S, Manning D, Reisine T 1991 Identification of the subunits of GTP binding proteins coupled to somatostatin receptors. J Biol Chem 266:17885-17897
33. Koch B, Schonbrunn A 1984 The somatostatin receptor is directly coupled to adenylate cyclase in GH4Q pituitary cell membranes. Endocrinology 114:1784-1790
34. Wang H, Reisine T, Dichter M 1990 Somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 inhibit calcium currents in rat neocortical neurons. Neuroscience 38:335-342
35. ++ current in rat sympathetic ganglion neurons. J Physiol 409:221-240
36. Mihara S, North R, Suprenant A 1987 Somatostatin increases an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance in guinea-pig submu- cous plexus neurons. J Physiol 390:335-355
37. Wang H, Bogen C, Reisine T, Dichter M 1989 Somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 induce opposite effects on potassium currents in rat neocortical neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9616-9620
38. ial selectively couples somatostatin receptr to adenylyl cyclase in the pituitary cell line AtT-20. Mol Pharmacol 41:452-455
39. Kleuss C, Hescheler J, Ewel C, Rosenthal W, Schultz G, Wittig R 1991 Assignment of G-protein subtypes to specific receptors inducing inhibition of calcium currents. Nature 353:43-48
40. k protein in clonal rat anterior pituitary cell membrane. Mol Endocrinol 1:283-293
41. Buscail L, Delesque N, Esteve J-P, Saint-Laurent N, Prats H, Clerc P, Robberecht D, Bell GI, Liebow C, Schally AV, Vaysse N, Susini C 1994 Stimulation of tyrosine phosphatase and inhibition of cell proliferation by somatostatin analogues: mediation by human somatostatin receptor subtypes SSTR1 and SSTR2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:2315-2319
42. + exchange independent of cAMP. J Biol Chem 264:21038-21042
43. Tannenbaum G, Ling N Brazeau P 1982 Somatostatin 28 is longer acting and more selective than somatostatin on pituitary and pancreatic hormone release. Endocrinology 111:101-107
44. Mandarino L, Stenner D, Blanchard W, Nissen S, Gerich J, Ling N, Brazeau P, Bohlen P, Esch F, Guillemen R 1981 Selective effects of somatostatin-14, -25, and -28 on in vitro insulin and glucagon secretion. Nature 291:76-77
45. Brown M, Rivier J, Vale W 1977 Somatostatin analogs with selected biological activities. Science 196:1467-1468
46. Bell GI, Reisine T 1993 Molecular biology of somatostatin receptors. Trends Neurosci 16:34-38
47. Epelbaum J, Doumaud P, Fodor M, Viollet C 1994 The neurobiology of somatostatin. Crit Rev Neurobiol 8:25-44
48. Bauer W, Briner W, Doepfner W, Haller R, Huguenin R, Marbach P, Petcher T, Pless J 1982 Structure-activity relationships of highly potent and specific octapeptide analogs of somatostatin. Life Sci 31:1133-1140.
49. Veber D, Saperstein R, Nutt R, Friedinger R, Brady S, Curley P, Perlow D, Palveda W, Colton C, Zacchei A, Tocco D, Hoff D, Vandlen R, Gerich J, Hall L, Mandarino L, Cordes E, Anderson P, Hirschmann R 1984 A superactive cyclic hexapeptide analog of somatostatin. Life Sci 34:1371-1378
50. Czemik A, Petrack B 1983 Somatostatin receptor binding in rat cerebral cortex. J Biol Chem 258:5525-5530
51. Srikant C, Patel Y 1981 Somatostatin receptors: Identification and characterization in rat brain membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:3930-3934
52. Viguerie N, Tahiri-Jouti N, Esteve J, Clerc P, Logsdon C, Svoboda M, Susini C, Vaysse N, Ribet A 1988 Functional somatostatin receptors on rat pancreatic acinar cell line. Am J Physiol 255: G113-G120
53. Sreedharan S, Kodama K, Peterson K, Goetzl E 1989 Distinct subsets of somatostatin receptors on cultured human lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 264:949-952
54. LeRomancer M, Cherifi Y, Reyl-Desmars F, Lewin M 1993 Somatostatin specifically binds p86 subunit of the autoantigen Ku. C R Acad Sci[III] 316:1283-1285
55. Rens-Domiano S, Reisine T 1992 Biochemical and functional properties of somatostatin receptors. J Neurochem 58:1987-1996
56. Raynor K, Wang H, Dichter M, Reisine T 1991 Subtypes of brain somatostatin receptors couple to multiple cellular effector systems. Mol Pharmacol 40:248-253
57. Martin J-L, Chesselet M-F, Raynor K, Gonzales C, Reisine T 1991 Differential distribution of somatostatin receptor subtypes in rat brain revealed by newly developed somatostatin analogs. Neuroscience 41:581-593
58. Wang H, Dichter M, Reisine T 1990 Lack of cross-desensitization of somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 receptors coupled to potassium channels in rat neocortical neurons. Mol Pharmacol 38: 357-361
59. Yamada Y, Post SR, Wang K, Tager HS, Bell GI, Seino S 1992 Cloning and functional characterization of a family of human and mouse somatostatin receptors expressed in brain, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:251-255
60. Yasuda K, Rens-Domiano S, Breder CD, Law SF, Saper CB, Reisine T, Bell GI 1992 Cloning of a novel somatostatin receptor, SSTR3, that is coupled to adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem 267: 20422-20428
61. Yamada Y, Reisine T, Law SF, Ihara Y, Kubota A, Kagimoto S, Seino M, Seino Y, Bell GI, Seino S 1993 Somatostatin receptors, an expanding gene family: cloning and functional characterization of human SSTR3, a protein coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Mol Endocrinol 6:2136-2142
62. Vanetti M, Kouba M, Wang X, Vogt G, Hollt V 1992 Cloning and expression of a novel mouse somatostatin receptor. FEBS Lett 311: 290-294
63. O'Carroll A-M, Lolait SJ, Konig M, Mahan LC 1992 Molecular cloning and expression of a pituitary somatostatin receptor with preferential affinity for somatostatin-28. Mol Pharmacol 42: 939-946
64. O'Carroll A-M, Raynor K, Lolait SJ, Reisine T 1994 Characterization of cloned human somatostatin receptor SSTR5. Mol Pharmacol 48:291-298
65. Bruno JF, Xu Y, Song J, Berelowitz M 1992 Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel brain specific somatostatin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:11151-11155
66. Meyerhof W, Wulfsen I, Schonrock C, Fehr S, Richter D 1992 Molecular cloning of a somatostatin-28 receptor and comparison of its expression pattern with that of a somatostatin-14 receptor in rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10267-10271
67. Rohrer L, Raulf F, Bruns C, Buettner R, Hofstaedter F, Schule R 1993 Cloning and characterization of a fourth human somatostatin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:4196-4200
68. Meyerhof W, Paust H-J, Schonrock C, Richter D 1991 Cloning of a cDNA encoding a novel putative G-protein coupled receptor expressed in specific brain regions. DNA Cell Biol 10:689-694
69. Xu Y, Song H, Bruno JF, Berelowitz M 1993 Molecular cloning and sequencing of a human somatostatin receptor, hSSTR4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193:648-652
70. Yamada Y, Kagimoto S, Kubota A, Yasuda K, Masuda K, Someya Y, Ihara Y, Li Q, Imura H, Seino S, Seino Y 1993 Cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of a fourth (hSSTR4) and fifth (hSSTR5) human somatostatin receptor subtype. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 195:844-852
71. Matsumoto K, Yokogoshi Y, Fujinaka Y, Zhang C, Saito S 1994 Molecular cloning and sequencing of porcine somatostatin receptor Biochem Biophys Res Commun 199:298-305
72. Kluxen F-W, Bruns C, Lubbert H 1992 Expression cloning of a rat brain somatostatin receptor cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 4618-4622
73. Yamada Y, Stoffel M, Espinosa R, Xiang K, Seino M, Seino S, Le Beau MM, Bell GI 1993 Human somatostatin receptor genes: localization to human chromosomes 14, 17 and 22 and identification of simple tandem repeat polymorphisms. Genomics 15: 449-452
74. Yasuda K, Espinosa R, Davis EM, Le Beau MM, Bell GI 1993 Human somatostatin receptor genes: localization of SSTR5 to human chromosome 20pll.2. Genomics 17:785-786
75. Comess JD, Demchyshyn LL, Seeman P, Van Tol HHM, Srikant CB, Kent G, Patel YC, Niznik HB 1993 A human somatostatin receptor (SSTR3), located on chromosome 22, displays preferential affinity for somatostatin-14 like peptides. FEBS Lett 321:279-284
76. Demchyshyn LL, Srikant CB, Sunahara RK, Kent G, Seeman P, Van Tol HHM, Panetta R, Patel YC, Niznik HB 1993 Cloning and expression of a human somatostatin-14-selective receptor variant (somatostatin receptor 4) located on chromosome 20. Mol Pharmacol 43:894-901
77. Panetta R, Greenwood MT, Warszynska A, Demchyshyn LL, Day R, Niznik HB, Srikant CB, Patel YC 1994 Molecular cloning, functional characterization and chromosomal localization of a human somatostatin receptor (somatostatin receptor type 5) with preferential affinity for somatostatin 28. Mol Pharmacol 45:417-427
78. Xin WW, Wong ML, Rimland J, Nestler EJ, Duman RS 1992 Characterization and functional expression of somatostatin receptor isolated from locus coeruleus. GenBank, accession no. L06613
79. Dohlman H, Caron M, Lefkowitz R 1987 A family of receptors coupled to guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins. Biochemistry 26:2657-2664
80. Baldwin JM 1994 Structure and function of receptors coupled to G proteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 6:180-190
81. Raynor K, Murphy W, Coy D, Taylor J, Moreau J-P, Yasuda K, Bell GI, Reisine T 1993 Cloned somatostatin receptors: identification of subtype selective peptides and demonstration of high affinity binding of linear peptides. Mol Pharmacol 43:838-844
82. Raynor K, O'Carroll A-M, Kong H, Yasuda K, Mahan L, Bell GI, Reisine T 1993 Characterization of cloned somatostatin receptors SSTR4 and SSTR5. Mol Pharmacol 44:385-392
83. Reisine T, Bell GI 1993 Molecular biology of opioid receptors. Trends Neurosci 16:506-510
84. Yasuda K, Raynor K, Kong H, Breder CD, Takeda J, Reisine T, Bell GI 1993 Cloning and functional comparison of kappa and delta opioid receptors from mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 6736-6740
85. Rens-Domiano S, Reisine T 1991 Structural analysis and functional role of the carbohydrate component of rat brain somatostatin receptors. J Biol Chem 266:20094-20102
86. Reisine T, Rens-Domiano S, Law S, Takeda J, Yasuda K 1992 Location of carbohydrates in the cloned somatostatin receptor SSTR2 involved in high affinity agonist binding. Mol Biol Cell 3:299
87. 2-adrenergic receptor: mutation of Cys in the carboxyl tail leads to an uncoupled nonpa- lymitoylated form of the receptor. J Biol Chem 264:7564-7569
88. 2a-adren- ergic receptor that eliminate detectable palmitoylation do not perturb receptor/G protein coupling. J Biol Chem 268:8003-8011
89. Wilson R, Ainscough R, Anderson K, Baynes C, Berks M, Bon- field J, Burton J, Connell M, Copsey T, Cooper J 1994 2.2 Mb of contiguous nucleotide sequence from chromosome III of C. elegans. Nature 368:32-38
90. Li X-J, Forte M, North RA, Ross CA, Snyder SH 1992 Cloning and expression of a rat somatostatin receptor enriched in brain. J Biol Chem 267:21307-21312
91. Kong H, DePaoli AM, Breder CD, Yasuda K, Bell GI, Reisine T 1994 Differential expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR3 in adult rat brain, pituitary and adrenal gland. Analysis by RNA blotting and in situ hybridization. Neuroscience 59:175-184
92. Breder CD, Yamada Y, Yasuda K, Seino S, Saper CB, Bell GI 1992 Differential expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in brain. J Neurosci 12:3920-3934
93. Kaupmann K, Bruns C, Hoyer D, Seuwen K, Lubbert H 1993 mRNA distribution and second messenger coupling of four somatostatin receptors expressed in brain. FEBS Lett 331:53-59
94. Perez J, Rigo M, Kaupmann C, Bruns C, Yasuda K, Bell GI, Lubbert H, Hoyer D 1994 Localization of somatostatin (SRIF) SSTR-1, SSTR-2 and SSTR-3 receptor mRNA in rat brain by in situ hybridization. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 349: 145-160
95. Wulfsen I, Meyerhorf W, Fehr S, Richter D 1993 Expression patterns of rat somatostatin receptor genes in pre- and postnatal brain and pituitary. J Neurochem 61:1549-1552
96. Bruno J-F, Xu Y, Song J, Berelowitz M 1993 Tissue distribution of somatostatin receptor subtype messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat. Endocrinology 133:2561-2567
97. Patel YC, Greenwood M, Kent G, Panetta R, Srikant CB 1993 Multiple gene transcripts of the somatostatin receptor SSTR2, tissue selective distribution and cAMP regulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 192:288-294
98. Beaudet A, Greenspun D, Raelson J, Tannenbaum G 1995 Patterns of expression, of SSTR1 and SSTR2 somatostatin receptor subtypes in the hypothalamus of the adult rat: relationship to neuroendocrine function. Neuroscience 65:551-561
99. Patel Y, Panetta R, Escher E, Greenwood M, Srikant C 1994 Expression of multiple somatostatin receptor genes in AtT-20 cells. J Biol Chem 269:1506-1509
100. Greenman Y, Melmed S 1994 Heterogeneous expression of two somatostatin receptor subtypes in pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:398-403
101. Taylor J, Theveniau M, Bashirzdeh R, Reisine T, Eden P 1994 Detection of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) in established tumors and tumor cell lines: evidence for SSTR2 heterogeneity. Peptides 15:1229-1236
102. Reubi JC, Schaer J, Wagner D, Mengod G 1994 Expression and localization of somatostatin receptor SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR3 mRNA in primary human tumors using in situ hybridization. Cancer Res 54:3455-3459
103. Kubota A, Yamada Y, Kagimoto S, Shimatsu A, Imamura M, Tsuda K, Imura H, Seino S, Seino Y 1994 Identification of somatostatin receptor subtypes and an implication for the efficacy of somatostatin analog SMS 201-955 in treatment of human endocrine tumors. J Clin Invest 93:1321-1325
104. + channels through protein phosphorylation. Nature 351:570-573
105. Hou C, Gilbert RL, Barber DL 1994 Subtype-specific signalling mechanisms of somatostatin receptors SSTR1 and SSTR2. J Biol Chem 269:10357-10362
106. ++ current modulated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Nature 369:336-339
107. Bito H, Mori M, Sakanaka C, Takano T, Honda Z, Gotoh Y, Nishida E, Shimizu T 1994 Functional coupling of SSTR4, a major hippocampal somatostatin receptor, to adenylyl cyclase inhibition, arachidonate release and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. J Biol Chem 269:12722-12730
108. Koch B, Schonbrunn A 1988 Characterization of the cAMP-independent actions of somatostatin in GH cells. J Biol Chem 263: 226-234
109. Law S, Reisine T 1992 Agonist binding to rat brain somatostatin receptors alters the interaction of the receptor with guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins. Mol Pharmacol 42:398-402
110. Law S, Woulfe D, Reisine T 1995 Somatostatin receptor activation of cellular effector systems. Minireview. Cell Signal 7:1-8
111. Brown P, Schonbrunn A 1993 Affinity purification of a somatostatin receptor-G protein complex demonstrates specificity in receptor G protein coupling. J Biol Chem 268:6668-6676
112. 0. J Biol Chem 267: 2960-2965
113. ia proteins to inhibit adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem 269:23120-23127
114. Luthin D, Eppler C, Linden J 1993 Identification and quantification of Gj-type GTP-binding proteins that copurify with a pituitary somatostatin receptor. J Biol Chem 268:5990-5996
115. Kleuss C, Scherubl H, Hescheler J, Schultz G, Wittig B 1992 Different beta-subunits determine G-protein interaction with transmembrane receptors. Nature 358:424-426
116. Kleuss C, Scherubl H, Hescheler J, Schultz G, Wittig B 1993 Selectivity in signal transduction determined by gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. Science 259:832-834
117. Rens-Domiano S, Law S, Yamada Y, Seino S, Bell GI, Reisine T 1992 Pharmacological properties of two cloned somatostatin receptors. Mol Pharmacol 42:28-34
118. Patel YC, Greenwood M, Warszynska A, Panetta R, Srikant CB 1994 All five human somatostatin receptors (hSSTRl-5) are functionally coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 198:605-612
119. Reisine T, Heerding J, Raynor K 1994 The third intracellular loop of the delta receptor is necessary for coupling to adenylyl cyclase and receptor desensitization. Regul Pept 54:241-242
120. Reisine T, Kong H, Raynor K, Yano H, Takeda J, Yasuda K, Bell GI 1993 Splice variant of the somatostatin receptor 2 subtype, SSTR2B, couples to adenylyl cyclase. Mol Pharmacol 44:1008-1015
121. Vanetti M, Vogt G, Hollt V 1993 The two isoforms of the mouse somatostatin receptor (mSSTR2A and mSSTR2B) differ in coupling efficiency to adenylate cyclase and in agonist-induced receptor desensitization. FEBS Lett 331:260-266
122. Raynor K, Reisine T 1992 Differential coupling of somatostatin, receptors to adenylyl cyclase in the rat striatum vs. the pituitary and other regions of the rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:841-848
123. Namba T, Sugimoto Y, Negishi M, Irie A, Wshikubi F, Kakizuka A, Ito S, Ichikawa A, Narumiya S 1993 Alternative splicing of C-terminal tail of prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3 determines G protein specificity. Nature 365:166-170
124. Breyer R, Emeson R, Tamg J, Breyer M, Davis L, Abromson R, Ferrenbaeh S 1994 Alternative splicing generates multiple isoforms of a rabbit prostaglandin E2 receptor. J Biol Chem 269:6163-6169
125. Fong TM, Anderson SA, Yu H, Huang RRC, Strader CD 1991 Differential activation of intracellular effectors by two isoforms of the human neurokinin-1 receptor. Mol Pharmacol 41:24-30
126. oa selectively associate with the cloned somatostatin receptor subtype SSTR2. J Biol Chem 268:10721-10727
127. ial selectively couples the somatostatin receptor subtype SSTR3 to adenylyl cyclase: identification of the functional domains of this alpha subunit necessary for mediating somatostatin's inhibition of cAMP formation. Mol Pharmacol 45:587-590
128. Reisine T, Tallent M, Liapakis G, O'Carroll A-M, Dichter M 1995 An antagonist at the somatostatin receptor SSTR5. Soc Neurosci Abst, in press
129. Buscail L, Esteve J-P, Saint-Laurent N, Bertrand V, Reisine T, O'Carroll A-M, Bell GI, Schally A, Vaysse N, Susini C 1995 Inhibition of cell proliferation by the somatostatin analogue RC-160 is mediated by SSTR2 and SSTR5 somatostatin receptors through different mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:1580-1584
130. Xu Y, Song J, Berelowitz M, Bruno JF 1993 Ligand and functional properties of the rat somatostatin receptor SSTR4 stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 4:245-249
131. Hadcock J, Stmad J, Eppler CM 1994 Rat somatostatin receptor type 1 couples to G proteins and inhibition of cAMP accumulation. Mol Pharmacol 45:410-416
132. 3 expresses two somatostatin receptor subtypes that inhibit adenylyl cyclase: functional expression of rat somatostatin receptor subtypes 1 and 2 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Mol Pharmacol 45:402-409
133. ++ mobilization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200:986-992
134. Hershberger RE, Newman BL, Florio T, Bunzow J, Civelli O, Li X-J Forte M, Stork PB 1994 The somatostatin receptors SSTR1 and SSTR2 are coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in CHO cells via pertussis toxin-sensitive pathways. Endocrinology 134:1277-1285
135. Reisine T 1984 Somatostatin desensitization: loss of the ability of somatostatin to inhibit cAMP accumulation and adrenocortico- tropin release. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 229:14-20
136. Reisine T, Axelrod J 1983 Prolonged somatostatin pretreatment desensitizes somatostatin inhibition of receptor-mediated release of adrenocorticotropin and sensitizes adenylyl cyclase. Endocrinology 113:811-813
137. 4C, pituitary cells and does not reduce cellular responsiveness to somatostatin. J Biol Chem 263:714-723
138. Mayor F, Benovic J, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ 1987 Somatostatin induces translocation of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase and desensitizes somatostatin receptors in S49 lymphoma cells. J Biol Chem 262:6468-6471
139. Hines J, Theveniau M, Benovic J, Reisine T 1993 Desensitization of the somatostatin receptor SSTR2 involves beta-adrenergic receptor kinase. Soc Neurosci Abst 19:1541
140. Woulfe D, Reisine T 1994 Splice variants of SSTR2 differentially couple to adenylyl cyclase. Soc Neurosci Abst 20:907
141. Theveniau M, Yasuda K, Bell GI, Reisine T 1994 Immunological detection of isoforms of the somatostatin receptor subtype, SSTR2. J Neurochem 63:447-455.
142. Eppler C, Zijsk J, Corbett M, Shieh H 1992 Purification of a pituitary receptor for somatostatin: the utility of biotinylated somatostatin analogs. J Biol Chem 267:15603-15612
143. Patel Y, Panetta R, Escher E, Greenwood M, Srikant C 1994 Expression of multiple somatostatin receptor genes in AtT-20 cells. J Biol Chem 269:1506-1509
144. 2-adrenergic receptors by sodium. J Biol Chem 265:21590-21595
145. Kong H, Raynor K, Yasuda K, Moe S, Portoghese P, Bell GI, Reisine T 1993 A single residue, aspartic acid 95, in the delta opioid receptor specifies selective high affinity agonist binding. J Biol Chem 268:23055-23058
146. Reubi JC, Maurer R 1986 Different ionic requirements for somatostatin receptor subpopulations in the brain. Regul Pept 14:301-311
147. + regulation of agonist binding but does not affect apparent receptor/G protein association. Mol Pharmacol 44:380-384
148. 2-adrenoreceptor that blocks coupling to potassium but not calcium currents. Science 257:977-980
149. Rossowski W, Coy D 1993 Potent inhibitory effects of a type four receptor selective somatostatin analog on rat insulin release. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 197:366-371
150. Feniuk W, Dimech J, Humphrey PPA 1993 Characterization of somatostatin receptors in guinea-pig isolated ileum, vas deferens and right atrium. Br J Pharmacol 110:1156-1164
151. Huany Z, He Y, Raynor K, Tallent M, Reisine T, Goodman M 1992 Side chain chiral methylated somatostatin analog synthesis and conformational analysis. J Am Chem Soc 114:9390-9401
152. ]H NMR and computer modeling conformational analysis. J Biol Chem 269:12583-12588
153. He HT, Johnson K, Thermos K, Reisine T 1989 Purification of a putative brain somatostatin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 1480-1484
154. Theveniau M, Rens-Domiano S, Law S, Rougon G, Reisine T 1992 Development of antisera against the rat brain somatostatin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:4314-4318
155. 2-adrenergic receptor. Biochemistry 29:2335-2342
156. Schertler GFX, Villa C, Henderson R 1993 Projection structure of rhodophsin. Nature 362:770-772
157. Hein JJ 1990 Unified approach to alignment and phylogenics. Methods Enzymol 183:626-645
158. Naylor S, Sakaguichi A, Shen L-P, Bell GI, Rutter WJ, Shows TB 1983 Polymorphic human somatostatin gene is located on chromosone 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:2686-2689
159. Moyer D, Bell GI, Berelowitz M, Epelbaum J, Fenink W, Humphrey P, O'Carroll A-M, Patel Y, Schonbrunn A, Taylor J, Reisine T 1995 Classification and nomenclature of somatostatin receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 16:86-88