Lichen sclerosus

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 1995, Pages 393-416

  Meffert, Jeffrey J ^a   Davis, Brian M ^a   Grimwood, Ronald E ^a  

^a WILFORD HALL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL FEATURE; CONTINUING EDUCATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; GENITAL TRACT CANCER; HUMAN; LICHEN SCLEROSUS ET ATROPHICUS; MEDICAL EDUCATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCLERODERMA; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; GENITAL DISEASES, FEMALE; GENITAL DISEASES, MALE; HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 19TH CENT.; HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 20TH CENT.; HUMAN; LICHEN SCLEROSUS ET ATROPHICUS; MALE; SCLERODERMA, CIRCUMSCRIBED; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T;

EID: 0028897306     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0190-9622(95)90060-8     Document Type: Article

References (381)

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16. New nomenclature for vulvar disease
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21. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
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24. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus with ocular and maxillary complications
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38. A case for diagnosis
39. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
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47. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and kraurosis vulvae
48. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
49. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in children
50. White lesions of the vulva
51. Relation of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva to development of carcinoma
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53. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in children
54. The treatment of vulval lichen sclerosus with a very potent topical steroid (clobetasol propionate 0.05%) cream
55. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in children
56. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in an eleven year old girl
57. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
58. Surgical treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans
59. Late circumcision and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the penis
60. Posthitis xerotica obliterans in circumcision specimens
61. Balanitis xerotica obliterans and urinary obstruction
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63. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the scalp
64. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus involving the palms
65. Palmoplantarar und genitoanaler lichen sclerosus et atrophicus bei einiigen Zwilligen
66. Bullous lichen sclerosus et atrophicus on the palms and wrists
67. Palmar-plantar lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
68. Plantar lesions of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus accompanied by erythermalgia
69. Microscopic features of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in acrochordons: A clue to the cause of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus?
70. Uber einen fall von Kraurosis penis bei gleichzeitigem Bestehen von Weissflecken am Skrotum
71. White spot disease
72. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and related disorders
73. Syndrome of circumscribed sclero-atrophies
74. White spot disease
75. Corymbiform lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
76. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
77. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva in children
78. Vulval atrophy and leukoplakia
79. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in young subjects
80. Bullous lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: treatment by tangential excision
81. Treatment of lichen sclerosus with potassium para-aminobenzoate
82. Generalized bullous and haemorrhagic lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
83. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus with bullous lesions and extensive involvement
84. Extensive lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in a 7-year old boy
85. Localized scleroderma with bullae
86. The treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans with testosterone propionate ointment
87. Urethral involvement in balanitis xerotica obliterans
88. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: a distinctive and common cause of phimosis in boys
89. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus penis bei präpubertaeren knaben
90. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in a vaccination site [Letter]
91. Chronic leukoplakic vulvitis followed by cancer
92. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the female genitalia
93. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in children
94. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: a review of 15 cases in young girls
95. Genital lichen sclerosus mistaken for child sexual abuse
96. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in children misdiagnosed as sexual abuse
97. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in children misdiagnosed as sexual abuse [Letter]
98. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in children misdiagnosed as sexual abuse [Letter]
99. Lichen sclerosus
100. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
101. Genital lichen sclerosus (lichen sclerosus et atrophicus) in childhood and adolescence
102. Lichen sclerosus and sexual abuse
103. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in children and young adults
104. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in childhood
105. Vulvar disorders in premenarchal childre
106. Reactive and neoplastic epithelial alterations of the vulva
107. The balanitides
108. Clinical features and therapy of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus affecting males
109. Posthitis xerotica obliterans
110. Balanitis xerotica obliterans manifesting on stump of amputated penis
111. Balanitis xerotica obliterans in children
112. Balanitis xerotica obliterans in children
113. The natural history of skin malignancy
114. Lichen sclerosus of the vulva recurrent after myocutaneous graft
115. Atrophy of the vulva
116. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus [Comment]
117. Chronic vulval dystrophies
118. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
119. Vulvar dystrophy
120. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the female genitalia
121. The relationship of chronic vulvar disease, leukoplakia, and carcinoma in situ to carcinoma of the vulva
122. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
123. Leukoplakia of the vulva [Comment]
124. Koebner phenomenon in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
125. An unusual variant of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: delayed appearance in a surgical scar
126. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
127. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus following radiation therapy
128. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus following sunburn
129. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus appearing in an old burn scar
130. Appearance of lupus erythematosus in a patient with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the elbows [Letter]
131. Bilateral Koebner phenomenon in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
132. Generalized lichen sclerosus et atrophicus associated with band-like scleroderma (Koebner phenomenon and lichen sclerosus)
133. Lichen planus sclerosus
134. Lichen planus atrophicus (Hallopeau)
135. Leukoplakia of the vulva [Comment]
136. Histologic criteria for lichen sclerosus of the vulva
137. Vulvar dystrophies in young and premenopausal women
138. Genetic aspects of vulvar lichen sclerosus
139. Histologic observations on the human apocrine sweat gland in health and disease
140. A histochemical study on polysaccharides in normal and diseased skin
141. Investigation of intercellular matrix macromolecules involved in lichen sclerosus
142. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva
143. Light and electron microscopic findings in lichen sclerosus of the vulva during etretinate treatment
144. Histochemical differention of localized morphea-scleroderma and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
145. Elastic fibers in unusual dermatoses
146. Kraurosis vulvae and white spot scleroderma
147. Ultrastructural changes in four cases of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
148. Electronmicroscopy of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
149. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Haut beim Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicans
150. Nevus elasticus and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus on the vulva
151. Cutaneous manifestations in Ixodes-borne Borrelia spirochetosis
152. Kraurosis vulvae (leucoplacia) and scleroderma circumscripta
153. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva: a poorly understood disease entity
154. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in childhood
155. The nerve network of the skin in diffuse scleroderma and clinically similar conditions
156. Milia occurring in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
157. Balanitis xerotica obliterans in children
158. Balanitis xerotica obliterans
159. Treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans with hydrocortisone injections
160. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: first reported case in a boy
161. Balanitis xerotica obliterans: report of a case in an 11-year-old and review of the literature
162. The histologic spectrum of prepuces from patients with phimosis
163. The fate of the foreskin
164. Further fate of the foreskin
165. Genital lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
166. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh)
167. Phimosis in boys
168. Penile squamous cell carcinoma arising from balanitis xerotica obliterans
169. Carcinoma of the penis developing lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
170. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, multiple dysplastic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma of the glans penis
171. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in balanitis xerotica obliterans
172. Verrucous carcinoma in penile lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
173. Colposcopic findings in women with vulvar pain syndromes
174. Malignant potential of mixed vulvar dystrophy (lichen sclerosus associated with squamous cell hyperplasia)
175. New nomenclature for vulvar disease
176. The vulvar dystrophies, atypias, and carcinomata in situ: an invitational symposium
177. Precancerous lesions of the skin of the vulva
178. Lecoplakic vulvitis and cancer of the vulva (etiology, histopathology, treatment, five-year results)
179. Cancer of the vulva
180. Similarity of mouth and vulvar lesions
181. Hyperplastic dystrophy
182. Balanitis xerotica obliterans
183. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmunity a study of 350 women
184. Leucoplakia of the vulva
185. Pre-cancer and the skin
186. The differential diagnosis and treatment of vulvar lesions
187. Kraurosis vulvae
188. Leukoplakia of the vulva [Comment]
189. Relation of leucoplakic vulvitis to squamous carcinoma of the vulva
190. International dermatosurgery: reconstructive treatment of the vulva—a new procedure
191. Cryosurgery in the treatment of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva
192. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in association with mixed vulvar dystrophy in an 18-year-old girl
193. Premalignant conditions of the vulva with particular reference to chronic epithelial dystrophies
194. Vulvar atypia and carcinoma in situ
195. Vulvar dystrophies: an evaluation
196. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
197. Metabolic activity in normal and abnormal vulvar epithelia
198. Preferential uptake of phosphate by premalignant and malignant lesions of the vulva
199. Acridine orange fluorescence in vulvar dysplasia
200. A flow cytometric study of the significance of DNA aneuploidy in cutaneous lesions
201. 32 uptake in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva
202. Carcinoma in situ of the vulva
203. The significance of the histologic alterations adjacent to invasive vulvar carcinoma
204. Physical and surgical principles governing expertise with the carbon dioxide laser
205. Vulvar dystrophies
206. Superficial laser vulvectomy
207. A clinical stain for use in selecting biopsy sites in patients with vulvar disease
208. Basal cell carcinoma of the vulva in association with vulval lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
209. Malignant melanoma in association with lichen sclerosus on the vulva of a 14-year-old
210. Chronic atrophic lichenoid dermatitis (Csillag)
211. Familial occurrence of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
212. Lichen planus sclerosus et atrophicus (Hallopeau)
213. Scleroderma en bande and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
214. Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia associated with morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
215. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and scleroderma circumscripta
216. Coexistence of lichen sclerosus, morphea, and lichen planus
217. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus associated with systemic lupus erythematosus [Letter]
218. Morphea coexisting with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
219. Zur nosologischen Stellung des Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus
220. Generalized morphoea, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, and primary biliary cirrhosis
221. Morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
222. Diagnosis generalized scleroderma or lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
223. Scleroderma: guttate morphea vs. lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
224. Is there a link between dendrocytes, fibrosis, and sclerosis?
225. Scleroderma Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus?
226. Localized scleroderma associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection
227. Neuroborreliosis in morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
228. The many faces and phases of borreliosis II
229. Acrodermatitis atrophicans chronica
230. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans a spirochetosis
231. Idiopathic atrophy of the skin
232. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
233. Circumscribed scleroderma [Comment]
234. Coexistence of lupus erythematosus and scleroderma in light of immunopathological investigations
235. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, morphea, and coexistence of both diseases
236. Collagen biosynthesis and type I and type III procollagen mRNA in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
237. Questions to the editorial board and other authorities
238. Collagen biosynthesis in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus studied by biochemical and in situ hybridization techniques
239. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus is not related to morphea
240. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
241. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (Hallopeau) and related cutaneous atrophies
242. Familial vulvar dystrophy of lichen sclerosus type
243. The association of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmune-related disease in males
244. Organ-specific antibodies in patients with lichen sclerosus
245. Vitiligo, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity
246. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus generalisata, alopecia areata, and polymyalgia rheumatica found in the same patient
247. Topical testosterone in dystrophic diseases of the vulva
248. Topical testosterone for lichen sclerosus
249. Lichen sclerosus as a cutaneous manifestation of thyroid disease [Letter]
250. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans in association with lichen sclerosus et atrophicans: tubulo-interstitial nephritis and urinary excretion of spirochete-like organisms
251. Carpal tunnel syndrome in cutaneous connective tissue disease: generalized morphea, lichen sclerosus, fasciitis, discoid lupus erythematosus, and lupus panniculitus
252. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
253. The association of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and primary biliary cirrhosis [Letter]
254. Morphea, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, alopecia areata, vitiligo
255. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and perianal carcinoma: a case report
256. Vitiligo and its aetiological relationship to organ-specific autoimmune disease
257. An investigation into the incidence of auto-immune disorders in patients with lichen sclerosus and atrophicus
258. Association between lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and primary biliary cirrhosis [Letter]
259. The association between lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmune disease in males: an addendum [Letter]
260. The association between lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and auto-immune diseases in males is not proven [Letter]
261. An appraisal of routine direct immunofluorescence in vulvar disorders
262. Direct evidence of localised immunological damage in vulvar lichen sclerosus et atrophicus [Letter]
263. Immunohistochemical evidence of skin immune system involvement in vulvar lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
264. The incidence of development of autoimmune diseases in women after the diagnosis of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus [Abstract]
265. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus associated with systemic lupus erythematosus [Letter]
266. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus [Comment]
267. The development of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in monozygotic twin girls
268. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in non-identical female twins [Letter]
269. HLA antigens in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus [Letter]
270. The association between lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and HLA-B40
271. HLA antigens and Bf allotypes in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
272. Antigens of the HLA system in women with vulvar lichen sclerosus
273. HLA antigens in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
274. Ulcerative vulvitis in Reiter's syndrome
275. An anomalous case of white-spot disease
276. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
277. In vitro identification of a subpopulation of fibroblasts that produces high levels of collagen in scleroderma patients
278. Fibroblast selection in scleroderma
279. Histologic forms resembling “large bodies” in scleroderma and “pseudoscleroderma”
280. Histologic observations of pleomorphic, variably acid-fast bacteria in scleroderma, morphea, and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
281. A case of white spot disease
282. Differences between Lyme disease and European arthropod-borne Borrelia infections
283. Spirochetal forms in the dermal lesions of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
284. Histological evidence for spirochetal origin of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicans
285. Do some patients with morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicans have a borrelia infection?
286. Nonvenereal treponematoses: yaws, endemic syphilis, and pinta
287. Lyme disease spirochetes induce human and murine interleukin 1 production
288. Evidence for cell-mediated immunity to collagen in progressive systemic sclerosis
289. Pathogenic mechanisms in pulmonary fibrosis
290. Effect of polyclonal B-cell activators on DNA synthesis in fibroblasts
291. Increased biopsynthesis of triple-helical type I and type III procollagens associated with unaltered expression of collagenase by skin fibroblasts in culture
292. Decreased collagen biosynthesis and unchanged procollagen-mRNA type I and type III levels in fibroblasts from lesional foreskin of 3 patients with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus [Abstract]
293. Isolation and partial characterization of an elastase-type protease in human vulva fibroblasts: its possible involvement in vulvar elastic tissue destruction of patients with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
294. The influence of retinoic acid on collagen synthesis by skin fibroblasts [Abstract]
295. Metabolism in vivo of connectivetissue mucopolysaccharides II
296. Expression of androgen-responsive properties in human skin fibroblast strains of genital and nongenital origin
297. Serum levels of sex hormones in vulvar lichen sclerosus and the effect of topical testosterone
298. Recent advances in androgen metabolism and their relation to the skin
299. Locus on human X chromosome for dihydrotestosterone receptor and androgen insensitivity
300. Risk factors for vulvar lichen sclerosus
301. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
302. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
303. Diagnostic and therapeutic errors in certain dermatoses of the vulva
304. The carbon dioxide laser in the treatment of vulvar disease
305. Carbon dioxide laser treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans
306. Continuous wave carbon dioxide treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans
307. Lichen planus atrophicus
308. Circumscribed scleroderma (white spot disease)
309. Bullous lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
310. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
311. Tattooing with mercuric sulfide for the treatment of intractable pruritus vulvae and ani
312. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the female genitalia [Comment]
313. Pruritus vulvae: treatment by multiple intradermal alcohol injections
314. Local alcohol injection in the treatment of vulvar pruritus
315. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
316. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
317. Intradermal administration of chloroquine
318. Dermatologic therapy: December 1983 through November 1984
319. Local steroid application for hyperplastic dystrophy of the vulva
320. Vulvodynia versus pruritus vulvae
321. A surgical approach to intractable pruritus vulvae
322. Some further observations on wide skin undercutting for intractable pruritus vulvae
323. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the penis
324. Generalized bullous and hemorrhagic lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
325. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicans
326. Intradermal steroid therapy
327. Balanitis xerotica obliterans: effective treatment with topical and sublesional corticosteroids
328. Balanitis xerotica obliterans [Comment]
329. Topical androgenic hormones in vulvar kraurosis-leukoplakia syndrome
330. Treatment of vulvar dystrophies with topical testosterone propionate
331. Tissue changes in lichen sclerosus in children following local application of oestrogens
332. Topical testosterone for benign vulvar dystrophy
333. Postmenopausal pruritus vulvae
334. Childhood lichen sclerosus
335. Long-term results of etretinate therapy in vulvar dystrophy
336. Topical progesterone in treatment of vulvar dystrophy
337. Further observations on the effect of topical progesterone on vulvar disease
338. Hemorrhagic and bullous lichen sclerous et atrophicus
339. Vitamin therapy in vulvar dermatoses
340. Tocopherols (Vit E) for discoid lupus erythematosus and other dermatoses
341. Achlorhydria as an aetiological factor in pruritus vulvae associated with kraurosis or leucoplakia
342. Leukoplakia of the vulva [Comment]
343. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
344. Leucoplakia vulvae
345. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the female genitalia [Comment]
346. Treatment of localized scleroderma and lichen sclerosus with etretinate
347. ®)
348. Etretinate reduces connective tissue degeneration in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
349. Treatment of dystrophic changes of the vulva with etretinate or placebo
350. Lichen planus: its variations, relations, and imitations
351. Balanitis xerotica obliterans [Comment]
352. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
353. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
354. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
355. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
356. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
357. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva
358. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
359. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the anogenital region in a girl aged 4 years
360. Lichen planus sclerosus et atrophicus
361. Cutaneous findings in phenylketonuria
362. Involucrin expression in vulvar lesions
363. Acidic glycosaminoglycans in skin and urine of a patient with wide spreaded [sic] lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
364. Bullous lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
365. Persistent bullae on the penis of an elderly man
366. Posthitis xerotica obliterans
367. The problem of the so-called precancerous lesions of the vulva: ten years of prospective experience
368. Leukoplakia of the vulva