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of special interest, A review of animal and human studies that questions the specificity of the cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction and Alzheimer's dementia.
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Trends Neurosci
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Neurochemical correlates of dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease: relative importance of the cholinergic deficits
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of outstanding interest, The most comprehensive study to date relating the cortical levels of cholinergic markers, neuropeptides, and amines to the severity of demential in Alzheimer's disease; the authors concluded that of all the markers quantified, the cholinergic markers were unique in their association with the severity of dementia.
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7
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Scopolamine reversal of nicotine enhanced delayed matching-to-sample performance in monkeys
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of special interest, The improvement in memory following nicotine administration is hypothesized to be due to release of acetylcholine that then acts to stimulate muscarinic receptors, as this effect is blocked by scopolamine.
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Pharmacol Biochem Behav
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Terry1
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8
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Differential effects of scopolamine and mecamylamine on working and reference memory in the rat
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of special interest, In rats, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor blockade disrupts working memory more than reference memory. By contrast, blocking the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor enhances working memory and disrupts reference memory.
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Pharmacol Biochem Behav
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Moran1
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9
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d-cycloserine attenuates scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits in rats
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of special interest, d-cycloserine, a partial agonist at the glycine site on the NMDA receptor, significantly attenuated scopolamine-induced deficits on T-maze alternation and Morris water maze swim performances.
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Behav Neural Biol
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Fishkin1
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10
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13
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Comparison of the effects of scopolamine administered before and after acquisition in a test of visual recognition memory in monkeys
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Behav Neural Biol
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Aigner1
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14
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Comparison of the effects of selective and nonselective muscarinic agonists on cognition and thermoregulation in primates
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Rupniak1
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15
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Spatial working memory over long retention intervals: dependence on sustained cholinergic activation in the septohippocampal or nucleus basalis magnocellularis-cortical pathways?
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of outstanding interest, Cholinergic activity, as measured by high-affinity choline uptake in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, increased in mice performing a working memory task. This increase in cholinergic activation lasted only 15 minutes in the hippocampus, but as long as 60 minutes in the cortex. The author proposes that the nucleus basalis—cortical pathway functions as an intermediate-term storage buffer, freeing the septohippocampal pathway for shorter, temporary memory storage.
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Neuroscience
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Durkin1
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17
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Topographic analysis of the innervation of the rat neocortex and hippocampus by the basal forebrain cholinergic system
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McKinney1
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18
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Individual cells in the nucleus basalis-diagonal band complex have restricted axonal projections to the cerebral cortex in the rat
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Brain Res
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Price1
Stern2
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19
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Neural inputs into the nucleus basalis of the substantia innominata (Ch4) in the rhesus monkey
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Brain
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Mesulam1
Mufson2
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21
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Cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons of cat basal forebrain project to reticular and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei
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Steriade1
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Smith4
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22
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0028316603
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AMPA-induced excitotoxic lesions of the basal forebrain: a significant role for the cortical cholinergic system in attentional function
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of special interest, Lesions of the rat basal forebrain that failed to produce memory impairments were found to impair measures of attention on a five-choice serial reaction time task. The authors conclude that attentional dysfunctions are the most consistent deficit observed following lesions of the magnocellular neurons of the nucleus basalis.
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Muir1
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A primate model of Alzheimer's disease
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of special interest, A review of experimental evidence in monkeys with excitotoxic lesions of the basal forebrain that concludes, based largely on evidence from Voytko et al. [25], that these animals are useful models of attentional deficits observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Behav Brain Res
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Wenk1
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Memory improvements and pharmacological treatment: a method to distinguish direct effects on memory from secondary effects due to attention improvement
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Int Psychogeriatr
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Fioravanti1
Di Cesare2
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25
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0028069391
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Basal forebrain lesions in monkeys disrupt attention but not learning and memory
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of special interest, The authors found that monkeys with lesions confined largely to the nucleus basalis of Meynert are more impaired on an attentional task than on traditional tests of memory.
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J Neurosci
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Voytko1
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Richardson3
Gorman4
Tobin5
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26
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0027231472
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Acetylcholine and memory
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of outstanding interest, A review of the authors' experimental work, modeling the dynamics of acetylcholine on acquisition and recall of an associative memory in olfactory cortex.
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Trends Neurosci
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Hasselmo1
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32
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The NMDA receptor antagonist d-2-amino-5-phosphopentanoate (d-AP5) impairs spatial learning and LTP in vivo at intracerebral concentrations comparable to those that block LTP in vitro
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Davis1
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Immediate and long-lasting effects of MK-801 on motor activity, spatial navigation in a swimming pool and EEG in the rat
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35
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Competitive and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists in spatial learning tasks
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Eur J Pharmacol
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37
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Impairment of spontaneous alternation performance by an NMDA antagonist: attenuation with non-NMDA treatments
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Effects of the novel NMDA antagonist, NPC 12626, on long-term potentiation, learning and memory
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Walker1
Gold2
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39
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Intrahippocampal administration of a glycine site antagonist impairs working memory performance of rats
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of special interest, Antagonism of the glycine site on the NMDA receptor by 7-chlorokynurenic acid impairs working memory in a three-panel runway task; this effect was reversed by the glycine site agonist d-cycloserine. This action by 7-chlorokynurenic acid did not extend to a reference memory task. The authors suggest that activation of the hippocampal glycine/NMDA receptor site in the hippocampus is necessary for working memory in rats.
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European Journal of Pharmacology
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Ohno1
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40
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Effects of intrahippocampal injections of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists and scopolamine on working and reference memory assessed in rats by a three-panel runway task
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J Pharmacol Exp Ther
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Ohno1
Yamamoto2
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41
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MK-801 impairs recognition memory in rhesus monkeys: comparison with cholinergic drugs
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of outstanding interest, NMDA receptor blockade with MK-801 impairs delayed nonmatching-to-sample performance by increasing response bias; muscarinic receptor blockade with scopolamine produces a similar impairment in performance, accompanied by an increase in response latency but without affecting bias.
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J Pharmacol Exp Ther
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Ogura1
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Synaptic plasticity and learning: selective impairment of learning in rats and blockade of long-term potentiation in vivo by the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, AP5
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Morris1
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44
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The entorhinal cortex and a delayed non-matching-to-place task in mice: emphasis on preoperative training and presentation procedure
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of special interest, The authors found a severe deficit in a spatial recognition memory task in rats trained after receiving ibotinate-induced lesions of the entorhinal cortex, but only a transient impairment in animals trained preoperatively. The authors conclude that the entorhinal cortex plays an important role in acquisition, but not retention, of spatial recognition memory.
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Cho1
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45
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Effects of intrahippocampal injections of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists and scopolamine on working and reference memory assessed in rats by a three-panel runway task
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Ohno1
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48
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A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
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of outstanding interest, A thorough review of the evidence for LTP as the synaptic mechanism for learning and memory, with emphasis on the NMDA-type glutamate receptor.
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Bliss1
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Long-term potentiation in the frontal cortex: role of NMDA-modulated polysynaptic excitatory pathways
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54
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Cholinergic suppression specific to intrinsic not afferent fiber synapses in rat piriform (olfactory) cortex
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Selective suppression of afferent but not intrinsic fiber synaptic transmission by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (AP4) in piriform cortex
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Hasselmo1
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57
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Laminar selectivity of the cholinergic suppression of synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal region CA1: computational modeling and brain slice physiology
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of outstanding interest, An extension of previous work in the cortex [54–56] to the hippocampus, where the regulation of cholinergic activity sets the appropriate dynamics for learning and recall.
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