Group a streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis following varicella in children: Case reports and review

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 1995, Pages 1333-1338

  Wilson, Gregory J ^a,b   Talkington, Deborah F ^a,b   Gruber, William ^a,b   Edwards, Kathryn ^a,b   Dermody, Terence S ^a,b  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NATL CENTER FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANOREXIA; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; CASE REPORT; CELLULITIS; CHICKENPOX; CHILD; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEBRIDEMENT; ERYTHEMA; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALAISE; MALE; NECROTIZING FASCIITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN ABRASION; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A;

CASE REPORT; CHICKENPOX; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FASCIITIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NECROSIS; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T;

EID: 0029002770     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/clinids/20.5.1333     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Stamenkovic I, Lew PD. Early recognition of potentially fatal necrotiz ing fasciitis: the use of frozen-section biopsy. N Engl J Med 1984; 210:1689-93.
2. Swartz MN. Subcutaneous tissue infections and abscesses. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG Jr, Bennett JE, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990:808-12.
3. Cone LA, Woodard DR, Schlievert PM, Tomory GS. Clinical and bac- teriologic observations of a toxic shock-like syndrome due to Streptococcus pyogenes. N Engl J Med 1987;317:146-9.
4. Wong VK, Wright HT Jr. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci as a cause of bacteremia in children. Am J Dis Child 1988; 142:831-3.
5. Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, et al. Severe group A streptococ cal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1-7.
6. Jackson MA, Burry VF, Olson LC. Multisystem group A beta-hemo lytic streptococcal disease in children. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13:7838.
7. Holm SE, Norrby A, Bergholm AM, Norgren M. Aspects of pathogene sis of serious group A streptococcal infections in Sweden, 1988-1989. J Infect Dis 1992; 166:31-7.
8. Novotny W, Faden H, Mosovich L. Emergence of invasive group A streptococcal disease among young children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1992;31:596-601.
9. Demers B, Simor AE, Vellend H, et al. Severe invasive group A strepto coccal infections in Ontario, Canada: 1987-1991. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:792-800; 801-2.
10. Cowan MR, Primm PA, Scott SM, Abramo TJ, Wiebe RA. Serious group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections complicating varicella. Ann Emerg Med 1994;23:818-22.
11. Hoge CW, Schwartz B, Talkington DF, Breiman RF, MacNeill EM, Englender SJ. The changing epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infections and the emergence of streptococcal toxic shocklike syndrome: a retrospective population-based study. JAMA 1993;269:384-9.
12. Wannamaker LW. Streptococcal toxins. Rev Infect Dis 1983;5(suppl 4):S723-31.
13. Hallas G. The production of pyrogenic exotoxins by group A strepto cocci. J Hyg 1985;95:47-57.
14. Hauser AR, Stevens DL, Kaplan EL, Schlievert PM. Molecular analysis of pyrogenic exotoxins from Streptococcus pyogenes isolates associated with toxic shock-like syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:1562-7.
15. Fischetti VA, Jones KF, Hollingshead SK, Scott JR. Structure, func tion, and genetics of streptococcal M protein. Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10(suppl 2):S356-9.
16. Robinson JH, Kehoe MA. Group A streptococcal M proteins: virulence factors and protective antigens. Immunol Today 1992; 13:362-7.
17. Hutchinson J. On gangrenous eruptions in connection with vaccination and chickenpox. Med Chir Trans 1882; 65:1-11.
18. Smith EWP, Garson A Jr, Boyleston JA, Katz SL, Wilfert CM. Vari cella gangrenosa due to group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. Pediatrics 1976;57:306-10.
19. Falcone PA, Pricolo VE, Edstrom LE. Necrotizing fasciitis as a compli cation of chickenpox. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1988;27:339-43.
20. Moody MD, Padula J, Lizama D, Hall CT. Epidemiologic characteriza tion of group A streptococci by T-agglutination and M-precipitation tests in the public health laboratory. Health Lab Sci 1965; 2:149-62.
21. Talkington DF, Schwartz B, Black CM, et al. Association of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes isolates with clinical components of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Infect Immun 1993;61:3369-74.
22. Black CM, Talkington DF, Messmer TO, Facklam RR, Hornes E, Ols- vik O. Detection of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin genes by a nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Cell Probes 1993;7:255-9.
23. Veasy LG, Wiedmeier SE, Orsmond GS, et al. Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. N Engl J Med 1987;316:421-7.
24. Wald ER, Dashefsky B, Feidt C, Chiponis D, Byers C. Acute rheumatic fever in western Pennsylvania and the tristate area. Pediatrics 1987;80:371-4.
25. Bisno AL. Group A streptococcal infections and acute rheumatic fever. N Engl J Med 1991;325:783-93.
26. Westlake RM, Graham TP, Edwards KM. An outbreak of acute rheu matic fever in Tennessee. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990;9:97-100.
27. Christie CDC, Havens PL, Shapiro ED. Bacteremia with group A strep tococci in childhood. Am J Dis Child 1988; 142:559-64.
28. Hamden A, Lennon D. Serious suppurative group A streptococcal in fections in previously well children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988; 7:714-8.
29. Wheeler MC, Roe MH, Kaplan EL, Schlievert PM, Todd JK. Outbreak of group A streptococcus septicemia in children. JAMA 1991;266:533-7.
30. Kleigman RM, Feign RD. Streptococcal infections. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Nelson WE, Vaughan, VC, eds. Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W. B: Saunders, 1992;698-703.
31. Schwartz B, Facklam RR, Breiman RF. Changing epidemiology of group A streptococcal infection in the USA. Lancet 1990; 336:1167-70.
32. Norgren M, Norrby A, Holm SE. Genetic diversity in T1M1 group A, streptococci in relation to clinical outcome of infection. J Infect Dis 1992;166:1014-20. '
33. Resnick SD. Toxic shock syndrome: recent developments in pathogene sis. J Pediatr 1990; 115:321-7. '
34. Waldvogel FA. Staphylococcus aureus (including toxic shock syn drome). In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG Jr, Bennett JE, eds. Principles and practice ofinfectious diseases. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990; 1489-1510. „
35. Stokes W. An eruptive disease of children. Dublin Medical and Physi cal Essays 1807; 1:146.
36. Wilson B. Necrotizing fasciitis. Am Surg 1952; 18:416-31.
37. Meleny FL. Hemolytic streptococcus gangrene. Arch Surg 1924; 9:317-64.
38. Wilson HD, Haltalin KC. Acute necrotizing fasciitis in childhood. Am J Dis Child 1973;125:591-5.
39. Andiman WA, Soifer S. Severe streptococcal infection complicating chickenpox. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1979;19:495-7.
40. Kyong CU, Smith CD, Othersen HB. Necrotizing fasciitis of the abdom inal wall as a complication of chickenpox. Ped Infect Dis J 1985;4:420-1.
41. Schwarz G, Sagy M, Barzilay Z. Multifocal necrotizing fasciitis in vari cella. Pediatr Emerg Care 1989;5:31-3.
42. Stromberg BV. Life-threatening varicella gangrenosum [letter]. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989;83:924-5.
43. Belani K, Schlievert PM, Kaplan EL, Ferrieri P. Association of exo toxin-producing group A streptococci and severe disease in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991;10:351-4.
44. Zittergruen M, Grosse C. Magnetic resonance imaging for early diagno sis of necrotizing fasciitis. Pediatr Emerg Care 1993;9:26-8.
45. Bisno AL. Streptococcus pyogenes. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG Jr., Bennett JE, eds. Principles and practice ofinfectious diseases. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990; 1519-28.
46. Caparon MG, Stephens DS, Olsen A, Scott JR. Role of M protein in adherence of group A streptococci. Infect Immun 1991; 59:1811-7.
47. Fischetti VA. Streptococcal M protein. Sci Am 1991;264:58-65.
48. Norrby-Teglund A, Holm SE, Norgren M. Detection and nucleotide sequence analysis of the speC gene in Swedish clinical group A streptococcal isolates. J Clin Microbiol.1994;32:705-9.
49. Fast DJ, Schlievert PM, Nelson RD. Toxic shock syndrome-associated staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins are potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor production. Infect Immun 1989; 57:291-4. ' •
50. Lee PK, Deringer JR, Kreiswirth BN, Novick RP, Schlievert PM. Fluid replacement protection of rabbits challenged subcutaneously with toxic shock syndrome toxins. Infect Immun 1991;59:879-84.
51. Musser JM. Clinical relevance of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins in streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome and other severe invasive infections. Pediatr Ann 1992;21:821-8.
52. Gaworzewska E, Colman G. Changes in the pattern ofinfection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Epidemiol Infect 1988; 100:257-69.
53. Kohler W, Gerlach D, Knoll H. Streptococcal outbreaks and erythro-’ genic toxin type A. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1987; 266:104-15.
54. Barry W, Hudgins L, Donta ST, Pesanti EL. Intravenous immunoglobu lin therapy for toxic shock syndrome. JAMA 1992;267:3315-6.
55. Nadal D, Lauener RP, Braegger CP, et al. T cell activation and cytokine release in streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. J Pediatr 1993;122:727-9.
56. Katz AR, Morens DM. Severe streptococcal infections in historical per spective. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:298-307.