Structural determinants of DNA-binding specificity by steroid receptors

Molecular Endocrinology

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 1995, Pages 389-400

  Zilliacus, Johanna ^a   Wright, Anthony P H ^a   Carlstedt Duke, Jan ^a   Gustafsson, Jan Åke ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; DNA; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR; RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR; STEROID; STEROID RECEPTOR; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BASE PAIRING; CONSENSUS SEQUENCE; DNA BINDING; DNA SEQUENCE; HORMONE RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHORT SURVEY;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL; BASE COMPOSITION; BASE SEQUENCE; CONSENSUS SEQUENCE; DNA; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; HUMAN; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; RATS; RECEPTORS, STEROID; REGULATORY SEQUENCES, NUCLEIC ACID; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

EID: 0028927662     PISSN: 08888809     EISSN: 19449917     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/mend.9.4.7659083     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Beato M 1989 Gene regulation by steroid hormones. Cell 56: 335-344
2. Evans RM 1988 The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 240: 889-895
3. Truss M, Beato M 1993 Steroid hormone receptors: Interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid and transcription factors. Endocr Rev 14: 459-479
4. Wrange Ô, Gustafsson J-Â 1978 Separation of the hormone-and DNA-binding sites of the hepatic glucocorticoid receptor by means of proteolysis. J Biol Chem 253: 856-865
5. Wrange O, Okret S, Radojcic M, Carlstedt-Duke J, Gustafsson J-Â 1984 Characterization of the purified activated glucocorticoid receptor from rat liver cytosol. J Biol Chem 259: 4534-4541
6. Hollenberg SM, Weinberger C, Ong ES, Cerelli G, Oro A, Lebo R, Thompson EB, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM 1985 Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature 318: 635-641
7. Weinberger C, Hollenberg SM, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM 1985 Domain structure of human glucocorticoid receptor and its relationship to the v-erb-A oncogene product. Nature 318: 670-672
8. Miller J, McLachlan AD, Klug A 1985 Repetitive zincbinding domains in the protein transcription factor IIIA from Xenopus oocytes. EMBO J 4: 1609-1614
9. Krust A, Green S, Argos P, Kumar V, Walter P, Bornert JM, Chambon P 1986 The chicken oestrogen receptor sequence: Homology with v-erbA and the human oestrogen and glucocorticoid receptors. EMBO J 5: 891-897
10. Danlelsen M, Northrop JP, Jonklaas J, Ringold GM 1987 Domains of the glucocorticoid receptor involved in specific and nonspecific deoxyribonucleic acid binding, hormone activation, and transcriptional enhancement. Mol Endocrinol 1: 816-822
11. Hollenberg SM, Glguere V, Segui P, Evans RM 1987 Colocalization of DNA-binding and transcriptional activation functions In the human glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 49: 39-46
12. Kumar V, Green S, Staub A, Chambon P 1986 Localisation of the oestradiol-binding and putative DNA-binding domains of the human oestrogen receptor. EMBO J 5: 2231-2236
13. Rusconi S, Yamamoto KR 1987 Functional dissection of the hormone and DNA binding activities of the glucocorticoid receptor. EMBO J 6: 1309-1315
14. Lundbàck T, Zilliacus J, Gustafsson J-Â, Carlstedt-Duke J, Hard T 1994 Thermodynamics of sequence-specific glucocorticoid receptor-DNA interactions. Biochemistry 33: 5955-5965
15. Mader S, Chambon P, White JH 1993 Defining a minimal estrogen receptor DNA binding domain. Nucleic Acids Res 21: 1125-1132
16. Lee MS, Kliewer SA, Provencal J, Wright PE, Evans RM 1993 Structure of the retinoid X receptor alpha DNA binding domain: A helix required for homodlmerlc DNA binding. Science 260: 1117-11121
17. Zechel C, Shen XO, Chambon P, Gronemeyer H 1994 Dimerization interfaces formed between the DNA binding domains determine the cooperative binding of RXR/RAR and RXR/TR heterodimers to DR5 and DR4 elements. EMBO J 13: 1414-1424
18. Freedman LP, Luisi BF, Korszun ZR, Basavappa R, Sigler PB, Yamamoto KR 1988 The function and structure of the metal coordination sites within the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain. Nature 334: 543-546
19. Zilliacus J, Dahlman-Wright K, Carlstedt-Duke J, Gustafsson J-Â 1992 Zinc coordination scheme for the C-terminal zinc binding site of nuclear hormone receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 42: 131-139
20. Carlstedt-Duke J, Strômstedt P-E, Dahlman K, Rae C, Berkenstam A, Hapwood J, Jôrnvall H, Gustafsson J-Â 1989 Structural analysis of the glucocorticoid receptor protein. In: Carlstedt-Duke J, Eriksson H, Gustafsson J-Â (eds) The Steroid/Thyroid Hormone Receptor Family and Gene Regulation. Birkhâuser Verlag, Basel, pp 93-108
21. Pan T, Freedman LP, Coleman JE 1990 Cadmlum-113 NMR studies of the DNA binding domain of the mammalian glucocorticoid receptor. Biochemistry 29: 9218-9225
22. Miyamoto T, Sakurai A, De Groot LJ 1991 Effects of zinc and other divalent metals on deoxyribonucleic acid binding and hormone-binding activity of human alpha 1 thyroid hormone receptor expressed in Escherichia coli. Endocrinology 129: 3027-3033
23. Predki PF, Sarkar B 1992 Effect of replacement of “zinc finger” zinc on estrogen receptor DNA interactions. J Biol Chem 267: 5842-5846
24. Hard T, Kellenbach E, Boelens R, Maler BA, Dahlman K, Freedman LP, Carlstedt-Duke J, Yamamoto KR, Gustafsson J-Â, Kaptein R 1990 Solution structure of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain. Science 249: 157-160
25. Baumann H, Paulsen K, Kovacs H, Berglund H, Wright APH, Gustafsson J-Â, Hard T 1993 Refined solution structure of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain. Biochemistry 32: 13463-13471
26. Luisi BF, Xu WX, Otwinowski Z, Freedman LP, Yamamoto KR, Sigler PB 1991 Crystallographic analysis of the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with DNA. Nature 352: 497-505
27. Schwabe JW, Neuhaus D, Rhodes D 1990 Solution structure of the DNA-binding domain of the oestrogen receptor. Nature 348: 458-461
28. Schwabe JW, Chapman L, Finch JT, Rhodes D 1993 The crystal structure of the estrogen receptor DNA-binding domain bound to DNA: How receptors discriminate between their response elements. Cell 75: 567-578
29. Schwabe JWR, Chapman L, Finch JT, Rhodes D, Neuhaus D 1993 DNA recognition by the oestrogen receptor receptor: From solution to the crystal. Structure 1: 187-204
30. Knegtel RM, Katahira M, Schilthuis JG, Bonvin AM, Boelens R, Eib D, van der Saag PT, Kaptein R 1993 The solution structure of the human retinoic acid receptor-beta DNA-binding domain. J Biomol NMR 3: 1-17
31. Berglund H, Kovacs H, Dahlman-Wright K, Gustafsson J-Â, Hard T 1992 Backbone dynamics of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain. Biochemistry 31: 12001-12011
32. Eriksson MA, Berglund H, Hard T, Nilsson L 1993 A comparison of 15N NMR relaxation measurements with a molecular dynamics simulation: Backbone dynamics of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain. Proteins 17: 375-390
33. Chalepakis G, Schauer M, Cao XA, Beato M 1990 Efficient binding of glucocorticoid receptor to its responsive element requires a dimer and DNA flanking sequences. DNA Cell Biol 9: 355-368
34. Kallio PJ, Palvimo JJ, Mehto M, Jänne OA 1994 Analysis of androgen receptor-DNA interactions with receptor proteins produced in insect cells. J Biol Chem 269: 11514-11522
35. Kumar V, Chambon P 1988 The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer. Cell 55: 145-156
36. Tsai SY, Carlstedt-Duke J, Weigel NL, Dahlman K, Gustafsson J-Ä, Tsai MJ, O’Malley BW 1988 Molecular interactions of steroid hormone receptor with its enhancer element: Evidence for receptor dimer formation. Cell 55: 361-399
37. Bugge TH, Pohl J, Lonnoy O, Stunnenberg HG 1992 RXR alpha, a promiscuous partner of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors. EMBO J 11: 1409-1418
38. Kliewer SA, Umesono K, Mangelsdorf DJ, Evans RM 1992 Retinoid X receptor interacts with nuclear receptors in retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 signalling. Nature 355: 446-449
39. Leid M, Kästner P, Lyons R, Nakshatri H, Saunders M, Zacharewski T, Chen JY, Staub A, Gamier JM, Mader S, Chambon P 1992 Purification, cloning, and RXR identity of the HeLa cell factor with which RAR or TR het-erodimerizes to bind target sequences efficiently. Cell 68: 377-395
40. Marks MS, Hallenbeck PL, Nagata T, Segars JH, Appella E, Nikodem VM, Ozato K 1992 H-2RIIBP (RXR beta) heterodimerization provides a mechanism for combinatorial diversity in the regulation of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone responsive genes. EMBO J 11: 1419-1435
41. Yu VC, Delsert C, Andersen B, Holloway JM, Devary OV, Näär AM, Kim SY, Boutin JM, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG 1991 RXR beta: A coregulator that enhances binding of retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D receptors to their cognate response elements. Cell 67: 1251-1266
42. Zhang XK, Hoffmann B, Tran PB, Graupner G, Pfahl M 1992 Retinoid X receptor is an auxiliary protein for thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors. Nature 355: 441-446
43. Payvar F, Wränge Ö, Carlstedt-Duke J, Gustafsson J-Ä, Yamamoto KR 1981 Purified glucocorticoid receptors bind selectively in vitro to a cloned DNA fragment whose transcription is regulated by glucocorticoids in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 78: 6623-6632
44. Karin M, Haslinger A, Holtgreve H, Richards RI, Krauter P, Westphal HM, Beato M 1984 Characterization of DNA sequences through which cadmium and glucocorticoid hormones induce human metallothionein-IIA gene. Nature 308: 513-519
45. Jantzen HM, Strähle U, Gloss B, Stewart F, Schmid W, Boshart M, Miksicek R, Schütz G 1987 Cooperativity of glucocorticoid response elements located far upstream of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene. Cell 49: 29-38
46. Scheidereit C, Westphal HM, Carlson C, Bosshard H, Beato M 1986 Molecular model of the interaction between the glucocorticoid receptor and the regulatory elements of inducible genes. DNA 5: 383-391
47. Walker P, Germond JE, Brown-Luedi M, Givel F, Wahli W 1984 Sequence homologies in the region preceding the transcription initiation site of the liver estrogen-responsive vitellogenin and apo-VLDLII genes. Nucleic Acids Res 12: 8611-8626
48. Klein-Hitpass L, Ryffel GU, Heitlinger E, Cato AC 1988 A 13 bp palindrome is a functional estrogen responsive element and interacts specifically with estrogen receptor. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 647-663
49. Martinez E, Givel F, Wahli W 1987 The estrogen-responsive element as an inducible enhancer: Dna sequence requirements and conversion to a glucocorticoid-responsive element. EMBO J 6: 3719-3727
50. Stràhle U, Klock G, Schütz G 1987 A DNA sequence of 15 base pairs is sufficient to mediate both glucocorticoid and progesterone induction of gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 7871-7875
51. Cato AC, Mikisicek R, Schütz G, Arnemann J, Beato M 1986 The hormone regulatory element of mouse mammary tumor virus mediates progesterone induction. EMBO J 5: 2237-2240
52. Darbre P, Page M, King RJ 1986 Androgen induction by the long terminal repeat of mouse mammary tumor virus. Mol Cell Biol 6: 2847-2854
53. Ham J, Thomson A, Needham M, Webb P, Parker M 1988 Characterization of response elements for androgens, glucocorticoids and progestins in mouse mammary tumour virus. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 5263-5276
54. Beato M, Chalepakis G, Schauer M, Slater EP 1989 DNA regulatory elements for steroid hormones. J Steroid Biochem 32: 737-747
55. Anolik JH, Klinge CM, Bambara RA, Hilf R 1993 Differential impact of flanking sequences on estradiol-vs. 4-hydroxytamoxifen-liganded estrogen receptor binding to estrogen responsive element DNA. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 46: 713-730
56. Klock G, Strâhle U, Schütz G 1987 Oestrogen and glucocorticoid responsive elements are closely related but distinct. Nature 329: 734-746
57. Nordeen SK, Suh BJ, Kuhnel B, Hutchison C 1990 Structural determinants of a glucocorticoid receptor recognition element. Mol Endocrinol 4: 1866-1873
58. Lieberman BA, Bona BJ, Edwards DP, Nordeen SK 1993 The constitution of a progesterone response element. Mol Endocrinol 7: 515-527
59. Roche PJ, Hoare SA, Parker MG 1992 A consensus DNA-binding site for the androgen receptor. Mol Endocrinol 6: 2229-2235
60. Glass CK, Holloway JM, Devary OV, Rosenfeld MG 1988 The thyroid hormone receptor binds with opposite transcriptional effects to a common sequence motif in thyroid hormone and estrogen response elements. Cell 54: 313-323
61. Umesono K, Giguere V, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM 1988 Retinoic acid and thyroid hormone induce gene expression through a common responsive element. Nature 336: 262-265
62. Nààr AM, Boutin JM, Lipkin SM, Yu VC, Holloway JM, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG 1991 The orientation and spacing of core DNA-binding motifs dictate selective transcriptional responses to three nuclear receptors. Cell 65: 1267-1279
63. Umesono K, Murakami KK, Thompson CC, Evans RM 1991 Direct repeats as selective response elements for the thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, and vitamin D3 receptors. Cell 65: 1255-1266
64. Giguere V 1994 Retinoic acid receptors and cellular retinoid binding proteins: Complex Interplay in retinoid signaling. Endocr Rev 15: 61-79
65. Kliewer SA, Umesono K, Heyman RA, Mangelsdorf DJ, Dyck JA, Evans RM 1992 Retinoid X receptor-COUP-TF interactions modulate retinoic acid signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 1448-1452
66. Kliewer SA, Umesono K, Noonan DJ, Heyman RA, Evans RM 1992 Convergence of 9-cis retinoic acid and peroxisome prollferator signalling pathways through heterodimer formation of their receptors. Nature 358: 771-774
67. Ladias JAA, Hadzopoulou-Cladaras M, Kardassls D, Cardot P, Cheng J, Zannis V, Cladaras C 1992 Transcriptional regulation of human apolipoprotein genes ApoB, ApoCIII, and ApoAII by members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily HNF-4, ARP-1, EAR-2, and EAR-3. J Biol Chem 267: 15849-15860
68. Kurokawa R, Yu VC, Naar A, Kyakumoto S, Han Z, Sllberman S, Rosenfeld MG, Glass CK 1993 Differential orientations of the DNA-binding domain and carboxyterminal dimerization interface regulate binding site selection by nuclear receptor heterodimers. Genes Dev 7: 1423-1435.
69. Mader S, Chen JY, Chen Z, White J, Chambon P, Gronemeyer H 1993 The patterns of binding of RAR, RXR and TR homo-and heterodimers to direct repeats are dictated by the binding specificities of the DNA binding domains. EMBO J 12: 5029-5041
70. Perlmann T, Rangarajan PN, Umesono K, Evans RM 1993 Determinants for selective RAR and TR recognition of direct repeat HREs. Genes Dev 7: 1411-1422
71. Predki PF, Zamble D, Sarkar B, Giguere V 1994 Ordered binding of retinoic acid and retinoid-X receptors to asymmetric response elements Involves determinants adjacent to the DNA-binding domain. Mol Endocrinol 8: 31-39
72. Yen PM, Ikeda M, Wilcox EC, Brubaker JH, Spanjaard RA, Suguwara A, Chin WW 1994 Half-site arrangement of hybrid glucocorticoid and thyroid hormone response elements specifies thyroid hormone receptor complex binding to DNA and transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem 269: 12704-12709
73. Zechel C, Shen XQ, Chen JY, Chen ZP, Chambon P, Gronemeyer H 1994 The dimerization interfaces formed between the DNA binding domains of RXR, RAR and TR determine the binding specificity and polarity of the full-length receptors to direct repeats. EMBO J 13: 1425-1433
74. Mader S, Leroy P, Chen JY, Chambon P 1993 Multiple parameters control the selectivity of nuclear receptors for their response elements. Selectivity and promiscuity in response element recognition by retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors. J Biol Chem 268: 591-600
75. Freedman LP, Acre V, Fernandez RP 1994 DNA sequences that act as high affinity targets for the vitamin D3 receptor In the absence of the retinoid X receptor. Mol Endocrinol 8: 265-273
76. Nishikawa J, Matsumoto M, Sakoda K, Kitaura M, Ima-gawa M, Nishihara T 1993 Vitamin D receptor zinc finger region binds to a direct repeat as a dimer and discriminates the spacing number between each half-site. J Biol Chem 268: 19739-19743
77. Giguere V, Tini M, Flock G, Evans RM, Otulakowski G 1994 Isoform-specific amino-terminal domains dictate DNA-binding properties of RORa, a novel family of orphan hormone nuclear receptors. Genes Dev 8: 538-553
78. Harding HP, Lazar MA 1993 The orphan receptor RevErbA alpha activates transcription via a novel response element. Mol Cell Biol 13: 3113-3121
79. Tsukiyama T, Nlwa O 1992 Isolation of high affinity cellular targets of the embryonal LTR binding protein, an undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cell-specific repressor of Moloney leukemia virus. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 1477-1482
80. Ueda H, Hirose S 1991 Defining the sequence recognized with BmFTZ-F1, a sequence specific DNA binding factor in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, as revealed by direct sequencing of bound oligonucleotides and gel mobility shift competition analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 3689-3693
81. Wilson TE, Fahrner TJ, Johnston M, Milbrandt J 1991 Identification of the DNA binding site for NGFI-B by genetic selection in yeast. Science 252: 1296-1300
82. Wilson TE, Paulsen RE, Padgett KA, Milbrandt J 1992 Participation of non-zinc finger residues in DNA binding by two nuclear orphan receptors. Science 256: 107-110
83. Katz RW, Koenig RJ 1993 Nonbiased identification of DNA sequences that bind thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 with high affinity. J Biol Chem 268: 19392-19397
84. Schrader M, Becker-Andre M, Carlberg C 1994 Thyroid hormone receptor functions as monomeric ligand-induced transcription factor on octameric half-sites. Consequences also for dimerization. J Biol Chem 269: 6444-6449
85. Ueda H, Sun GC, Murata T, Hirose S 1992 A novel DNA-binding motif abuts the zinc finger domain of insect nuclear hormone receptor FTZ-F1 and mouse embryonal long terminal repeat-binding protein. Mol Cell Biol 12: 5667-5672
86. Wilson TE, Fahrner TJ, Milbrandt J 1993 The orphan receptors NGFI-B and steroidogenic factor 1 establish monomer binding as a third paradigm of nuclear recep-tor-DNA interaction. Mol Cell Biol 13: 5794-5804
87. Cairns C, Gustafsson J-Â, Carlstedt-Duke J 1991 Identification of protein contact sites within the glucocorti-coid/progestin response element. Mol Endocrinol 5: 598-604
88. Eriksson P, Wrange Ô 1990 Protein-protein contacts in the glucocorticoid receptor homodimer influence its DNA binding properties. J Biol Chem 265: 3535-3542
89. Eul J, Meyer ME, Tora L, Bocquel MT, Quirln-Stricker C, Chambon P, Gronemeyer H 1989 Expression of active hormone and DNA-binding domains of the chicken progesterone receptor in E. coli. EMBO J 8: 83-90
90. Truss M, Chalepakis G, Slater EP, Mader S, Beato M 1991 Functional interaction of hybrid response elements with wild-type and mutant steroid hormone receptors. Mol Cell Biol 11: 3247-3258
91. Klein-Hitpass L, Tsai SY, Greene GL, Clark JH, Tsai MJ, O’Malley BW 1989 Specific binding of estrogen receptor to the estrogen response element. Mol Cell Biol 9: 43-49
92. Obourn JD, Koszewskl NJ, Notides AC 1993 Hormone-and DNA-binding mechanisms of the recombinant human estrogen receptor. Biochemistry 32: 6229-6236
93. Truss M, Chalepakis G, Beato M 1990 Contacts between steroid hormone receptors and thymines in DNA: An interference method. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 7180-7184
94. Green S, Kumar V, Theulaz I, Wahli W, Chambon P 1988 The N-terminal DNA-binding ‘zinc finger’ of the oestrogen and glucocorticoid receptors determines target gene specificity. EMBO J 7: 3037-3044
95. Mader S, Kumar V, de Verneuil H, Chambon P 1989 Three amino acids of the oestrogen receptor are essential to its ability to distinguish an oestrogen from a glucocorticoid-responsive element. Nature 338: 271-274
96. Umesono K, Evans RM 1989 Determinants of target gene specificity for steroid/thyroid hormone receptors. Cell 57: 1139-1146
97. Danlelsen M, Hinck L, Ringold GM 1989 Two amino acids within the knuckle of the first zinc finger specify DNA response element activation by the glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 57: 1131-1138
98. Zilliacus J, Dahlman-Wright K, Wright A, Gustafsson J-Â, Carlstedt-Duke J 1991 DNA binding specificity of mutant glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domains. J Biol Chem 266: 3101-3106
99. Zilliacus J, Wright APH, Norinder U, Gustafsson J-Â, Carlstedt-Duke J 1992 Determinants for DNA-binding site recognition by the glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem 267: 24941-24947
100. Alroy I, Freedman LP 1992 DNA binding analysis of glucocorticoid receptor specificity mutants. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 1045-1052
101. Zilliacus J, Carlstedt-Duke J, Gustafsson J-Â, Wright APH 1994 Evolution of distinct DNA-binding specificities within the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 4175-4179
102. Zllllacus J, Wright APH, Carlstedt-Duke J, Nilsson L, Gustafsson J-Â, Modulation of DNA-binding specificity within the nuclear receptor family by substitutions at a single amino acid position. Proteins, in press
103. Remerowski ML, Kellenbach E, Boelens R, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH, Maler BA, Yamamoto KR, Kaptein R 1991 1H NMR studies of DNA recognition by the glucocorticoid receptor: Complex of the DNA binding domain with a half-site response element. Biochemistry 30: 11620-11624
104. Dahlman-Wright K, Slltala-Roos H, Carlstedt-Duke J, Gustafsson J-Â 1990 Protein-protein interactions facilitate DNA binding by the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain. J Biol Chem 265: 14030-14035
105. Hard T, Dahlman K, Carlstedt-Duke J, Gustafsson J-Â, Rigler R 1990 Cooperativity and specificity in the interactions between DNA and the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain. Biochemistry 29: 5358-5364
106. Dahlman-Wright K, Wright A, Gustafsson J-Â, Carlstedt-Duke J 1991 Interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain with DNA as a dimer is mediated by a short segment of five amino acids. J Biol Chem 266: 3107-3112
107. Sultan C, Lumbroso S, Poujol N, Belon C, Boudon C, Lobaccaro JM 1993 Mutations of androgen receptor gene in androgen insensitivity syndromes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 46: 519-530
108. Lumbroso S, Lobaccaro JM, Belon C, Martin D, Chaus-sain JL, Sultan C 1993 A new mutation within the deoxyribonucleic acid-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene in a family with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Fertil Steril 60: 814-819
109. Lobaccaro JM, Lumbroso S, Belon C, Galtier-Dereure F, Bringer J, Lesimple T, Namer M, Cutuli BF, Pujol H, Sultan C 1993 Androgen receptor gene mutation in male breast cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2: 1799-1802
110. Wooster R, Mangion J, Eeles R, Smith S, Dowsett M, Averill D, Barrett-Lee P, Easton DF, Ponder BA, Stratton MR 1992 A germline mutation in the androgen receptor gene in two brothers with breast cancer and Reifenstein syndrome. Nat Genet 2: 132-134
111. Schena M, Freedman LP, Yamamoto KR 1989 Mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor zinc finger region that distinguish interdigitated DNA binding and transcriptional enhancement activities. Genes Dev 3: 1590-1601
112. Laudet V, Hânni C, Coll J, Catzeflis F, Stehelin D 1992 Evolution of the nuclear receptor gene superfamily. EMBO J 11: 1003-1013
113. Hollenberg SM, Evans RM 1988 Multiple and cooperative trans-activation domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 55: 899-906
114. Zandi E, Galli I, Dobbeling U, Rusconi S 1993 Zinc finger mutations that alter domain interactions in the glucocorticoid receptor. J Mol Biol 230: 124-136