The regulation of immunity to Leishmania major

Annual Review of Immunology

Volumn 13, Issue , 1995, Pages 151-177

  Reiner, Steven L ^a,b   Locksley, Richard M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

CD4+ subsets; cell mediated immunity; interferon ; interleukin 4; leishmaniasis

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 4; LEISHMANIASIS VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VACCINE;

ANIMAL MODEL; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; HOST RESISTANCE; LEISHMANIA MAJOR; LEISHMANIASIS; MACROPHAGE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0028933795     PISSN: 07320582     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.iy.13.040195.001055     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Bogdan C, Gessner A, Rollinghoff M. 1993. Cytokines in leishmaniasis: a complex network of stimulatory and inhibitory interactions. Immunobiology 189:356-96
2. Liew FY, O'Donnell CA. 1993. Immunology of leishmaniasis. Adv. Parasitol. 32:161-259
3. + subset differentiation. Infect. Agent Dis. 1:33-42
4. Müller I, Pedrazzini T, Farrell JP, Louis J. 1989. T-cell responses and immunity to experimental infection with Leishmania major. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7:561-78
5. Turco SJ, Descoteaux A. 1992. The lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania parasites. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 46:65-94
6. Pimenta PFP, Turco SJ, McConville MJ, Lawyer PG, Perkins PV, Sacks DL. 1992. Stage-specific adhesion of Leishmania promastigotes to the sand fly midgut. Science 256:1812-15
7. Schlein Y, Jacobson RL, Messer G. 1992. Leishmania infections damage the feeding mechanism of the sand fly vector and implement parasite transmission by bite. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89:9944-48
8. Puentes SM, Sacks DL, Da Silva RP, Joiner KA. 1988. Complement binding by two developmental stages of Leishmania major promastigotes varying in expression of a surface lipophosphoglycan. J. Exp. Med. 167:887-902
9. Peuntes SM, Da Silva RP, Sacks DL, Hammer CH, Joiner KA. 1990. Serum resistance of metacyclic Leishmania major promastigotes is due to release of C5b-9. J. Immunol. 145:4311-16
10. Hermoso T, Fishelson Z, Becker SI, Hirschberg K, Jaffe CL. 1991. Leishmanial protein kinases phosphorylate components of the complement system. EMBO J. 10:4061-67
11. Da Silva R, Sacks DL. 1987. Metacyclogenesis is a major determinant of Leishmania promastigote virulence and attenuation. Infect. Immun. 55:2802-6
12. Elhay M, Kelleher M, Bacic A, McConville MJ, Toison DL, Pearson TW, Handman E. 1990. Lipophosphoglycan expression and virulence in ricin-resistant variants of Leishmania major. Mol Biochem. Parasitol. 40:255-67
13. Handman E, Schnur LF, Spithill TW, Mitchell GF. 1986. Passive transfer of Leishmania lipopolysaccharide confers parasite survival in macrophages. J. Immunol. 137:3608-13
14. Kelleher M, Bacic A, Handman E. 1992. Identification of a macrophage-binding determinant on lipophosphoglycan from Leishmania major promastigotes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6-10
15. Da Silva RP, Hall BF, Joiner KA, Sacks DL. 1989. CR1, the C3b receptor, mediates binding of infective Leishmania major metacyclic promastigotes to human macrophages. J. Immunol. 143:617-22
16. Mosser DM, Edelson PJ. 1987. The third component of complement (C3) is responsible for the intracellular survival of Leishmania major. Nature 327:329-31
17. Martin BK, Weis JH. 1993. Murine macrophages lack expression of the Cr2-145 (CR2) and Cr2-190 (CR1) gene products. Eur. J. Immunol. 23:3037-42
18. Titus RG, Ribeiro JMC. 1988. Salivary gland lysates from the sand fly Lutzmyia longipalpis enhances Leishmania infectivity. Science 239:1306-8
19. Lerner EA, Ribeiro JM, Nelson RJ, Lerner MR. 1991. Isolation of maxadilan, a potent vasodilatory peptide from the salivary glands of the sand fly Lutzmyia longipalpis. J. Biol. Chem. 266:11234-36
20. Theodos CM, Ribeiro JM, Titus RG. 1991. Analysis of enhancing effect of sand fly saliva on Leishmania infection in mice. Infect. Immun. 59:1592-98
21. Guy RA, Belosevic M. 1993. Comparison of receptors required for entry of Leishmania major amastigotes into macrophages. Infect. Immun. 61:1553-58
22. Love DC, Esko JD, Mosser DM. 1993. A heparin-binding activity on Leishmania amastigotes which mediates adhesion to cellular proteoglycans. J. Cell Biol. 123:759-66
23. + T cells during initiation of infection. J. Exp. Med. 179:447-56
24. Gazzinelli RT, Hieny S, Wynn TA, Wolf S.Sher A. 1993. Interleukin 12 is required for the T-lymphocyte-independent induction of interferon-γ by an intracellular parasite and induces resistance in T-cell-deficient hosts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6115-19
25. Tripp CS, Wolf SF, Unanue ER. 1993. Interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factorα are costimulators of interferon-γ production by natural killer cells in severe combined immunodeficiency mice with listeriosis, and interleukin 10 is a physiologic antagonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3725-29
26. Zhang M, Gately MK, Wang E, Gong J, Wolf SF, Lu S, Modlin RL, Barnes PF. 1994. Interleukin-12 at the site of disease in tuberculosis. J. Clin. Invest. 93:1733-39
27. Cillari E, Dieli M, Maltese E, Milano S, Salerno A, Liew FY. 1989. Enhancement of macrophage IL-1 production by Leishmania major infection in vitro and its inhibition by IFN-γ. J. Immunol. 143:2001-5
28. Wagner HM, Beuscher HU, Rollinghoff M, Solbach W. 1991. Interferon-γ inhibits the efficacy of interleukin 1 to generate a Th2-cell biased immune response induced by Leishmania major. Immunobiology 182:292-306
29. Barral-Netto M, Barrai A, Brownell CE, Skeiky YAW, Ellingsworth LR, Twardzik DR, Reed SG. 1992. Transforming growth factor-β in leishmanial infection: a parasite escape mechanism. Science 257:545-48
30. 29a. Stenger S, Thüring H, Röllinghoff M, Bogdan C. 1994. Tissue expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase is closely associated with resistance to Leishmania major. J. Exp. Med. 180:783-93
31. Varkila K, Chatelain R, Leal LMC, Coffman RL. 1993. Reconstitution of C.B-17 scid mice with BALB/c T cells initiates a T helper type-1 response and renders them capable of healing Leishmania major infection. Eur. J. Immunol. 23:262-68
32. Green SJ, Crawford RM, Hockmeyer JT, Meltzer MS, Nacy CA. 1990. Leishmania major amastigotes initiate the L-arginine dependent killing mechanism in IFN-γstimulated macrophages by induction of TNF-α. J. Immunol. 145:4290-97
33. Murray HW. 1982. Cell-mediated immune response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. II. Oxygen-dependent killing of intracellular Leishmania donovani amastigotes. J. Immunol. 129:351-57
34. Tolson DL, Turco SJ, Pearson TW. 1990. Expression of a repeating phosphorylated disaccharide lipophosphoglycan epitope on the surface of macrophages infected with Leishmania donovani. Infect. Immun. 58:3500-7
35. Antoine J-C, Prina E, Jouanne C, Bongrand P. 1990. Parasitophorous vacuoles of Leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages maintain an acidic pH. Infect. Immun. 58:779-87
36. Prina E, Antoine J-C, Wiederanders B, Kirschke H. 1990. Localization and activity of various lysosomal proteases in Leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages. Infect. Immun. 58:1730-37
37. Russell DG, Xu S, Chakraborty P. 1992. Intracellular trafficking and the parasitophorous vacuole of Leishmania mexicana-infected macrophages. J. Cell Sci. 103:1193-210
38. Antoine J-C, Jouanne C, Lang T, Prina E, de Chastellier C, Frehel C. 1991. Localization of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in phagolysosomes of murine macrophages infected with Leishmania amazonensis. Infect. Immun. 59:764-69
39. Locksley RM, Reiner SL, Hatam F, Littman DR, Killeen N. 1993. Helper T-cells without CD4: control of leishmaniasis in CD4-deficient mice. Science 261:1448-51
40. Amigorena S, Drake JR, Webster P, Mellman I. 1994. Transient accumulation of new class II MHC molecules in a novel endocytic compartment in B lymphocytes. Nature 369:113-20
41. Tulp A, Verwoerd D, Dobberstein B, Ploegh HL, Pieters J. 1994. Isolation and characterization of the intracellular MHC class II compartment. Nature 369:120-26
42. Prina E, Jouanne C, de Souze Lao S, Szabo A, Guillet J-G, Antoine J-C. 1993. Antigen presentation capacity of murine macrophages infected with Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes. J. Immunol. 151:2050-61
43. Fruth U, Solioz N, Louis JA. 1993. Leishmania major interferes with antigen presentation by infected macrophages. J. Immunol. 150:1857-64
44. Lopez JA, LeBowitz JH, Beverley SM, Rammensee H-G, Overath P. 1993. Leishmania mexicana promastigotes induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo that do not recognize infected macrophages. Eur. J. Immunol. 23:217-23
45. Wang Z-E, Reiner SL, Hatam F, Heinzel FP, Bouvier J, Turck CW, Locksley RM. 1993. Targeted activation of CD8 cells and infection of β2-microglobulin-deficient mice fail to confirm a primary protective role for CD8 cells in experimental leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 151:2077-86
46. Mitchell GF. 1983. Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: resistance in reconstituted nude mice and several F1 hybrids infected with Leishmania tropica major. J. Immunngenet. 10:395-412
47. Holaday BJ, Sadick MD, Wang Z-E, Reiner SL, Heinzel FP, Parslow TO, Locksley RM. 1991. Reconstitution of Leishmania immunity in severe combined immunodeficient mice using Th1- and Th2-like cell lines. J. Immunol. 147:1653-58
48. + effector cells default to the Th2 pathway in Interferon γ-deficient mice infected with Leishmania major. J. Exp. Med. 179:1367-71
49. + T cell response. J. Exp. Med. In press
50. Green SJ, Nacy CA, Meltzer MS. 1991. Cytokine-induced synthesis of nitrogen oxides in macrophages: a protective host response to Leishmania and other intracellular pathogens. J. Leukocyte Biol. 50:93-103
51. Green SJ, Meltzer MS, Hibbs JB, Nacy CA. 1990. Activated macrophages destroy intracellular Leishmania major amastigotes by an L-arginine-dependent killing mechanism. J. Immunol. 144:278-86
52. Assreuy J, Cunha FQ, Epperlein M, Noronha-Dutra A, O'Donnell CA, Liew FY, Moncada S. 1994. Production of nitric oxide and Superoxide by activated macrophages and killing of Leishmania major. Eur. J. Immunol. 24:672-76
53. Liew FY, Millott S, Parkinson C, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. 1990. Macrophage killing of Leishmania parasite in vivo is mediated by nitric oxide from L-arginine. J. Immunol. 144:4794-97
54. Evans TG, Thai L, Granger DL, Hibbs JB. 1993. Effect of in vivo inhibition of nitric oxide production in murine leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 151:907-15
55. Dalton DK, Pitts-Meek S, Keshav S, Figari IS, Bradley A, Stewart T. 1993. Multiple defects of immune cell function in mice with disrupted interferon-γ genes. Science 259:1739-42
56. Kamijo R, Shapiro D, Le JM, Huang S, Aguet M, Vilcek J. 1993. Generation of nitric oxide and induction of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen in macrophages from mice lacking the interferon-γ receptor. Proc. Nacl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6626-30
57. Kamijo R, Harada H, Matsuyama T, Bosland M, Gerecitano J, Shapiro D, Le J, Koh SI, Kimura T, Green SJ, Mak TW, Taniguchi T, Vilcek J. 1994. Requirement for transcription factor IRF-1 in NO synthase induction in macrophages. Science 263:1612-15
58. Ding AH, Nathan CF, Stuehr DJ. 1988. Release of reactive nitrogen intermediates and reactive oxygen intermediates from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Comparison of activating cytokines and evidence for independent production. J. Immunol. 141:2407-12
59. Moll H, Binoder K, Bogdan C, Solbach W. Rollinghoff M. 1990. Production of tumor necrosis factor during murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol. 12:483-94
60. De Kossodo S, Grau GE, Louis JA, Müller I. 1994. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and TNF-β and their receptors in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infect. Immun. 62:1414-20
61. Deng W, Thiel B, Tannenbaum CS, Hamilton TA, Stuehr DJ. 1993. Syner-gistic cooperation between T cell lymphokines for induction of the nitric oxide synthase gene in murine peritoneal macrophages. J. Immunol. 151:322-29
62. Titus RG, Sherry B, Cerami A. 1989. Tumor necrosis factor plays a protective role in experimental murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. J. Exp. Med. 170:2097-104
63. Liew FY, Parkinson C, Millott S, Severn A, Carrier M. 1990. Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) in leishmaniasis. I. TNFα mediates host protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Immunology 69:570-73
64. + T lymphocyte plasma membrane. J. Exp. Med. 174:755-59
65. Vieira LO, Pfeffer K, Mak TW, Scott P. 1994. Mice lacking the TNF receptor p55 control Leishmania major replication but fail to resolve lesions. FASEB J. A972 (Abstr.)
66. Belosevic M, Finbloom DS, Meltzer MS, Nacy CA. 1990. IL-2. A cofactor for induction of activated macrophage resistance to infection. J. Immunol. 145:831-39
67. Bogdan C, Stenger S, Rollinghoff M, Solbach W. 1991. Cytokine interactions in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Interleukin-4 synergizes with interferonγ to activate murine macrophages for killing of Leishmania major amastigotes. Eur. J. Immunol. 21:327-33
68. Gessner A, Vieth M, Will A, Schroppel K, Rollinghoff M.1993. Interleukin-7 enhances antimicrobial activity against Leishmania major in murine macrophages. Infect. Immun. 61:4008-12
69. Liew FY, Millott S, Li Y, Lelchuk R, Chan WL, Ziltener H. 1989. Macrophage activation by interferon-γ from hostprotective T cells is inhibited by interleukin (IL) 3 and IL 4 produced by disease-promoting T cells in leishmaniasis. Eur. J. Immunol. 19:1227-32
70. Stenger S, Solbach W, Rollinghoff M, Bogdan C. 1991. Cytokine interactions in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. II. Endogenous tumor necrosis factor-α production by macrophages is induced by the synergistic action of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL) 4 and accounts for the antiparasitic effect mediated by IFN-γ and IL-4. Eur. J. Immunol. 21:1669-75
71. Russell SM, Keegan AD, Harada N, Nakamura Y, Noguchi M, Leland P, Friedmann MC, Miyajima A, Puri RK, Paul WE, Leonard WJ. 1993. Interleukin-2 receptor γ chain: a functional component of the interleukin-4 receptor. Science 262:1880-83
72. Noguchi M, Nakamura Y, Russell SM, Ziegler SF, Tsang M, Cao X, Leonard WJ. 1993. Interleukin-2 receptor γ chain: a functional component of the interleukin-7 receptor. Science 262:1877-80
73. Kondo M, Takeshita T, Higuchi M, Nakamura M, Sudo T, Nishikawa S-I, Sugamura K. 1994. Functional participation of the IL-2 receptor-γ chain in IL-7 receptor complexes. Science 263:1453-54
74. Zurawski SM, Vega F, Huyghe B, Zurawski G. 1993. Receptors for interleukin-13 and interleukin-4 are complex and share a novel component that functions in signal transduction. EMBO J. 12:2663-70
75. Giri JG, Ahdieh M, Eisenman J, Shanebeck K, Grabstein K, Kumaki S, Namen A, Park LS, Cosman D, Anderson DM. 1994. Utilization of the β and γ chains of the IL-2 receptor by the novel cytokine IL-15. EMBO J. 13:2822-30
76. Boulay J-L, Paul WE. 1993. Hematopoietin sub-family classification based on size, gene organization and sequence homology. Curr. Biol. 3:573-81
77. Leal LMCC, Moss DW, Kuhn R, Muller W, Liew FY. 1993. Interleukin-4 transgenic mice of resistant background are susceptible to Leishmania major infection. Eur. J. Immunol. 23:566-69
78. Heinzel FP, Sadick MD, Holaday BJ, Coffman RL, Locksley RM. 1989. Reciprocal expression of interferon γ or interleukin 4 during the resolution or progression of murine leishmaniasis. Evidence for expansion of distinct helper T cell subsets. J. Exp. Med. 169:59-72
79. Sadick MD, Heinzel FP, Holaday BJ, Pu RT, Dawkins RS, Locksley RM. 1990. Cure of murine leishmaniasis with anti-interleukin 4 monoclonal antibody. J. Exp. Med. 171:115-27
80. Stahl N, Yancopoulos GD. 1993. The alphas, betas and kinases of cytokine receptor complexes. Cell 74:587-90
81. Feng YF, Louis J, Kindler V, Pedrazzini T, Eliason JF, Benin R, Vassalli P. 1988. Aggravation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice by administration of interleukin 3. Eur. J. Immunol. 18: 1245-51
82. Greil J, Bodendorfer B, Rollinghoff M, Solbach W. 1988. Application of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor has a detrimental effect in experimental murine leishmaniasis. Eur. J. Immunol. 18:1527-33
83. Vodovotz Y, Bodgan C, Paik J, Xie Q-W, Nathan C. 1993. Mechanisms of suppression of macrophage nitric oxide release by transforming growth factor β. J. Exp. Med. 178:605-13
84. Aebischer T, Moody SF, Handman E. 1993. Persistence of virulent Leishmania major in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: a possible hazard for the host. Infect. Immun. 61:220-26
85. LeClerc C, Modabber F, Deriaud E, Che-did L. 1981. Systemic infection of Leishmania tropica (major) in various strains of mice. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75:851-54
86. Gray D, Matzinger P. 1991. T-cell memory is short-lived in the absence of antigen. J. Exp. Med. 174:969-74
87. Fernandez-Guerrero ML, Aguado JM, Buzon L, Barros C, Montalban C, Martin T, Bouza E. 1987. Visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised hosts. Am. J. Med. 83:1098-102
88. Berenguer J, Moreno S, Cercenado E, Bernaldo de Quiros JCL, Garcia de la fuente A, Bouza E. 1989. Visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann. Intern. Med. 111:129-32
89. Mosmann TR, Coffman RL. 1989. Th1 and Th2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7:145-73
90. Locksley RM, Heinzel FP, Sadick MD, Holaday BJ, Gardner KD. 1987. Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Susceptibility correlates with differential expansion of helper T cell subsets. Ann. Inst. Pasteur/Immunol. 138:744-49
91. Scott P, Natovitz P, Coffman RL, Pearce E, Sher A. 1988. Immunoregulation of cutaneous leishmaniasis. T cell lines that transfer protective immunity or exacerbation belong to different T helper subsets and respond to distinct parasite antigens. J. Exp. Med. 168:1675-84
92. Morris L, Troutt AB, McLeod KS, Kelso A, Handman E, Aebischer T. 1993. Interleukin 4 but not gamma interferon production correlates with the severity of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infect. Immun. 61:3459-65
93. Moll H, Scollay R, Mitchell GF. 1988. Resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis in nude mice injected with L3T4+ T cells but not with Ly-2+ T cells. Immunol. Cell Biol. 66:57-63
94. Scott P, Caspar P, Sher A. 1990. Protection against Leishmania major in B ALB/c mice by adoptive transfer of a T cell clone recognizing a low molecular weight antigen released by promastigotes. J. Immunol. 144:1075-79
95. Lopez JA, Reins H-A, Etges RJ, Button LL, McMaster WR, Overath P, Klein J. 1991. Genetic control of the immune response in mice to Leishmania mexi-cana surface protease. J. Immunol. 146: 1328-34
96. Jardim A, Alexander J, Teh HS, Ou D, Olafson RW. 1990. Immunoprotective Leishmania major synthetic T cell epitopes. J. Exp. Med. 172:645-48
97. Yang DM, Rogers MV, Liew FY. 1991. Identification and characterization of host-protective T-cell epitopes of a major surface glycoprotein (gp63) from Leishmania major. Immunology 72:3-9
98. Murray PJ, Handman E, Glaser TA, Spithill TW. 1990. Leishmaniamajor. expression and gene structure of the glycoprotein 63 molecule in virulent and avirulent clones and strains. Exp. Parasitol. 71:294-304
99. Liew FY, Millott SM, Schmidt JA. 1990. A repetitive peptide of Leishmania can activate T helper type 2 cells and enhance disease progression. J. Exp. Med. 172: 1359-65
100. Reiner SL, Wang Z-E, Hatam F, Scott P, Locksley RM. 1993. Th1 and Th2 cell antigen receptors in experimental leishmaniasis. Science 259:1457-60
101. Lohoff M, Steinert M, Weiss A, Rollinghoff M, Balderas RS, Theofilopoulos AN. 1994. Vβ gene repertoires in T cells expanded in local self-healing and lethal systemic murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Eur. J. Immunol. 24:492-95
102. Howard JG, Hale C, Chan-Liew WL. 1980. Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. 1. Immunogenetic aspects of susceptibility to Leishmania tropica in mice. Parasite Immunol. 2:303-14
103. + cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12: 635-73
104. + T cells producing IL-2 or IL-4. J. Immunol. 148:1031-36
105. Hsieh C-S, Heimberger AB, Gold JS, O'Garra A, Murphy KM. 1992. Differential regulation of T helper phenotype development by interleukins 4 and 10 in an αβ T-cell-receptor transgenic system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 6065-69
106. + T cells from T cell receptor transgenic mice. J. Exp. Med. 176:1091-98
107. + T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeriainduced macrophages. Science 260:547-49
108. + T cells from αβ TCR transgenic mice: IL-12 substitution for macrophages to stimulate IFN-γ production is IFN-γ-dependent. Int. Immunol. 5:1119-28
109. Tanaka T, Hu-Li J, Seder RA, de St. Groth BF, Paul WE. 1993. Interleukin 4 suppresses interleukin 2 and Interferon γ production by naive T cells stimulated by accessory cell-dependent receptor engagement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5914-18
110. + T cells to enhance priming for interferon γ production and diminishes interleukin 4 inhibition of such priming. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10188-92
111. Hsieh C-S, Macatonia SE, O'Garra A, Murphy KM. 1994. Genetic regulation of autocrine T cell cytokine production determines default Th phenotype development. J. Exp. Med. In press
112. Howard JG, Hale C, Liew FY. 1981. Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. IV. Prophylactic effect of sublethal irradiation as a result of abrogation of suppressor T cell generation in mice genetically susceptible to Leishmania tropica. J. Exp. Med. 153:557-68
113. Titus RG, Ceredig R, Cerottini J-C, Louis JA. 1985. Therapeutic effect of anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody GK1.5 on cutaneous leishmaniasis in genetically susceptible BALB/c mice. J. Immunol. 135:2108-14
114. + T cells. J. Immunol. 139: 1303-9
115. Heinzel FP, Rerko RM, Hatam F, Locksley RM. 1993. Interleukin 2 is necessary for progression of leishmaniasis in susceptible murine hosts. J. Immunol. 150: 3924-31
116. Heinzel FP, Schoenhaut DS, Rerko RM, Rosser LE, Gately MK. 1993. Recombinant interleukin 12 cures mice infected with Leishmania major. J. Exp. Med. 177:1505-9
117. Sypek JP, Chung CL, Mayor SEH, Subramanyam JM, Goldman SJ, Sieburth DS, Wolf SF, Schaub RG. 1993. Resolution of cutaneous leishmaniasis: interleukin 12 initiates a protective T helper type 1 im-mune response. J. Exp. Med. 177:1797-802
118. Corry DB, Reiner SL, Linsley PS, Locksley RM. 1994. Differential effects of blockade of CD28-B7 on the development of Th1 or Th2 effector cells in experimental leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 153:4142-48
119. + T cell subsets in vivo. Immunol. Rev. 123:189-205
120. Kamogawa Y, Minasi LE, Carding S, Bottomly K, Flavell RA. 1993. The relationship of IL-4- and IFN-γ-producing T cells studied by lineage ablation of IL-4-producing cells. Cell 75:985-95
121. Scott P. 1991. IFN-γ modulates the early development of Th1 and Th2 responses in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 147:3149-55
122. + cells correlate with resolution of lesions in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 149:2715-21
123. Kopf M, Le Gros G, Bachmann M, Lamers MC, Bluethmann H, Kohler G. 1993. Disruption of the murine IL-4 gene blocks Th2 cytokine responses. Nature 362:245-48
124. Tobin JF, Reiner SL, Hatam F, Zheng S, Leptak C, Wirth DF, Locksley RM. 1993. Transfected Leishmania expressing biologically active IFN-γ. J. Immunol. 150:5059-69
125. + αβTCR transgenic T cells is macrophage dependent. Int. Immunol. 5:371-82
126. Belosevic M, Finbloom DS, Van der Meide PH, Slayter MV, Nacy CA. 1989. Administration of monoclonal anti-IFNγ antibodies in vivo abrogates resistance of C3H/HeN mice to infection with Leishmania major. J. Immunol. 143:266-74
127. Leiby DA, Schreiber RD, Nacy CA. 1993. IFN-γ produced in vivo during the first two days is critical for resolution of murine Leishmania major infections. Microb. Pathog. 14:495-500
128. + T cell subsets and induces early resistance to Leishmania major in mice. J. Exp. Med. 178:567-77
129. Kirkpatrick CE, Farrell JP. 1982. Leishmaniasis in beige mice. Infect. Immun. 38:1208-16
130. + T cells. Int. Immunol. 3:587-97
131. + T cells. Infect. Immun. 61: 3730-38
132. Rosat J-P, MacDonald R, Louis JA. 1993. A role for γ/δ+ T cells during experimental infection of mice with Leishmania major. J. Immunol. 150:550-55
133. Wynn TA, Eltoum I, Oswald IP, Cheever AW, Sher A. 1994. Endogenous interleukin 12 (IL-12) regulates granuloma formation induced by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni and exogenous IL-12 both inhibits and prophylactically immunizes against egg pathology. J. Exp. Med. 179:1551-61
134. Wang Z-E, Zheng S, Corry DB, Dalton DK, Seder RA, Reiner SL, Locksley RM. 1994. Interferon-γ-independent effects of interleukin 12 administered during acute or established infection due to Leishmania major. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. In press
135. McKnight AJ, Zimmer GJ, Fogelman I, Wolf SF, Abbas AK. 1994. Effects of IL12 on helper T cell-dependent immune responses in vivo. J. Immunol. 152:2172-79
136. Finkelman FD, Madden KB, Cheever AW, Katona IM, Morris SC, Gately MK, Hubbard BR, Gause WC, Urban JF. 1994. Effects of interleukin 12 on immune responses and host protection in mice infected with intestinal nematode parasites. J. Exp. Med. 179:1563-72
137. Germann T, Gately MK, Schoenhaut DS, Lohoff M, Mattner F, Fischer S, Jin SC, Schmitt E, Rude E. 1993. Interleukin12/T cell stimulating factor, a cytokine with multiple effects of T helper type 1 (Th1) but not on Th2 cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 23:1762-70
138. Yanagida T, Kato T, Igarashi O, Inoue T, Nariuchi H. 1994. Second signal activity of IL-12 on the proliferation and IL-2R expression of T helper cell-1 clone. J. Immunol. 152:4919-28
139. Murphy EE, Terres G, Macatonia SE, Hsieh C-S, Mattson J, Lanier L, Wysocka M, Trinchieri G, Murphy KM, O'Garra A. 1994. B7 and interleukin 12 cooperate for proliferation and Interferon γ production by mouse T helper clones that are unresponsive to B7 costimulation. J. Exp. Med. 180:223-31
140. Titus RG, Milon G, Marchai G, Vassalli P, Cerottini J-C, Louis JA. 1987. Involvement of specific Lyt-2 T cells in the immunological control of experimentally induced murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Eur. J. Immunol 17:1429-33
141. Ben-Sasson SZ, Le Gros G, Conrad DH, Finkelman FD. Paul WE. 1990. Crosslinking Fc receptors stimulate splenic non-B, non-T cells to secrete interleukin 4 and other lymphokines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1421-25
142. Seder RA, Paul WE, Dvorak AM, Sharkis SJ, Kagey-Sobotka A, Niv Y, Finkelman FD, Barbieri SA, Galli SJ, Plaut M 1991. Mouse splenic and bone marrow cell populations that express high-affinity Fcε receptors and produce interleukin 4 are highly enriched in basophils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:2835-39
143. U mice. Infect. Immun. 61:2242-44
144. Wershil BK, Theodos CM, Galli SJ, Titus RG. 1994. Mast cells augment lesion size and persistence during experimental Leishmania major infection in the mouse. J. Immunol. 152:4563-71
145. Sadick MD, Street N, Mosmann TR, Locksley RM. 1991. Cytokine regulation in murine leishmaniasis: interleukin 4 is not sufficient to mediate progressive disease in resistant C57BL/6 mice. Infect. Immun. 59:4710-14
146. Chatelain R, Varkila K, Coffman RL. 1992. IL-4 induces a Th2 response in Leishmania major-infected mice. J. Immunol. 148:1182-87
147. Schmitz J, Thiel A, Kunh R, Rajewsky K, Muller W, Assenmacher M, Radbruch A. 1994. Induction of interleukin 4 (IL-4) expression in T helper (Th) cells is not dependent on IL-4 from non-Th cells. J. Exp. Med. 179:1349-53
148. Doherty TM, Coffman RL. 1993. Leishmania antigens presented by GM-CSF-derived macrophages protect susceptible mice against challenge with Leishmania major. J. Immunol. 150:5476-83
149. Yoshimoto T, Paul WE. 1994. CD4pos, NK1. Ipos T cells promptly produce interleukin 4 in response to in vivo challenge with anti-CD3. J. Exp. Med. 179:1285-95
150. Bradley LM, Duncan DD, Yoshimoto K, Swain SL. 1993. Memory effectors: a potent, IL-4-secreting helper T cell population that develops in vivo after restimulation with antigen. J. Immunol. 150:311-930
151. + T cells into IL-4-secreting cells. J. Immunol. 152:5180-88
152. + T cells acquire specific lymphokine secretion potentials during thymic maturation. Nature 353:68-70
153. + thymocytes selected by MHC class I molecules. Science 263:1774-78
154. - NK1.1+ thymocytes. J. Exp. Med. 180:395-99
155. +8single-positive thymocyte subpopulation that expresses a highly skewed T-cell antigen receptor V beta family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6506-10
156. - T cells in mice and humans. J. Exp. Med. 180:1097-1106
157. Svetic A, Madden KB, di Zhou X, Lu P, Katona IM, Finkelman FD, Urban JF, Gause WC. 1993. A primary intestinal helminthic infection rapidly induces a gutassociated elevation of Th2-associated cytokines and IL-3. J. Immunol. 150:3434-41
158. Wynn TA, Eltoum I, Cheever AW, Lewis FA, Gause WC, Sher A. 1993. Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression during primary granuloma formation inducted by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. J. Immunol. 151:1430-40
159. Mohler KM, Butler LD. 1990. Differential production of IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA in vivo after primary sensitization. J. Immunol. 145:1734-39
160. Howard JG, Hale C, Liew FY. 1982. Genetically determined response mechanisms to cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76:152-54
161. Fortier AH, Meltzer MS, Nacy CA. 1984. Susceptibility of inbred mice to Leishmania tropica infection: genetic control of the development of cutaneous lesions in P/J mice. J. Immunol. 133:454-59
162. Howard JG, Hale C, Liew FY. 1980. Genetically determined susceptibility to Leishmania tropica infection is expressed by hematopoietic donor cells in mouse radiation chimeras. Nature 288:161-62
163. Vidal SM, Malo D, Vogan K, Skamene E, Gros P. 1993. Natural resistance to infection with intracellular parasites: isolation of a candidate for Bcg. Cell 73:469-85
164. Barton CH, White JK, Roach TIA, Blackwell JM. 1994. NH2-terminal sequence of macrophage-expressed natural resistance-associated protein (nramp) encodes a proline/serine-rich putative src homology 3-binding domain. J. Exp. Med. 179:1683-87
165. Mock B, Blackwell J, Hilgers J, Potter M, Nacy C. 1993. Genetic control of Leishmania major infection in congenic, recombinant inbred and F2 populations of mice. Eur. J. Immunogenet. 20:335-48
166. Roberts M, Mock BA, Blackwell JM. 1993. Mapping of genes controlling Leishmania major infection in CXS recombinant inbred mice. Eur. J. Immunogenet. 20:349-62
167. Bretscher PA, Wei G, Menon JN, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. 1992. Establishment of stable, cell-mediated immunity that makes "susceptible" mice resistant to Leishmania major. Science 257:539-42
168. Else KJ, Finkelman FD, Maliszewski CR, Grencis RK. 1994. Cytokine-mediated regulation of chronic intestinal helminth infection. J. Exp. Med. 179:347-51
169. Yang L, Weis JH, Eichwald E, Kolbert CP, Persing DH, Weis JJ. 1994. Heritable susceptibility to severe Borrelia burgdorferi-induced arthritis is dominant and is associated with persistence of large numbers of spirochetes in tissues. Infect. Immun. 62:492-500
170. + T cells are important for the balance between protective and pathogenic cell-mediated immunity. J. Exp. Med. 179:589-600
171. Scott B, Liblau R, Degermann S, Marconi LA, Ogata L, Caton AJ, McDevitt HO, Lo D. 1994. A role for non-MHC genetic polymorphism in susceptibility to spontaneous autoimmunity. Immunity 1:73-82
172. Afonso LCC, Scharton TM, Vieira LQ, Wysocka M, Trinchieri G, Scott P. 1994. The adjuvant effect of interleukin-12 in a vaccine against Leishmania major. Science 263:235-37