Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: Role of nitric oxide and endothelin in pathophysiology and treatment

Clinics in Perinatology

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 1995, Pages 405-428

  Steinhorn, R H ^a   Millard, S L ^a   Morin III, F C ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NITRIC OXIDE;

GAS EXCHANGE; HUMAN; LUNG BLOOD FLOW; NEWBORN; NEWBORN DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW;

EID: 0029029167     PISSN: 00955108     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0095-5108(18)30291-4     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Abman S.H. Chatfield B.A. Hall S.L. Role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor during transition of pulmonary circulation at birth Am J Physiol 259 1990 H1921 H1927
2. Abman S.H. Chatfield B.A. Rodman D.M. Maturational changes in endotheliumderived relaxing factor activity of ovine pulmonary arteries in vitro Am J Physiol 260 1991
3. Abman S.H. Shanley P.F. Accurso F.J. Failure of postnatal adaptation of the pulmonary circulation after chronic intrauterine pulmonary hypertension in fetal lambs J Clin Invest 83 1989 1849 1858
4. Adatia I. Lillehei C. Arnold J.H. Inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of postoperative graft dysfunction after lung transplantation Ann Thorac Surg 57 1994 1311 1318
5. Adnot S. Raffestin B. Eddahibi S. Loss of endothelium-dependent relaxant activity in the pulmonary circulation of rats exposed to chronic hypoxia J Clin Invest 87 1991 155 162
6. Allen S.W. Chatfield B.A. Koppenhafer S.A. Circulating immunoreactive endothelin-1 in children with pulmonary hypertension Am Rev Respir Dis 148 1993 519 522
7. Arai H. Hori S. Aramori I. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor Nature 348 1990 730 732
8. Archer S.L. Huang J.M. Hampl V. Nitric oxide and cGMP cause vasorelaxation by activation of a charybdotoxin-sensitive K channel by cGMP-dependent protein kinase Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 1994 7583 7587
9. Auten R. Notter R. Kendig J. Surfactant treatment of full-term newborns of respiratory failure Pediatrics 87 1991 101 107
10. Beckman J.S. Beckman T.W. Chen J. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: Implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 87 1990 1620 1624
11. Bonin P.D. Leadley R.J. Erickson L.A. Growth factor-induced modulation of endothelin-1 binding to human smooth-muscle cells J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 22 1993 S125 S127
12. Boulanger C. Luscher T.F. Release of endothelin from the porcine aorta J Clin Invest 85 1990 587 590
13. Boulanger C.M. Luscher T.F. Hirudin and nitrates inhibit the thrombin-induced release of endothelin from the intact porcine aorta Circ Res 68 1991 1768 1772
14. Bradley L.M. Czaja J.F. Goldstein R.E. Circulatory effects of endothelin in newborn piglets Am J Physiol 259 1990 H1613 H1617
15. Braner D.A.V. Fineman J.R. Chang R. M&B 22948, a cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is a pulmonary vasodilator in lambs Am J Physiol 264 1993 H252 H258
16. Brune R. Schmidt K.U. Ullrich V. Activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by carbon monoxide and inhibition by superoxide anion Eur J Biochem 192 1990 683 688
17. Buchan K.W. Magnusson H. Rabe K.F. Characterization of the endothelin receptor mediating contraction of human pulmonary artery using BQ-123 and Ro 46-2005 Eur J Pharmacol 260 1994 221 225
18. Caplan M. Hsueh W. Kelly A. Serum PAF acetylhydrolase increases during neonatal maturation Prostaglandins 39 1990 705 714
19. Carville C. Raffestin B. Eddahibi S. Loss of endothelium-dependent relaxation in proximal pulmonary arteries from rats exposed to chronic hypoxia: Effects of in vivo and in vitro supplementation with L-arginine J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 22 1993 889 896
20. Cassin S. Kristova V. Davis T. Tone-dependent responses to endothelin in the isolated perfused fetal sheep pulmonary circulation in situ J Appl Physiol 70 1991 1228 1234
21. Chang J.K. Moor P. Fineman J.R. K+ channel pulmonary vasodilation in fetal lambs: Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide J Appl Physiol 73 1992 188 194
22. Cook J.P. Rossitch E. Andon N.A. Flow activates an endothelial potassium channel to release an endogenous nitrovasodilator J Clin Invest 88 1991 1663 1671
23. Crawley D.E. Zhao L. Giembycz M.A. Chronic hypoxia impairs soluble guanylyl cyclase-mediated pulmonary arterial relaxation in the rat Am J Physiol 263 1992
24. Csaba I.F. Sulyok E. Ertl T. Relationship of maternal treatment with indomethacin to persistent fetal circulation syndrome J Pediatr 92 1978 484
25. B receptors in human vascular smooth muscle J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 22 1993 S22 S25
26. Davidson D. Pulmonary hemodynamics at birth: Effect of acute cyclooxygenase inhibition in lambs J Appl Physiol 64 1988 1676 1682
27. Dawes G.S. Mott J.C. Rennick B.B. Some effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline and acetylcholine on the fetal circulation of the lamb J Physiol 134 1956 139
28. DeLosh T. Neonatal ECMO Registry of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) 1994 ELSO Ann Arbor, MI
29. Dobyns E.L. Westcott J.Y. Kennaugh J.M. Eicosanoids decrease in newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension successfully treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149 1994 873 880
30. Drummond W.H. Gregory G.A. Heymann M.A. The independent effects of hyperventilation, tolazoline, and dopamine on infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension J Pediatr 98 1981 603 611
31. Fineman J.R. Wong J. Morin I.F.C. Chronic nitric oxide inhibition in utero produces persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborn lambs J Clin Invest 93 1994 2675 2683
32. Finer N.N. Etches P.C. Kamstra B. Inhaled nitric oxide in infants referred for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Dose response J Pediatr 124 1994 302 308
33. Foubert L. Fleming B. Latimer R. Safety guidelines for use of nitric oxide Lancet 339 1992 818 819
34. Fratacci M.D. Frostell C.G. Chen T.Y. Inhaled nitric oxide: A selective pulmonary vasodilator of heparin-protamine vasoconstriction in sheep Anesthesiology 75 1991 990 999
35. Frostell C. Fratacci M. Wain J.C. Inhaled nitric oxide: A selective pulmonary vasodilator reversing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction Circulation 83 1991 2038 2047
36. Furchgott R.F. Zawadzki J.V. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle Nature 288 1980 373 376
37. Gaston B. Reilly J. Drazen J. Endogenous nitrogen oxides and bronchodilator s-nitrosothiols in human airways Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 1993 10957 10961
38. Giaid A. Yanagisawa M. Lagleben D. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension N Engl J Med 328 1993 1732 1739
39. Gibson Q.H. Roughton F.J.W. The kinetics and equilibria of the reactions of nitric oxide with sheep haemoglobin J Physiol 136 1957 507 526
40. Gibson R. Redding G. Henderson W. Group B Streptococcus induces tumor necrosis factor in neonatal piglets Am Rev Respir Dis 143 1991 598 604
41. Goldberg R.N. Suguihara C. Streitfeld M. Effects of a leukotriene antagonist on the early hemodynamic manifestations of group B streptococcal sepsis in piglets Pediatr Res 20 1986 1004 1008
42. Gordon J.B. Tod M.L. Effects of N-nitro-L-arginine on total and segmental vascular resistances in developing lamb lungs J Appl Physiol 75 1993 76 85
43. Haddad I.Y. Ischiropoulos H. Holm B.A. Mechanisms of peroxynitrite-induced injury to pulmonary surfactants Am J Physiol 265 1993
44. Hageman J.R. Adams M.A. Gardner T.H. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: Trends in incidence, diagnosis, and management Am J Dis Child 138 1984 592 595
45. Hammerman C. Komar K. Abu-Khudair H. Hypoxic versus septic pulmonary hypertension: Selective role of thromboxane mediation Am J Dis Child 142 1988 319 325
46. Heymann A. Rudolph A.M. Effects of acetyl salicylic acid on the ductus arteriosus and circulation in fetal lambs in utero Circ Res 38 1976 418 422
47. Highsmith R.F. Blackburn K. Schmidt D.J. Endothelin and calcium dynamics in vascular smooth muscle Annu Rev Physiol 54 1992 257 277
48. Hogman M. Forstell C. Arnberg H. Bleeding time prolongation and NO inhalation Lancet 341 1993 1664 1665
49. Horgan M.J. Pinheiro J.M.B. Malik A.B. Mechanisms of endothelin-1-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction Circ Res 69 1991 157 164
50. Hori S. Komatsu Y. Shigemoto R. Distinct tissue distribution and cellular localization of two messenger ribonucleic acids encoding different subtypes of rat endothelin receptors Endocrinology 130 1992 1885 1895
51. Huhta J.C. Moise K.J. Fisher D.J. Detection and quantitation of constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus by Doppler echocardiography Circulation 75 1987 406 412
52. Ignarro L.J. Byrns R.E. Bugfa G.M. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor from pulmonary artery and vein possesses pharmacologic and chemical properties identical to those of nitric oxide radical Circ Res 61 1987 866 879
53. Ignarro L.J. Harbison R.G. Wood K.S. Activation of purified soluble guanylate cyclase by endothelium-derived relaxing factor from intrapulmonary artery and vein: Stimulation by acetylcholine, bradykinin and arachidonic acid J Pharmacol Exp Ther 237 1992 893 900
54. Ishikawa T. Yanagisawa M. Kimura S. Positive chronotropic effects of endothelin, a novel endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide Pflugers Arch 413 1988 108 110
55. Ishikawa T. Yanagisawa M. Kimura S. Positive inotropic action of novel vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin on guinea pig atria Am J Physiol 255 1988 H970 H973
56. Iwamoto J. Morin F.C. III Nitric oxide inhibition varies with hemoglobin saturation J Appl Physiol 75 1993 2332 2336
57. Iwamoto J. Krasney J. Morin F.C. III Methemoglobin production by nitric oxide in fresh sheep blood Respir Physiol 96 1994 273 283
58. John E. Roberts V. Burnard E.D. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn treated with hyperventilation: Clinical features and outcome Aust Paediatr J 24 1988 357 361
59. Jones O.W. Abman S.H. Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic effects of big endothelin-1 and phosphoramidon in the ovine fetus Am J Physiol 266 1994 R929 R935
60. Karamanoukian H.L. Glick P. Wilcox D.T. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia VIII: Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) requires exogenous surfactant therapy in the lamb model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia J Pediatr Surg 30 1995 1 4
61. Karamanoukian H.L. Glick P.L. Zayek M. Inhaled nitric oxide in congenital hypoplasia of the lungs due to diaphragmatic hernia or oligohydramnios Pediatrics 94 1994 715 718
62. Kinsella J.P. McQueston J.A. Rosenberg A.A. Inhaled nitric oxide causes selective and sustained vasodilation of the ovine transitional pulmonary circulation Pediatr Res 31 1992 313A
63. Kinsella J.P. Neish S.R. Ivy D.D. Clinical responses to prolonged treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn with low doses of inhaled nitric oxide J Pediatr 123 1993 103 108
64. Kinsella J.P. Shaffer E. Neish S.R. Low-dose inhalational nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn Lancet 340 1992 819 820
65. Kiowski W. Luscher T.F. Linder L. Endothelin-1 induced vasoconstriction in humans. Reversal by calcium channel blockade but not by nitrovasodilators or endothelium-derived relaxing factor Circulation 83 1991 469 475
66. Kojima T. Isozaki-Fikuda Y. Takedatsu M. Plasma endothelin-1 like immunoreactivity levels in neonates Eur J Pediatr 151 1992 913 915
67. Kraft M. Beam W.R. Wenzel S.E. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage endothelin-1 levels in nocturnal asthma Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149 1994 947 952
68. Laguenie G. Berg A. Saint-Maurice J.P. Measurement of nitrogen dioxide formation from nitric oxide by chemiluminescence in ventilated children Lancet 341 1993 969
69. Langleben D. Demarchi M. Laporta D. Endothelin-1 in acute lung injury and the adult respiratory distress syndrome Am Rev Respir Dis 148 1993 519 522
70. Leach C.L. Fuhrman B.P. Morin F.C. III Perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange in respiratory distress syndrome: A prospective, randomized, controlled study Crit Care Med 21 1993 1270 1278
71. Leach C.L. Holm B. Morin F.C. III Partial liquid ventilation in respiratory distress syndrome: Efficacy and compatibility with exogenous surfactant J Pediatr 126 1995 412 420
72. Leach C.L. Morin F.C. III Fuhrman B. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of nitric oxide inhalation during partial liquid ventilation with Perflubron (Liquivent) Pediatr Res 35 1994 394A
73. Leffler C.W. Hessler J.R. Green R.S. Mechanism of stimulation of pulmonary prostacyclin synthesis at birth Prostaglandins 28 1984 877 887
74. Leffler C.W. Hessler J.R. Green R.S. The onset of breathing at birth stimulates pulmonary vascular prostacyclin synthesis Pediatr Res 18 1984 938 942
75. Leffler C.W. Tyler T.C. Cassin S. Effect of indomethacin on pulmonary vascular response to ventilation of fetal goats Am J Physiol 234 1978 H346 H351
76. Levin D. Fixler D. Morriss F. Morphologic analysis of the pulmonary vascular bed in infants exposed in utero to prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors J Pediatr 92 1978 478 483
77. Levin D.L. Mills L.J. Parkey M. Constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus after administration of indomethacin to the pregnant ewe J Pediatr 94 1979 647 650
78. Lincoln T.M. Cornwell T.L. Intracellular cyclic GMP receptor proteins FASEB J 7 1993 328 338
79. Liu S.F. Hislop A.A. Haworth S.G. Developmental changes in endotheliumdependent pulmonary vasodilatation in pigs Br J Pharmacol 106 1992 324 330
80. Lüscher T. Endothelin: Systemic arterial and pulmonary effects of a new peptide with potent biologic properties Am Rev Respir Dis 146 1992 S56 S60
81. Lü;scher T. Boulanger C.M. Dohi Y. Endothelium-derived contracting factors Hypertension 19 1992 117 130
82. Lü;scher T. Oemar B.S. Boulanger C.M. Molecular and cellular biology of endothelin and its receptors-part 1 J Hypertension 11 1993 7 11
83. Lü;scher T.F. Oemar B.S. Boulanger C.M. Molecular and cellular biology of endothelin and its receptors-part II J Hypertension 11 1993 121 126
84. Manchester D. Margolis H.S. Sheldon R.E. Possible association between maternal indomethacin therapy and primary pulmonary hypertension of the newborn Am J Obstet Gynecol 126 1976 467 469
85. Mann J. Farrukh I.S. Michael J.R. Mechanisms by which endothelin-1 induces pulmonary vasoconstriction in the rabbit J Appl Physiol 71 1991 410 416
86. McMahon T.J. Ignarro L.J. Kadowitz P.J. Influence of Zaprinast on vascular tone and vasodilator responses in the cat pulmonary vascular bed J Appl Physiol 74 1993 1704 1711
87. McMurdo L. Thiemermann C. Vane J.R. The endothelin ET-B receptor agonist, IRL 1620, causes vasodilation and inhibits ex vivo platelet aggregation in the anaesthetised rabbit Eur J Pharmacol 259 1994 55
88. McQueston J.A. Kinsella J.P. Ivy D.D. Changes in endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation during chronic intrauterine pulmonary hypertension in fetal lambs Pediatr Res 33 1993 337 A
89. Mittal C.K. Murad F. Activation of guanylate cyclase by superoxide dismutase and hydroxyl radical: A physiological regulator of guanosine 3’,5’-monophosphate formation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74 1977 4360 4364
90. Miyauchi T. Yorikane R. Sakai S. Contribution of endogenous endothelin-1 to the progression of cardiopulmonary alterations in rats with menocrataline-induced pulmonary hypertension Circ Res 73 1993 887 897
91. Mohsini K. Thusu K.G. Iwamoto J. No evidence for decreased NO synthesis in lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension Pediatr Res 35 1994 345A
92. Momma K. Takoa A. In vivo constriction of the ductus arteriosus by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in near-term and pre-term fetal rats Pediatr Res 22 1987 567 572
93. Moon D.G. Horgan M.J. Anderson T.T. Endothelin-like pulmonary vasoconstrictor peptide release by alpha-thrombin Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86 1989 9529 9533
94. Morin F.C. III Ligating the ductus arteriosus before birth causes persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn lamb Pediatr Res 25 1989 245 250
95. Morin F.C. III Egan E.A. Lundgren C.E.G. Prostacyclin does not change during an oxygen induced increase in pulmonary blood flow in the fetal lamb Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 32 1988 139 144
96. Morin F.C. III Egan E.A. Norfleet W.T. Indomethacin does not diminish the pulmonary vascular response of the fetus to increased oxygen tension Pediatr Res 24 1988 696 700
97. Murad F. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate as a mediator of vasodilation J Clin Invest 78 1986 1 5
98. Myers P. Minor R. Guerra R. Vasorelaxant properties of the endotheliumderived relaxing factor more closely resemble s-nitrosocysteine than nitric oxide Nature 345 1990 161 163
99. Nakamichi K. Ihara M. Kobyashi M. Different distribution of endothelin receptor subtypes in pulmonary tissues revealed by the novel selective ligands BQ-123 and [Ala 1,3,11,15]ET-1 Biochem Biophys Res Commun 182 1992 144 150
100. Nelin L.D. Dawson C.A. The effect of nitro-L-arginine methylester on hypoxic vasoconstriction in the neonatal pig lung Pediatr Res 34 1993 349 353
101. Palmer R.M.J. Ferrige A.G. Moncada S.A. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor Nature 327 1987 524 526
102. Palmer R.M.J. Moncada S. A novel citrulline-forming enzyme implicated in the formation of nitric oxide by vascular endothelial cells Biochem Biophys Res Comm 158 1989 348 352
103. Pepke-Zaba J. Higenbottam T.W. Dinh-Xuan A.T. Inhaled nitric oxide as a cause of selective pulmonary vasodilation in pulmonary hypertension Lancet 338 1991 1173 1174
104. Perkin R.M. Levin D.L. Clark R. Serum salicylate levels and right-to-left ductus shunts in newborn infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension J Pediatr 96 1980 721 726
105. Persson M.G. Wiklund N.P. Glustafsson L.E. Endogenous nitric oxide in single exhalations and the change during exercise Am Rev Respir Dis 148 1993 1210 1214
106. Redding G.J. McMurtry I. Reeves J.T. Effects of meclofenamate on pulmonary vascular resistance correlate with postnatal age in young piglets Pediatr Res 18 1984 579 583
107. Reece E.A. Moya F. Yazigi R. Persistent pulmonary hypertension: Assessment of perinatal risk factors Obstet Gynecol 70 1987 696 700
108. Roberts J.D. Chen T-Y. Kawai N. Inhaled nitric oxide reverses pulmonary vasoconstriction in the hypoxic and acidotic newborn lamb Circ Res 72 1993 246 254
109. Roberts J.D. Polaner D.M. Lang P. Inhaled nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn Lancet 340 1992 818 819
110. + channel-mediated relaxation Am J Physiol 263 1992
111. Rosenberg A.A. Kennaugh J. Koppenhafer S.L. Elevated immunoreactive endothelin-1 levels in newborn infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension J Pediatr 123 1993 109 114
112. 2 Pediatr Res 18 1984 874 878
113. Ryan U.S. Glassberg M.K. Nolop K.B. Endothelin-1 from pulmonary artery and microvessels acts on vascular and airway smooth muscle J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 13 suppl 5 1989 S57 S62
114. Saijonmaa O. Ristimaki A. Fyhrquist F. Atrial natriuretic peptide, nitroglycerine, and nitroprusside reduce basal and stimulated endothelin production from cultured endothelial cells Biochem Biophys Res Commun 173 1990 514 520
115. Sakurai T. Yanagisawa M. Takuwa Y. Cloning of a cDNA encoding a nonisopeptide-selective subtype of the endothelin receptor Nature 348 1990 732 735
116. Schmidt H.H.H.W. Lohmann S.M. Walter U. The nitric oxide and cGMP signal transduction system: Regulation and mechanism of action Biochim Biophys Acta 1178 1993 153 175
117. Shankaran S. Farooki Z.Q. Desai R. ß-Flemolytic streptococcal infection appearing as persistent fetal circulation Am J Dis Child 136 1982 725 727
118. Shaul P.W. Farrar M.A. Zellers T.M. Oxygen modulates endothelium-derived relaxing factor production in fetal pulmonary arteries Am J Physiol 262 1992 H355 H364
119. Shaul P.W. Muntz K.H. DeBeltz D. Ontogeny of the adenylate cyclase system on the pulmonary vascular smooth muscle of the fetal lamb J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 17 1991 125 133
120. Shaul P.W. North A. Brannon T. Hypoxia enhances endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene expression in rat lung Pediatr Res 33 1993 26A
121. Shaul P.W. Wells L.B. Homing K.M. Acute and prolonged hypoxia attenuate endothelial nitric oxide production in rat pulmonary arteries by different mechanisms J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 22 1993 819 827
122. Shetty S.S. Toshikazu O. Webb R.L. Functionally distinct endothelin B receptors in vascular endothelium and smooth muscle Biochem Biophys Res Commun 191 1993 459 464
123. Shubetia H.E. McDonough P.M. Harris A.N. Endothelin induction of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, sarcomere assembly, and cardiac gene expression in ventricular myocytes J Biol Chem 265 1990 20555 20562
124. Singer A.L. Dunn A. Appleman M.M. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and protein activator in fetal rabbit tissues Arch Biochem Biophys 187 1978 406 413
125. Soifer S. Schreiber M. Heymann M. Leukotriene antagonists attenuate thromboxaneinducible pulmonary hypertension Pediatr Res 26 1989 83 87
126. Stavert D.M. Lehnert B.E. Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide as inducers of acute pulmonary injury when inhaled at relatively high concentrations for brief periods Inhal Toxicol 2 1990 53 67
127. Steffan M. Russell J.A. Signal transduction in endothelm-induced contraction of rabbit pulmonary vein Pulm Pharmacol 3 1990 1 7
128. Steinhom R.H. Cox P.N. Fineman J.R. A response to inhaled nitric oxide does not predict survival in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn due to alveolar capillary dysplasia Pediatr Res 35 1994 257 A
129. Steinhorn R.H. Morin F.C. III Gugino S.F. Developmental differences in endothelium-dependent responses in isolated ovine pulmonary arteries and veins Am J Physiol 264 1993 H2162 H2167
130. Steinhorn R.H. Morin F.C. III Russell J.A. The adventitia may be a barrier specific to nitric oxide in rabbit pulmonary artery J Clin Invest 94 1994 1883 1888
131. Steinhorn R.H. Russell J.A. Morin F. III Disruption of cyclic GMP production in pulmonary arteries isolated from fetal lambs with pulmonary hypertension Am J Physiol 1995 in press
132. Steinhorn R.H. Thusu K.G. Russell J.A. The cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor zaprinast enhances the effect of nitric oxide in newborn lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension Pediatr Res 35 1994 89A
133. Stephens R.J. Freeman G. Evans M.J. Early response of lungs to low levels of nitrogen dioxide Arch Environ Health 24 1972 160 179
134. Storme L. Francoise M. Tahiri C. Inhaled nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn [abstract] Pediatr Res 35 1994 60A
135. Tabuchi Y. Nakamaru M. Rakugi H. Endothelin enhances adrenergic vasoconstriction in perfused rat mesenteric arteries Biochem Biophys Res Commun 159 1989 1304 1308
136. Tiktinsky M.H. Cummings J.J. Morin F.C. III Acetylcholine increases pulmonary blood flow in intact fetuses via endothelium-dependent vasodilation Am J Physiol 262 1992 H406 H410
137. Tiktinsky M.H. Morin F.C. III Increasing oxygen tension dilates fetal pulmonary circulation via endothelium-derived relaxing factor Am J Physiol 265 1993 H376 H380
138. Traylor T.G. Sharma V.S. Why NO? Biochemistry 31 1992 2847 2849
139. Truog W.E. Sorensen G.K. Standaert T.A. Effects of the thromboxane synthase inhibitor, dazmegrel (UK 38,485), on pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics in neonatal sepsis Pediatr Res 20 1986 481 486
140. Vane J.R. Vanhoutte P.M. Botting R. Preface for the proceedings of the Third International Conference on Endothelin J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 22 1993 ix x
141. Velvis H. Moore P.H. Heymann M.A. Prostaglandin inhibition prevents the fall in pulmonary vascular resistance as a result of rhythmic distension of the lungs in fetal lambs Pediatr Res 30 1991 62 68
142. Wang W. Coceani F. Isolated pulmonary resistance vessels from fetal lambs: Contractile behaviors and responses to indomethacin and endothelin-1 Circ Res 71 1992 320 330
143. B receptors mediate vascular smooth-muscle contraction J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 22 1993 S144 S148
144. Wilcox D.T. Glick P.L. Karamanoukian H. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. V. Effect of exogenous surfactant therapy on gas exchange and lung mechanics in the lamb congenital diaphragmatic hernia model J Pediatr 124 1994 289 293
145. Wilcox D.T. Glick P.L. Karamanoukian H.L. Perfluorocarbon associated gas exchange and nitric oxide in the lamb congenital diaphragmatic hernia model Pediatr Res 35 1994 260A
146. Wild L.M. Nickerson P.A. Morin F.C. III Ligating the ductus arteriosus before birth remodels the pulmonary vasculature of the lamb Pediatr Res 25 1989 251 257
147. Wilkinson A.R. Aynsley-Green A. Mitchell M.D. Persistent pulmonary hypertension and abnormal prostaglandin E levels in preterm infants after maternal treatment with naproxen Arch Dis Child 54 1979 942 945
148. Wong J. Vanderford P.A. Fineman J.R. Endothelin-1 produces pulmonary vasodilation in the intact newborn lamb Am J Physiol 265 1993 H1318 1325
149. Yanagisawa M. Inoue A. Ishikawa T. Primary structure, synthesis, and biological activity of rat endothelin, an endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 1988 6964 6967
150. Yanagisawa M. Kurihara H. Kimura S. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells Nature 332 1988 411 415
151. Yokokawa K. Kohno M. Yasunari K. Endothelin-3 regulates endothelin-1 production in cultured human endothelial cells Hypertension 18 1991 304 315
152. Zayek M. Cleveland D. Morin F.C. III Treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn lamb by inhaled nitric oxide J Pediatr 122 1993 743 750
153. Zayek M. Wild L.M. Roberts J.D. Effect of nitric oxide on survival and lung injury in newborn lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension J Pediatr 123 1993 947 952
154. Zellers T.M. McCormick J. Wu Y. Interaction among ET-1, endothelium-derived nitric oxide and prostacyclin in pulmonary arteries and veins Am J Physiol 267 1994 H139 H147
155. Zellers T.M. Vanhoutte P.M. Endothelium-dependent relaxations of piglet pulmonary arteries augment with maturation Pediatr Res 30 1991 176 180