Overweight Prevalence and Trends for Children and Adolescents: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1963 to 1991

Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine

Volumn 149, Issue 10, 1995, Pages 1085-1091

  Troiano, Richard P ^a,b   Flegal, Katherine M ^a   Kuczmarski, Robert J ^a   Campbell, Stephen M ^a   Johnson, Clifford L ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS   (United States)

^b CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL EXAMINATION; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; BODY MASS INDEX; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NUTRITION SURVEYS; OBESITY; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RACIAL STOCKS; SEX DISTRIBUTION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0028889807     PISSN: 10724710     EISSN: 15383628     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170230039005     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Pi-Sunyer FX. Health implications of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:1595S-1603S.
2. Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Byers T. Do obese children become obese adults? a review of the literature. Prev Med. 1993;22:167-177.
3. Guo SS, Roche AF, Chumlea WC, Gardner JC, Siervogel RM. The predictive value of childhood body mass index values for overweight at age 35. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994:59:810-819.
4. Abraham S, Collins G, Nordsiek M. Relationship of childhood weight status to morbidity in adults. Public Health Rep. 1971;86:273-284.
5. Nieto FJ, Szklo M, Comstock GW. Childhood weight and growth rate as predictors of adult mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;136:201-213.
6. Must A, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, Bajema CJ, Dietz WH. Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents: a follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1350-1355.
7. DiPietro L, Mossberg HO, Stunkard AJ. A 40-year history of overweight children in Stockholm: life-time overweight, morbidity, and mortality. Int J Obes. 1994;18:585-590.
8. Sonne-Holm S, Sorensen TI, Christensen U. Risk of early death in extremely overweight young men. BMJ. 1983;287:795-797.
9. Sorensen TI, Sonne-Holm S. Mortality in extremely overweight young men. J Chronic Dis. 1977;30:359-367.
10. Hoffmans MDAF, Kromhout D, Coulander CD. The impact of body mass index of 78612 18-year-old Dutch men on 32-year mortality from all causes. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41:749-756.
11. Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. JAMA. 1994;272:205-211.
12. Flegal KM. Defining obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiologic approaches. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1993;33:307-312.
13. Obarzanek E. Methodological issues in estimating the prevalence of obesity in childhood. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;699:278-279.
14. Gortmaker SL, Dietz WH Jr, Sobol AM, Wehler CA. Increasing pediatric obesity in the United States. AJDC. 1987;141:535-540.
15. Harlan WR, Landis JR, Flegal KM, Davis CS, Miller ME. Secular trends in body mass in the United States, 1960-1980. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;128:1065-1074.
16. Public Health Service. Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1990. Publication PHS 90-50212.
17. Gortmaker SL, Dietz WH Jr. Re: ‘Secular trends in body mass in the United States, 1960-1980′’. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;132:194-195.
18. Flegal KM, Harlan WR, Landis JR. The authors reply. Am J Epidemiol. 1990; 132:196-197.
19. Must A, Dallal GE, Dietz WH. Reference data for obesity: 85th and 95th percentiles for body mass index (wt/ht2)—a correction. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54: 773.
20. Ezzati TM, Massey JT, Waksberg J, Chu A, Maurer KR. Sample Design: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hyattsville, Md: National Center for Health Statistics; 1992. DHHS publication (PHS) 92-1387. Data Evaluation and Methods Research, Series 2, No. 113.
21. National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Vital Health Stat 1. 1994; No. 32.
22. National Center for Health Statistics. Plan, operation, and response results of a program of children's examinations. Vital Health Stat 1. 1967;No. 5.
23. National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and operation of a Health Examination Survey of U.S. youths 12-17 years of age. Vital Health Stat 1.1969;No. 8.
24. National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and operation of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1971-1973. Vital Health Stat 1. 1973; No. 10.
25. McDowell A, Engel A, Massey J, Maurer K. Plan and operation of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1976-1980. Vital Health Stat 1.1981;No. 15.
26. Himes JH, Dietz WH. Guidelines for overweight in adolescent preventive services: recommendations from an expert committee: the Expert Committee on Clinical Guidelines for Overweight in Adolescent Preventive Services. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59:307-316.
27. US Bureau of the Census. 1980 Census Population, Vol 1: Characteristics of the Population: Chapter B—General Population Characteristics, Part 1: United States Summary. Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census; 1981.
28. SAS Institute Inc. SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6. 3rd ed. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 1990.
29. Shah BV, Barnwell BG, Hunt PN, Nileen P, LaVange LM. SUDAAN User's Manual, Release 5.50. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute; 1991.
30. Marks GC, Habicht J-P, Mueller WH. Reliability, dependability, and precision of anthropometric measurements: the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976-1980. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;130:578-587.
31. Chumlea WC, Guo S, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL, Leahy CK. Reliability for anthropometric measurements in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES 1982-1984). Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51:902S-907S.
32. Shear CL, Freedman DS, Burke GL, Harsha DW, Webber LS, Berenson GS. Secular trends of obesity in early life: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Public Health. 1988;78:75-77.
33. Campaigne BN, Morrison JA, Schumann BC, et al. Indexes of obesity and comparisons with previous national survey data in 9-and 10-year-old black and white girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. J Pediatr. 1994;124:675-680.
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of overweight among adolescents—United States, 1988-91. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994; 43:818-821.
35. Cole TJ. Weight-stature indices to measure underweight, overweight, and obesity. In: Himes JH, ed. Anthropometric Assessment of Nutritional Status. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss Inc; 1991:83-111.
36. Kuczmarski RJ. Trends in body composition for infants and children in the US. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1993;33:375-387.
37. Killeen J, Vanderburg D, Harlan WR. Application of weight-height ratios and body indices to juvenile populations: the National Health Examination Survey data. J Chronic Dis. 1978;31:529-537.
38. Schey HM, Michielutte R, Corbett WT, Diseker RA, Ureda JR. Weight-for-height indices as measures of adiposity in children. J Chronic Dis. 1984;37: 397-400.
39. Rolland-Cachera MF, Deheeger M, Guiloud-Bataille M, Avons P, Patois E, Sempe M. Tracking the development of adiposity from one month of age to adulthood. Ann Hum Biol. 1987;14:219-229.
40. Siervogel RM, Roche AF, Guo S, Mukherje ED, Chumlea WC. Patterns of change in weight/stature2 from 2 to 18 years: findings from long-term serial data for children in the Fels Longitudinal Growth Study. Int J Obes. 1991;15:479-485.
41. Najjar MF, Rowland M. Anthropometric reference data and prevalence of over-weight, United States, 1976-80. Vital Health Stat 11. 1987; No. 238.
42. Johnston RE. Health implications of childhood obesity. Ann Intern Med. 1985; 103:1068-1072.
43. Sjostrom L. Impacts of body weight, body composition, and adipose tissue distribution on morbidity and mortality. In: Stunkard AJ, Wadden TA, eds. Obesity: Theory and Therapy. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1993:13-41.
44. DeJong W. The stigma of obesity: the consequences of naive assumptions concerning the causes of physical deviance. J Health Soc Behav. 1980;21:75-87.
45. Maloney MJ, McGuire J, Daniels SR, Specker B. Dieting behavior and eating attitudes in children. Pediatrics. 1989;84:482-489.
46. McDowell MA, Briefel RR, Alaimo K, et al. Energy and Macronutrient Intakes of Persons Ages 2 Months and Over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988-91. Hyattsville, Md: National Center for Health Statistics; 1994. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics; No. 255.
47. Life Science Research Office, Federation of Associated Societies for Experimental Biology. Nutrition Monitoring in the United States—An Update Report on Nutrition Monitoring. Washington, DC: Dept of Health and Human Services; 1989. Publication (PHS) 89-1255.
48. McGinnis JM. The public health burden of a sedentary lifestyle. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(6 suppl):S196-S200.
49. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services. National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program: nutrition objectives for school meals; proposed rule. Federal Register. June 10, 1994;59:30217-30251.
50. Heath GW, Pratt M, Warren CW, Kann L. Physical activity patterns in American high school students. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148:1131-1136.
51. Gutin B, Manos TM. Physical activity in the prevention of childhood obesity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;699:115-126.
52. Sallis JF, McKenzie TL. Physical education's role in public health. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1991;62:124-137.
53. Aristimuno GG, Foster TA, Voors AW, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Influence of persistent obesity in children on cardiovascular risk factors: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation. 1984;69:895-904.
54. Clarke WR, Woolson RF, Lauer RM. Changes in ponderosity and blood pressure in childhood: the Muscatine Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;124:195-206.
55. Webber LS, Voors AW, Sathanur RS, Frerichs RR, Berenson GS. Occurrence in children of multiple risk factors for coronary artery disease: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Prev Med. 1979;8:407-418.
56. Gortmaker SL, Must A, Perrin JM, Sobol AM, Dietz WH. Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1008-1012.
57. Sargent JD, Blanchflower DG. Obesity and stature in adolescence and earnings in young adulthood. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148:681-687.
58. National Institutes of Health. NIH Technology Assessment Conference on Methods for Voluntary Weight Loss and Control. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:942-949.