Group a streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis complicating primary varicella: A series of fourteen patients

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

Volumn 14, Issue 7, 1995, Pages 588-593

  Brogan, Thomas V ^a   Nizet, Victor ^a   Waldhausen, John H T ^a   Rubens, Craig E ^a   Clarke, William R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Group A streptococci; Necrotizing fasciitis; Varicella

Indexed keywords

CLINDAMYCIN; GENTAMICIN; NAFCILLIN;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTICLE; CHICKENPOX; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; DEBRIDEMENT; FASCIOTOMY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; INFECTION RISK; MALE; NECROTIZING FASCIITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; ANTIBIOTICS, COMBINED; CASE REPORT; CHICKENPOX; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DEBRIDEMENT; FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION; INFANT; MALE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0029009843     PISSN: 08913668     EISSN: 15320987     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199507000-00007     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Cone LA, Woodard DR, Schlievert PM, Tomory GS. Clinical and bactériologie observations of a toxic shock-like syndrome due to Streptococcus pyogenes. N Engl J Med 1987;317:146-9.
2. Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 1989;321: 1-7.
3. Davies HD, Matlow A, Scriver SR, et al. Apparent lower rates of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and lower mortality in children with invasive group A streptococcal infections compared with adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13:49-56.
4. Stolberg S. “Killer bug” perfect for prime time. Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1994;113:A1.
5. Falcone PA, Pricolo YE, Edstrom LE. Necrotizing fasciitis as a complication of chickenpox. Clin Pediatr 1988;27:339-43.
6. Sawin RS, Schaller RT, Tapper D, Morgan A, Cahill J. Early recognition of neonatal abdominal wall necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg 1994;167:481-4.
7. Talkington DF, Schwartz B, Black CM, et al. Association of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes isolates with clinical components of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Infect Immun 1993;61:3369-74.
8. Stamkenovic I, Lew PD. Early recognition of potentially fatal necrotizing fasciitis: the use of frozen section biopsy. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1689-93.
9. Gozal D, Ziser A, Shupak A. Necrotizing fasciitis. Arch Surg 1986;121:233-5.
10. Riseman JA, Zamboni WA, Curtis A, Graham DR, Konrad HR, Ross DS. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for necrotizing fasciitis reduces mortality and the need for debridements. Surgery 1990;108:847-50.
11. Hirn M. Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of gas gangrene and perineal necrotizing fasciitis: a clinical and experimental study. Eur J Surg 1993;570(Suppl)l-36.
12. Stevens DL. Invasive group A streptococcal infections: the past, present and future. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994:13:561-5.
13. Freeman HP, Louwole SF, Ganepola GAP, Dy E. Necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg 1981;142:377-83.
14. Musser JM, Hauser AR, Kim MH, Schlievert PM, Nelson K, Seelander RK. Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic-shocklike syndrome and other invasive diseases: clonal diversity and pyrogenic exotoxin expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1991; 88:2668-72.
15. Hallas G. The production of pyrogenic exotoxins by group A streptococci. J Hyg (Lond) 1985;95:47-57.
16. Molick JA, Rich RR. Characterization of a superantigen from a pathogenic strain of Streptococcus pyogenes [Abstract], Clin Res 1991;213A:39.
17. Fast DJ, Schlievert P, Nelson RD. Toxic shock syndrome- associated staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins are potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor production. Infect Immun 1989;57:291-4.
18. Hackett S, Schlievert P, Stevens DL. Cytokine production by human mononuclear cells in response to streptococcal exotoxins [Abstract]. Clin Res 1991;189A:39.
19. Highet AS, Jurtz J. Viral infections. In: Champion RH, Burton JL, Ebling FJG, eds. Textbook of dermatology. 5th ed. Boston: Blackwell, 1992:885-7.
20. Zittergruen M, Grose C. Magnetic resonance imaging for early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Pediatr Emerg Care 1993;9:26-8.
21. Eagle H. Experimental approach to the problem of treatment failure with penicillin. I. Group A streptococcal infection in mice. Am J Med 1952;13:389-99.
22. Stevens DL, Gibbons AE, Bergstrom R, Winn V. The Eagle effect revisited: efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis. J Infect Dis 1988;158:23-8.
23. Stevens DL, Yan S, Bryant AE. Penicillin-binding protein expression at different growth stages determines penicillin efficacy in vitro and in vivo: an explanation for the inoculum effect. J Infect Dis 1993;167:1201-5.
24. Niinikoski J, Grislis G, Hunt TK. Respiratory gas tensions and collagen in infected wounds. Ann Surg 1972;175:588-93.
25. Hunt TK, Linsey M, Grislis G, et al. The effect of differing ambient oxygen tensions on wound infection. Ann Surg. 1975; 181:35-9.
26. Hohn DC, MacKay RD, Halliday B, Hunt TK. Effect of 02 tension on microbiocidal function of leukocytes in wound and in vitro. Surg Forum 1976;27:18-20.
27. Marx RE. A new concept in the treatment of osteoradionecrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1983;41:351-7.
28. Perrins DJD, Cantab MB. Influence of hyperbaric oxygen on the survival of split skin grafts. Lancet 1967:868-71.
29. Kindwall EP. Uses of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the 1990’s. Clev Clin J Med 1990;59:517-28.
30. Kivisaari J, Niinikoski J. Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation and prolonged hypoxia on the healing of open wounds. Acta Chir Scand 1975;141:14-9.
31. Knighton DR, Silver IA, Hunt TK. Regulation of wound healing angiogenesis: effect of oxygen gradients and inspired oxygen concentration. Surgery 1981;90:262-9.
32. Krige JEJ, Spence RAJ, Potter PC, Terblanche J. Necrotising fasciitis after diflunisal for minor injury. Lancet 1985;2: 1432-13.
33. Brun-Buisson CJL, Saada M, Trunet P, Rapin M, Roujeau JC, Revuz J. Haemolytic streptococcal gangrene and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Br Med J Clin Res 1985; 290:1786.
34. Rimailho A, Riou B, Richard C, Auzepy P. Fulminant necrotizing fasciitis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Infect Dis 1987;155:143-6.