Autoimmune hepatitis - Evolving concepts and treatment strategies

Digestive Diseases and Sciences

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 1995, Pages 435-456

  Czaja, Albert J ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

autoantibodies; autoantigens; autoimmune hepatitis; diagnosis; promising treatments; review; subtypes

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; AUTOANTIGEN; BREQUINAR; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERFERON; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; PREDNISONE; RAPAMYCIN; TACROLIMUS; THYMUS EXTRACT; TIMONACIC ARGININE; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID;

AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE;

AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOANTIGENS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; TERMINOLOGY;

EID: 0028890333     PISSN: 01632116     EISSN: 15732568     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02065434     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. Natural history, clinical features, and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis
2. The problem of chronic liver disease in young women
3. Lupoid hepatitis
4. Current problems in the diagnosis and management of chronic active hepatitis
5. Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis—a specific entity? The negative argument
6. Is autoimmune chronic active hepatitis a HCV-related disease?
7. Hepatitis C virus replication in “autoimmune” chronic hepatitis
8. Meeting Report. International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group
9. Classification of chronic hepatitis: Diagnosis, grading and staging
10. The histological features of chronic hepatitis C and autoimmune chronic hepatitis: a comparative analysis
11. Sensitivity, specificity and predictability of biopsy interpretations in chronic hepatitis
12. Subdivisions of idiopathic autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
13. The nature and prognosis of severe cryptogenic chronic active hepatitis
14. Chronic active hepatitis: the challenge for a new nomenclature
15. Autoimmune hepatitis and viral infection
16. Autoimmune cholangiopathy: Part of the spectrum of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
17. Antimitochondrial antibody negative primary biliary cirrhosis: a distinct syndrome of autoimmune cholangitis
18. Primary autoimmune cholangitis: an alternative to antimitochondrial antibody-negative primary biliary cirrhosis
19. Anti-actin specificity of human smooth muscle antibodies in chronic active hepatitis
20. Smooth muscle autoantibody and autoantigens
21. Chronic active hepatitis associated with antiliver/kidney microsome antibody type 1: A second type of “autoimmune” hepatitis
22. Autoimmune features as determinants of prognosis in steroid-treated chronic active hepatitis of uncertain etiology
23. Evidence against hepatitis viruses as important causes of severe autoimmune hepatitis in the United States
24. Genetic predispositions for the immunological features of chronic active hepatitis
25. Frequency and significance of chronic ulcerative colitis in severe corticosteroid-treated autoimmune hepatitis
26. Development and prognosis of histologic cirrhosis in corticosteroid-treated hepatitis B surface antigen-negative chronic active hepatitis
27. Prognostic and therapeutic implications of extreme aminotransferase elevation in chronic active hepatitis
28. “Acute” autoimmune hepatitis
29. Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis masquerading as acute hepatitis
30. Features reflective of early prognosis in corticosteroid-treated severe autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
31. The nature and prognostic implications of autoimmune hepatitis with an acute presentation
32. Frequency and significance of antibodies to liver/kidney microsome type 1 in adults with chronic active hepatitis
33. LKM-1 autoantibodies recognize a short linear sequence in P450IID6, a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase
34. Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis C virus infection
35. Hepatitis C virus antibodies among risk groups in Spain
36. Hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease with autoantibodies to liver-kidney microsomes (LKM). Clinical characterization from idiopathic LKM-positive disorders
37. Hepatitis C viraemia in adults with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis
38. Anti-GOR and hepatitis C virus in autoimmune liver diseases
39. Liver/kidney microsome antibody type 1 and hepatitis C virus infection
40. Analysis of hepatitis C virus genome in patients with autoimmune hepatitis type 2
41. Characterization of a new subgroup of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis by autoantibodies against a soluble liver antigen
42. Characterization of liver cytokeratin as a major target antigen of anti-SLA antibodies
43. Antibodies to soluble liver antigen, P450IID6, and mitochondrial complexes in chronic hepatitis
44. Characterization and clinical relevance of liver-pancreas antibodies in autoimmune hepatitis
45. Clinical features and prognostic implications of severe corticosteroid-treated cryptogenic chronic active hepatitis
46. Cirrhosis of undefined pathogenesis: Absence of evidence for unknown viruses or autoimmune processes
47. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in chronic active hepatitis: Pathogenetic factor or false-positive result?
48. Detection of hepatitis C virus antibody in the absence of viral RNA in patients with autoimmune hepatitis
49. Duration and specificity of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in chronic active hepatitis
50. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with nonalcoholic chronic liver disease
51. Serum autoantibodies and the diagnosis of type-1 autoimmune hepatitis in Italy: A reappraisal at the light of hepatitis C virus infection
52. Case against subclassification of type II autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
53. Type II autoimmune hepatitis. What is the role of the hepatitis C virus?
54. Characterization of the anti-liver-kidney microsome antibody (anti-LKM1) from hepatitis C virus-positive and -negative sera
55. Detection of chronic hepatitis C virus infection by four diagnostic systems: First-generation and second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, second-generation recombinant immunoblot assay and nested polymerase chain reaction analysis
56. Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: Changing reactivity for antibodies to hepatitis C virus after immunosuppressive treatment
57. Hazards of interferon therapy for HBV-seronegative chronic hepatitis
58. Autoimmune chronic hepatitis exacerbated by alpha-interferon
59. Acute exacerbation of liver disease during interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis C
60. Hepatitis C viremia in chronic liver disease: Relationship to interferon-alpha or corticosteroid therapy
61. Interferon-alfa for chronic hepatitis C: An analysis of pretreatment clinical predictors of response
62. Antibodies and response to alpha-interferon in patients with chronic viral hepatitis
63. High prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in a prospective series of patients with chronic hepatitis C before interferon therapy
64. Thyroid autoimmunity in patients on long term therapy with leukocyte-derived interferon
65. Treatment of chronic type B hepatitis with recombinant alpha interferon induces autoantibodies not specific for autoimmune chronic hepatitis
66. Autoantibodies during alfa-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B
67. Pericholangitis in chronic ulcerative colitis: Primary sclerosing cholangitis of the small bile ducts?
68. Idiopathic adulthood ductopenia
69. Patterns of nuclear immunofluorescence and reactivities to recombinant nuclear antigens in autoimmune hepatitis
70. Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs): Diagnostically specific immune markers and clues toward the understanding of systemic autoimmunity
71. Antinuclear antibodies: Diagnostic markers and clues to the basis of systemic autoimmunity
72. Antinuclear antibodies. Diagnostic markers for autoimmune diseases and probes for cell biology
73. Immunological aspects of chronic active hepatitis
74. Frequency and significance of antimitochondrial antibodies in severe chronic active hepatitis
75. Detection of antimitochondrial antibodies: Characterization by enzyme immunoassay and immunoblotting
76. Frequency of IgG and IgM autoantibodies to the four specific M2 mitochondrial autoantigens in primary biliary cirrhosis
77. M4 and M9 antibodies in the overlap syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis: Epitopes or epiphenomena?
78. Cytoplasmic autoantigens in autoimmune hepatitis: Molecular analysis and clinical relevance
79. Patients with type II autoimmune hepatitis express functionally intact cytochrome P-450 db1 that is inhibited by LKM-1 autoantibodies in vitro but not in vivo
80. Antibody to liver cytosol (anti-LC1) in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis type 2
81. Characterization of the liver cytosol antigen type 1 reacting with autoantibodies in chronic active hepatitis
82. Autoantibodies to human asialoglycoprotein receptor in autoimmune-type chronic hepatitis
83. Antibodies against the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor perfused in situ perentially attach to periportal liver cells in the rat
84. The asialoglycoprotein receptor as target structure in autoimmune liver diseases
85. Autoantibodies against the human asialoglycoprotein receptor: Effects of therapy in autoimmune and virus-induced chronic active hepatitis
86. Antibodies to liver-specific protein predict outcome of treatment withdrawal in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
87. Anti-neutrophil antibodies in chronic hepatitis and the effect of a-interferon therapy
88. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody in inflammatory bowel and hepatobiliary diseases
89. Prevalence and characterization of neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in autoimmune liver diseases
90. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies: A review of the antigens involved, the assays, and the clinical and possible pathogenetic consequences
91. A distinct subset of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies is associated with inflammatory bowel disease
92. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in ulcerative colitis. Comparison with other colitides/diarrheal illnesses
93. Anti-neutrophil antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: Prevalence and diagnostic role
94. Neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: A link between primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis
95. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) directed against cathepsin G in ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis
96. Antineutrophil antibody: A test for autoimmune primary sclerosing cholangitis in childhood?
97. Cytochromes P-450 in human hepatocyte plasma membrane: Recognition by several autoantibodies
98. Chronic graft-versus-host disease and primary biliary cirrhosis: Sorting the puzzle pieces
99. Increased frequency of HLA-DRW4 in chronic active hepatitis
100. HLA associations with autoimmune-type chronic active hepatitis: Identification of B8-DRw3 haplotype by family studies
101. Susceptibility to autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: Human leukocyte antigens DR4 and A1-B8-DR3 are independent risk factors
102. Significance of HLA DR4 in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis
103. Association of autoimmune active chronic hepatitis with HL-A1,8
104. An HLA map of Europe
105. Association of autoimmune hepatitis with HLA-Bw54 and DR4 in Japanese patients
106. Clinical and prognostic implications of human leukocyte antigen B8 in corticosteroid-treated severe autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
107. HLA determinants in chronic active liver disease: Possible relation of HLA-Dw3 to prognosis
108. Prognostic features and role of liver transplantation in severe corticosteroid-treated autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
109. Allelic sequence variation in the HLA class II genes and proteins in patients with autoimmune hepatitis
110. How many types of autoimmune hepatitis are there?
111. HLA-DQB gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
112. Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ A/B heterodimer
113. The significance of natural autoantibodies
114. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated (K cell) cytotoxicity against isolated hepatocytes in chronic active hepatitis
115. Immune mechanisms in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
116. Immunology of chronic active hepatitis
117. Effect of corticosteroids on suppressor-cell activity in “autoimmune” and viral chronic active hepatitis
118. Alteration in suppressor cell activity in chronic active hepatitis
119. Immunoregulatory T-cell function in acute and chronic liver disease
120. Lymphocyte suppressor cell activity in acute and chronic liver disease
121. Disordered immunoregulatory functions in patients with chronic active hepatitis
122. Oral pulse prednisone therapy after relapse of severe autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. A prospective randomized treatment trial evaluating clinical, biochemical, and lymphocyte subset responses
123. High prevalence of seroimmunologic abnormalities in relatives of patients with active chronic hepatitis or primary biliary cirrhosis
124. Cell-mediated immunity and suppressor-T-cell defects to liver-derived antigens in families of patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
125. HLA A1-B8-DR3 and suppressor cell function in first-degree relatives of patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
126. An immunogenetic study of suppressor cell activity in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
127. Antigen specific suppressor cell function in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
128. Evidence of impaired antigen non-specific but normal antigen specific suppressor cell function in children with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
129. In situ characterization by monoclonal antibodies of the mononuclear cell infiltrate in chronic active hepatitis
130. An analysis of the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate in autoimmune and hepatitis B virus-induced chronic liver disease
131. Studies of lymphocyte subpopulations in the liver tissue and blood of patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH)
132. The cellular infiltrate in the liver in auto-immune chronic active hepatitis: Analysis with monoclonal antibodies
133. Immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lymphocytes in primary biliary cirrhosis in comparison with primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
134. Altered major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen recognition by T cells from elderly humans
135. T cell function in aging: Mechanisms of decline
136. Ageing and autoantibodies
137. Identification of hepatitis A virus as a trigger for autoimmune chronic hepatitis type 1 in susceptible patients
138. Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis developing after acute type B hepatitis
139. Human immunodeficiency virus infection mimics autoimmune hepatitis—a case report
140. Severe chronic active hepatitis (autoimmune type) mimicked by coinfection of hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses
141. Persistent measles virus genome in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
142. Absence of hepatitis C virus in British patients with type 1 autoimmune chronic active hepatitis—a polymerase chain reaction and serological study
143. Detection of hepatitis C virus antibody by first and second generation assays and polymerase chain reaction in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis types I, II, and III
144. Interfer-on-induced chronic active hepatitis?
145. Primary and secondary liver/kidney microsomal response following infection with hepatitis C virus
146. Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of classical autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
147. Relapse following treatment withdrawal in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
148. Maintenance of remission in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis with azathioprine after corticosteroid withdrawal
149. Low dose corticosteroid therapy after multiple relapses of severe HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis
150. Cyclosporine immunosuppression
151. Cyclosporin: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in immunoregulatory disorders
152. Cyclosporin, a new treatment for autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
153. Cyclosporine treatment of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
154. FK-506: profile of an important new immunosuppressant
155. Tacrolimus: A review of its pharmacology, and therapeutic potential in hepatic and renal transplantation
156. FK 506: a novel immunosuppressant for treatment of autoimmune disease. Rationale and preliminary clinical experience at the University of Pittsburgh
157. FK 506 in the treatment of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: Preliminary results
158. Controlled trial of a thymic hormone extract (Thymostimulin) in “autoimmune” chronic active hepatitis
159. Thymosin treatment of chronic hepatitis B: A placebo-controlled pilot trial
160. Use of polyunsaturated phosphatidyl choline in HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis: Results of prospective double-blind controlled trial
161. Effect of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine on immune mediated hepatocyte damage
162. Arginine thiazolidinecarboxylate in the treatment of chronic active hepatitis: Double-blind comparison with placebo
163. Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on serum liver enzymes and bile acid metabolism in chronic active hepatitis: A dose-response study
164. Conjugates of ursodeoxycholate protect against cytotoxicity of more hydrophobic bile salts: In vivo studies in rat hepatocytes and human erythrocytes
165. Effect of chronic administration of ursodeoxycholic acid on the ileal absorption of endogenous bile acids in man
166. Hepatic expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex molecules in primary biliary cirrhosis: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid
167. DUP 785 (NSC 368390): Schedule-dependency of growth-inhibitory and antipyrimidine effects
168. The effect of a new immunosuppressive drug, brequinar sodium, on heart, liver, and kidney allograft rejection in the rat
169. FK 506 and rapamycin: molecular probes of T-lymphocyte activation