메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 1, 1995, Pages 105-111

Viruses and apoptosis

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APOPTOSIS; CELL DEATH; CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 0028948647     PISSN: 0959437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-437X(95)90061-6     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (311)

References (78)
  • 2
    • 0027535559 scopus 로고
    • Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of physiological cell death
    • edn 2
    • (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.90 , pp. 786-789
    • Vaux1
  • 3
    • 0025899138 scopus 로고
    • Programmed cell death: apoptosis and oncogenesis
    • (1991) Cell , vol.65 , pp. 1097-1098
    • Williams1
  • 4
    • 0027532285 scopus 로고
    • Conversion of lytic to persistent alphavirus infection by the bcl-2 cellular oncogene
    • of special interest, These authors demonstrated that Sindbis virus, a type of alphavirus, causes cytopathic effect in non-neuronal cells by inducing apoptosis. Expression of the cellular bcl-2 oncogene can prevent Sindbis virus induced apoptosis and transform an acute lytic infection into a persistent infection.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.361 , pp. 739-742
    • Levine1    Huang2    Isaacs3    Reed4    Griffin5    Hardwick6
  • 5
    • 0027325778 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical events in naturally occuring forms of cell death
    • (1993) FEBS Lett , vol.328 , pp. 1-5
    • Fesus1
  • 6
    • 0027146334 scopus 로고
    • Death defying acts: a meeting review on apoptosis
    • (1993) Genes Dev , vol.7 , pp. 2277-2284
    • White1
  • 8
    • 0028278094 scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis: a mechanism of cell killing by influenza A and B viruses
    • of special interest, This paper and [7•] present evidence that influenza A and B viruses induce apoptosis in cultured cells, and this virally induced apoptosis correlates with the development of the cytopathic effects during viral infection. Expression of the cellular bcl-2 oncogene can protect infected cells from the apoptotic cell death. The authors suggest that apoptosis may be a general mechanism of cell death in hosts infected with influenza viruses.
    • (1994) J Vrol , vol.68 , pp. 3667-3673
    • Hinshaw1    Olsen2    Dybdahl-Sissoko3    Evans4
  • 11
    • 0028140263 scopus 로고
    • A single chicken anemia virus protein induces apoptosis.
    • of outstanding interest, This paper describes the association of chicken anemia virus VP3 protein with cellular apoptotic structures during infection and presents in vitro evidence that expression of VP3 is sufficient to induce apoptosis.
    • (1994) J Virol , vol.68 , pp. 346-351
    • Noteborn1    Todd2    Verschueren3    DeGauw4    Curran5    Veldkemp6    Douglas7    McNulty8    van der Eb9    Koch10
  • 12
    • 0027236910 scopus 로고
    • Programmed cell death of T lymphocytes during acute viral infection- a mechanism for virus-induced immune deficiency
    • (1993) J Virol , vol.67 , pp. 5754-5765
    • Razvi1    Welsh2
  • 13
    • 0028349060 scopus 로고
    • Murine retrovirus-induced depletion of T cells is mediated through activation4nduced death by apoptosis
    • (1994) J Virol , vol.68 , pp. 2735-2740
    • Saha1    Yuen2    Wong3
  • 18
    • 0027255535 scopus 로고
    • Membrane expression of HIV envelope glycoproteins triggers apoptosis in CD4 cells
    • of outstanding interest, The authors show that the apoptotic cell death during HIV infection of CD4+ lymphocyte cultures is triggered by expression of the viral gp120-gp41 complex and its interaction with CD4 receptor molecules in the cell membrane.
    • (1993) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.9 , pp. 761-773
    • Laurent-Crawford1    Krust2    Riviere3    Desgranges4    Muller5    Kieny6    Dauguet7    Hovanessian8
  • 19
    • 0028181091 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 gp120-dependent induction of apoptosis in antigen-specific human T cell clones is characterized by ‘tissue’ transglutaminase expression and prevented by cyclosporin A
    • of special interest, Induction of apoptosis in CD4+ T cells by treatment with HIV gp120 is accompanied by the increased expression of ‘tissue’ transglutaminase, a characterized mediator of apoptosis. CsA, an immunosuppressor which can prevent gp120-induced apoptosis, blocks the activation of transglutaminase. It is suggested that transglutaminase might mediate the apoptotic effects induced by HIV infection.
    • (1994) FEBS Lett , vol.339 , pp. 258-264
    • Amendola1    Lombardi2    Oliverio3    Colizzi4    Piacentini5
  • 20
    • 0028283577 scopus 로고
    • HIV1 induces down-regulation of bcl-2 expression and death by apoptosis of EBV-immortalized B cells: a model for a persistent ‘self-limiting’ HIV-1 infection
    • of special interest, HIV-infected EBV-positive B cells die of apoptosis when they are plated in culture. It is shown in this paper that bcl-2 expression is down-regulated in HIV-infected cells as compared to uninfected cells. This may suggest a possible mechanism by which HIV causes apoptosis in infected cells.
    • (1994) Virology , vol.198 , pp. 234-244
    • de Rossi1    Ometto2    Roncella3    D'Andrea4    Menin5    Calderazzo6    Rowe7    Ferrarini8    Chieco-Bianchi9
  • 21
    • 23444435250 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of vertebrate neuronal death by the crmA gene
    • of outstanding interest, This paper shows that expression of the cowpox virus crmA gene in chicken neuronal cells protects these cells from apoptosis induced by deprivation of nerve growth factor. As the crmA gene product is a specific inhibitor of ICE, a mediator of apoptosis in mammalian fibroblasts, it is suggested that ICE is likely to also participate in neuronal death in vertebrates.
    • (1994) Science , vol.263 , pp. 826-828
    • Gagliardini1    Fernandez2    Lee3    Drexler4    Rotello5    Fishman6    Yuan7
  • 22
    • 0027449187 scopus 로고
    • Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by IL-1f~-converting enzyme, a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans cell death gene ced-3
    • of outstanding interest, ICE is a protease that has sequence similarity to the C. elegans ced-3 cell death gene product. Overexpression of either ICE or Ced-3 in mammalian fibroblasts leads to apoptosis which can be blocked by overexpression of the cellular bcl-2 proto-oncogene. The protease activity of ICE is required for its ability to induce apoptosis, as crmA gene product, a specific inhibitor of ICE protease activity encoded by cowpox virus, can block ICE-induced apoptosis.
    • (1993) Cell , vol.75 , pp. 653-660
    • Miura1    Zhu2    Rotello3    Hartwieg4    Yuan5
  • 23
    • 0028224556 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of apoptosis in transgenic mice by simian virus 40 T antigen-mediated inactivation of p53
    • of outstanding interest, edn 2, These authors demonstrate that the SV40 large T antigen, when expressed in thymocytes of transgenic mice, can block p53-dependent apoptosis (irradiation-induced apoptosis), but not p53-independent apoptosis (clonal depletion of autoreactive thymocytes). The ability of T antigen to block p53-dependent apoptosis depends apparently on its ability to bind to and inactivate p53—mutants of T antigen that fail to bind to p53 are unable to block irradiation-induced apoptosis.
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.91 , pp. 3979-3983
    • McCarthy1    Symonds2    Van Dyke3
  • 24
    • 0028169994 scopus 로고
    • p53-dependent apoptosis suppresses tumor growth and progression in vivo
    • of outstanding interest, The authors studied the functions of p53 and SV40 T antigen in brain tumorigenesis using a transgenic mouse model. Expression of a mutant SV40 T antigen, that interacts with pRb but not with p53 leads to slow tumor formation as compared to wild-type T antigen, which causes rapid and aggressive tumor formation. It is suggested that p53 induces apoptosis of the transformed cells, thereby suppressing tumor formation. Wild-type T antigen may block p53-mediated apoptosis by binding to and inactivating p53.
    • (1994) Cell , vol.78 , pp. 703-711
    • Symonds1    Krall2    Remington3    Saenz-Robles4    Lowe5    Jacks6    Van Dyke7
  • 25
    • 0028334011 scopus 로고
    • Altered cell cycle regulation in the lens of HPV-16 E6 or E7 transgenic mice: implication for tumor suppressor gene function in development
    • of outstanding interest, Using transgenic mouse models, these authors demonstrated that expression, of the human papilloma virus (HPV)-l6 E7 protein alone can induce cell proliferation, inhibit differentiation, and cause apoptosis. The E7-induced apoptosis appears to be mediated by p53, as expression of the HPV-16 E6 protein, a viral oncoprotein that binds to and mediates the degradation of p53, can block the E7-induced apoptosis. Tumors develop only in E6×E7 double transgenic mice, but not in E6 or E7 transgenic mice.
    • (1994) Genes Dev , vol.8 , pp. 1285-1299
    • Pan1    Griep2
  • 26
    • 0028087776 scopus 로고
    • p52, guardian of Rb
    • (1994) Nature , vol.371 , pp. 21-22
    • White1
  • 27
    • 0021739589 scopus 로고
    • Deletion of the gene encoding the adenovirus 5 early region 1111 21,000-molecular-weight polypeptide leads to degradation of viral and host cell DNA
    • (1984) J Virol , vol.52 , pp. 664-671
    • Pilder1    Logan2    Shenk3
  • 28
    • 0021684759 scopus 로고
    • Mutations in the gene encoding the adenovirus early region 1B 19000-molecularweight tumor antigen cause the degradation of chromosomal DNA
    • (1984) J Vrol , vol.52 , pp. 410-419
    • White1    Grodzicker2    Stillman3
  • 29
    • 0021752891 scopus 로고
    • Cyt gene of adenovirus 2 and 5 is an oncogene for transforming function in early region E1111 and encodes the E111 19,000 molecular-weight polypeptide
    • (1984) J Vrol , vol.52 , pp. 793-805
    • Takemori1    Cladaras2    Bhat3    Conley4    Wold5
  • 32
    • 0026063253 scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional and transforming activities of the adenovirus EIA proteins
    • (1991) Adv Cancer Res , vol.57 , pp. 47-85
    • Shenk1    Flint2
  • 33
    • 0001424128 scopus 로고
    • Adenoviridae, the viruses and their replication
    • B. Fields, P. Howley, D. Knipe, Raven Press, New York, in press
    • (1995) Virology
    • Shenk1
  • 34
    • 0027251720 scopus 로고
    • Wild-type pS3 mediates apoptosis by EIA, which is inhibited by E1B
    • of outstanding interest, A temperature-sensitive p53 mutant was used to demonstrate that wild-type p53 is required for ElA-induced apoptosis. Mutant p53 blocks induction of apoptosis by ElA and therefore may cooperate with EIA to transform primary cells. Induction of apoptosis by El A and wild-type p53 can be blocked by ElB 19 kDa or ElB 55 kDa protein.
    • (1993) Genes Dev , vol.7 , pp. 546-554
    • Debbas1    White2
  • 35
    • 0027262606 scopus 로고
    • Stabilization of the pS3 tumor suppressor is induced by adenovirus EIA and accompanies apoptosis
    • of outstanding interest, Expression of adenovirus El A protein stabilizes pS3 in a variety of cell types. Stabilized pS3 is indistinguishable from wild-type pS3 with respect to its nuclear localization and its interaction with a number of cellular and viral proteins.
    • (1993) Genes Dev , vol.7 , pp. 535-545
    • Lowe1    Ruley2
  • 37
    • 0028299320 scopus 로고
    • Induction of apoptosis by adenovirus type 5 EIA in rat cells requires a proliferation block
    • of outstanding interest, The authors demonstrated that the adenovirus El A protein can efficiently induce apoptosis only when cell proliferation is inhibited, either by serum starvation or by cell-cell contacts in confluent cultures, and not when cells are actively growing. Regions of the El A protein essential for induction of apoptosis overlap the regions required for binding to p300 and pRb. The authors suggest that apoptosis may result from conflicting cell growth signals; induction of proliferation by ElA and proliferation block by unfavorable growth conditions.
    • (1994) Oncogene , vol.9 , pp. 1187-1193
    • Mymryk1    Shire2    Bayley3
  • 39
    • 0028227260 scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis or retinoblastoma: alternative fates of photoreceptors expressing the HPV-16 E7 gene in the presence or absence of p53
    • of outstanding interest, Inactivation of pRb by expressing the HPV-16 E7 protein in retinal photoreceptor cells of transgenic mice leads to unchecked cell proliferation and apoptosis. Apoptosis occurs only in the presence of functional p53. In the absence of p53, apoptosis does not occur and tumors develop.
    • (1994) Genes Dev , vol.8 , pp. 1300-1310
    • Howes1    Ransom2    Papermaster3    Lasudry4    Albert5    Windle6
  • 41
    • 0026526437 scopus 로고
    • E2F: a link between the Rb tumor suppressor protein and viral oncoproteins
    • (1992) Science , vol.258 , pp. 424-429
    • Nevins1
  • 42
    • 0028222124 scopus 로고
    • p53 and E2F-1 cooperate to mediate apoptosis
    • of outstanding interest, edn 2, The first demonstration that co-expression of the wild-type pS3 and E2F-1 in mammalian cells results in apoptotic cell death.
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.91 , pp. 3602-3606
    • Wu1    Levine2
  • 43
    • 0020079972 scopus 로고
    • Adenovirus ElB-58kd tumor antigen and SV40 large tumor antigen are physically associated with the same 54kd cellular protein
    • (1982) Cell , vol.28 , pp. 387-394
    • Sarnow1    Ho2    Williams3    Levine4
  • 44
    • 0026560315 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of pS3 transactivation required for transformation by adenovirus early 1 B protein
    • (1992) Nature , vol.357 , pp. 82-85
    • Yew1    Berk2
  • 45
    • 0028089283 scopus 로고
    • Adenovirus E1B oncoprotein tethers a transcriptional repression domain to p53.
    • of special interest, The El B 55 kDa protein of adenovirus can serve as a transcriptional repressor when it is artificially anchored to a promoter. It is suggested that the interaction of the El B 55 kDa protein with pS3 not only blocks the transcriptional activation activity of pS3, but also serves to bring the viral protein to the promoters that contain p53-responsive elements. The E1B 55 kDa protein may then actively repress transcription.
    • (1994) Genes & Development , vol.8 , pp. 190-202
    • Yew1    Liu2    Berk3
  • 46
    • 0028575705 scopus 로고
    • Relief of p53-mediated transcriptional repression by the adenovirus El B 19 kDa protein or the cellular Bcl-2 protein
    • of outstanding interest, edn 2, This report shows that the adenovirus El B 19 kDa protein and the cellular Bcl-2 protein not only abrogate pS3 transcriptional repression activity, but also cause pS3 to activate promoters that it normally represses. Transcriptional activation by pS3, on the other hand, still occurs in the presence of either protein.
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.91 , pp. 8940-8944
    • Shen1    Shenk2
  • 47
  • 48
    • 0021706440 scopus 로고
    • Nuclear envelope localization of an adenovirus tumor antigen maintains the integrity of cellular DNA
    • (1984) Mol Cell Biol , vol.4 , pp. 2865-2875
    • White1    Blose2    Stillman3
  • 49
    • 0024811105 scopus 로고
    • Specific disruption of intermediate filaments and the nuclear lamina by the 19-kDa product of the adenovirus E1B oncogene
    • edn 2
    • (1989) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.86 , pp. 9886-9890
    • White1    Cipriani2
  • 50
    • 0028222955 scopus 로고
    • Bcl-2 blocks p53-dependent apoptosis
    • of special interest, The authors show that induction of apoptosis by co-expression of EIA and wild-type pS3 is effectively blocked by expression of the bcl-2 gene. Bcl-2 diverts the activity of pS3 from induction of apoptosis to induction of growth arrest.
    • (1994) Mol Cell Biol , vol.14 , pp. 2556-2563
    • Chiou1    Rao2    White3
  • 51
    • 0028274733 scopus 로고
    • Multiple subcellular localization of bcl-2: detection in nuclear outer membrane, endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and mitochondrial membranes
    • (1994) Cancer Res , vol.54 , pp. 2468-2471
    • Akao1    Otsuki2    Kataoka3    Ito4    Tsujimoto5
  • 52
    • 0028238213 scopus 로고
    • Immediate early up-regulation of bax expression by p53 but not TGFβ1: a paradigm for distinct apoptotic pathways
    • of outstanding interest, Both p53 and TGFβ1 can induce apoptosis in M1 myeloid leukemia cells, with p53-induced apoptosis showing a more rapid kinetics than TGFβ1-induced apoptosis. Both p53 and TGFβ1 down-regulate endogenous bcl-2 expression, but only p53 activates bax expression. This difference may be, at least partially, responsible for the more rapid rate of apoptosis induced by p53 compared to by TGFβ1.
    • (1994) Oncogene , vol.9 , pp. 1791-1798
    • Selvakumaran1    Lin2    Miyashita3    Wang4    Krajewski5    Reed6    Hoffman7    Liebermann8
  • 53
    • 0028335717 scopus 로고
    • Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo
    • of outstanding interest, These authors show that p53 knockout mice exhibit increases in Bcl-2 level and decreases in Bax level in a number of tissues and cell types. This provides in vivo evidence that p53 down-regulates bcl-2 expression and up-regulates bax expression.
    • (1994) Oncogene , vol.9 , pp. 1799-1805
    • Miyashita1    Krajewski2    Krajewska3    Wang4    Lin5    Liebermann6    Hoffman7    Reed8
  • 54
    • 0028070989 scopus 로고
    • p53-dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcriptional activation of p53-target genes
    • of outstanding interest, Apoptosis induced by ultraviolet radiation is dependent on wild-type p53. It is shown in this paper that p53 can mediate radiation-induced apoptosis even in the presence of RNA synthesis or protein synthesis inhibitors, suggesting that the transcriptional activation by p53 is not required for its activity in mediating ultraviolet radiation induced apoptosis.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.370 , pp. 220-223
    • Caelles1    Helmberg2    Karin3
  • 55
    • 0023697978 scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor can induce both apoptotic and necrotic forms of cell lysis
    • (1988) J Immunol , vol.141 , pp. 2629-2634
    • Laster1    Wood2    Gooding3
  • 57
    • 0026726631 scopus 로고
    • Virus proteins that counteract host immune defenses
    • (1992) Cell , vol.71 , pp. 5-7
    • Gooding1
  • 61
    • 0025950667 scopus 로고
    • Programmed cell death in the immune system
    • (1991) Adv Immunol , vol.50 , pp. 55-85
    • Cohen1
  • 64
    • 0027260656 scopus 로고
    • Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BHRFI protein, a viral homologue of Bcl-2, protects human B cells from programmed cell death
    • of outstanding interest, These authors present evidence that an EBV early lytic cycle protein, BHRFI, which has limited amino acid sequence similarity to Bcl-2 protein, acts like Bcl-2 in that it can enhance cell survival under conditions that induce apoptosis (serum depletion or ionophore treatment). BHRFI also resembles Bcl-2 in its subcellular localization.
    • (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.90 , pp. 8479-8483
    • Henderson1    Huen2    Rowe3    Dawson4    Johnson5    Rickinson6
  • 65
    • 0022971142 scopus 로고
    • Cloning and structural analysis of cDNA for bcl-2 and a hybrid bcl-2/immunoglobulin transcript resulting from the t(14;18) translocation
    • of outstanding interest
    • (1986) Cell , vol.47 , pp. 19-28
    • Cleary1    Smith2    Sklar3
  • 66
    • 0028304644 scopus 로고
    • Epstein-Ban virus BHRFI protein protects against cell death induced by DNAdamaging agents and heterologous viral infection
    • of outstanding interest, This paper shows that the BHRFI protein of EBV can protect against apoptotic cell death induced by DNA-damaging agents or by an E1B 19 kDa defective mutant of adenovirus. This suggests that BHRFI is functionally similar to the adenovirus El B 19 kDa protein.
    • (1994) Virology , vol.201 , pp. 404-407
    • Tarodi1    Subramanian2    Chinnadurai3
  • 67
    • 0026344133 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of apoptosis by a baculovirus gene during infection of insect cells
    • (1991) Science , vol.254 , pp. 1388-1390
    • Clem1    Fechheimer2    Miller3
  • 68
    • 0026800707 scopus 로고
    • Site-specific mutagenesis of the 35-kilodalton protein gene encoded by Autographa califomica nuclear polyhedrosis virus: cell line-specific effects on virus replication
    • (1992) J Virol , vol.66 , pp. 5525-5533
    • Hershberger1    Dickson2    Friesen3
  • 69
    • 0027215907 scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis reduces both the in vitro replication and the in vivo infectivity of a baculovirus
    • of special interest, This paper describes the effects of mutations in the p35 gene on baculovirus infection of either insect larvae or cultured cell lines.
    • (1993) J Virol , vol.67 , pp. 3730-3738
    • Clem1    Miller2
  • 70
    • 0025820485 scopus 로고
    • Identification of upstream promoter elements mediating early transcription from the 35,000molecular-weight protein gene of Autographa califomica nuclear polyhedrosis virus
    • (1991) J Virol , vol.65 , pp. 4006-4016
    • Dickson1    Friesen2
  • 71
    • 0028175963 scopus 로고
    • The apoptotic suppressor p35 is required early during baculovirus replication and is targeted to the cytosol of infected cells
    • of special interest, This paper characterizes the timing of p35 expression and subcellular localization of p35 during baculovirus infection. Early expression of the p35 gene during viral infection is required for it to prevent apoptosis. The protein is localized predominantly to the cytosol.
    • (1994) J Virol , vol.68 , pp. 3467-3477
    • Hershberger1    LaCount2    Friesen3
  • 72
    • 0028271740 scopus 로고
    • Baculovirus p35 prevents developmentally programmed cell death and rescues a ced-9 mutant in the nematode Caenorbabdids elegans
    • of outstanding interest, Expression of the AcMNPV p35 gene inhibits programmed cell death during normal G elegans development, and it can also rescue a ced-9 loss-of-function mutant.
    • (1994) EMBO J , vol.13 , pp. 2023-2028
    • Sugimoto1    Friesen2    Rothman3
  • 74
    • 0027537461 scopus 로고
    • An apoptosis-inhibiting baculovirus gene with a zinc finger-like motif
    • ••] annotation
    • (1993) J Virol , vol.67 , pp. 2168-2174
    • Crook1    Clem2    Miller3
  • 75
    • 0028274132 scopus 로고
    • An apoptosis-inhibiting gene from a nuclear polyhedrosis virus encoding a polypeptide with Cys/His sequence motifs
    • This paper and [74••] describe the cloning and initial characterization of the iap gene from two baculoviruses. Either iap gene product can substitute functionally for p35 to prevent apoptosis. The two iap gene products share similar amino acid sequence, but neither has sequence homology to p35.
    • (1994) J Virol , vol.68 , pp. 2521-2528
    • Birnbaum1    Clem2    Miller3
  • 76
    • 0024706911 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the genetic organization of the Hind-111 M region of the multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Orgyia-pseudotsugata reveals major differences among baculoviruses
    • (1989) J Gen Virol , vol.70 , pp. 1815-1828
    • Gombart1    Blissard2    Rohrmann3
  • 77
    • 0026539149 scopus 로고
    • 134.5 gene of herpes simplex virus 1 precludes neuroblastoma cells from triggering total shutoff of protein synthesis characteristic of programmed cell death in neuronal cells
    • (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.89 , pp. 3266-3270
    • Chou1    Roizman2
  • 78
    • 0027264124 scopus 로고
    • An African swine fever virus gene with similarity to the proto-Oncogene bcl-2 and the Epstein-Ban virus gene BHRFI
    • (1993) J Virol , vol.67 , pp. 4391-4394
    • Neilan1    Lu2    Afonso3    Kutish4    Sussman5    Rock6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.