The composition of the Earth

Chemical Geology

Volumn 120, Issue 3-4, 1995, Pages 223-253

  McDonough, W F ^a   Sun, S s ^a,b  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b AUSTRALIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ORGANISATION   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITE; EARTH COMPOSITION; METEORITE;

EID: 0028812936     PISSN: 00092541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4     Document Type: Article

References (158)

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3. Solar-system abundances of the elements
4. Abundances of the elements: meteoritic and solar
5. Chemical composition of the mantle
6. The composition of the terrestrial planets
7. Trace element studies of rocks and soils from Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Tranquillitatis
8. A low-Li geochemical province in the NE Atlantic
9. 176Lu
10. Water in the Earth's mantle: the role of nominally anhydrous minerals
11. Elasticity and constitution of the earth's interior
12. Instrumentelle Neutronenaktivierung zum Studium der Elementverteilung in dem Mineralphasen von Mantelgesteinen
13. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Lanzo peridotite body, western Alps
14. Partitioning of Cr, Mn, V and Ni between Fe-melt, magnesiowüstite and olivine at high pressures and temperatures
15. Phase transitions, Grüneisen parameter and elasticity for shocked iron between 77 GPa and 400 GPa
16. Noble metal abundances in komatiite suites from Alexo, Ontario, and Gorgona island, Colombia
17. Volatile contents and ferric-ferrous ratios of basalt, ferro-basalt and andesite and rhyodacite glasses from the Galapagos 95.5°W propogating rift
18. Boron content and isotopic composition of oceanic basalts: geochemical and cosmochemical implications
19. Fractionation of siderophile elements in the earth's upper mantle
20. Siderophile trace elements in the Earth's oceanic crust and upper mantle
21. Density distribution and constitution of the mantle
22. Genetic relations among meteorities and planets
23. Slab penetration into the lower mantle
24. Slab penetration into the lower mantle beneath the Mariana and other island arcs of the northwest Pacific
25. Mantle convection
26. Iodine abundances in oceanic basalts: implications for Earth dynamics
27. Carbon exchange between the mantle and crust, and its effect upon the atmosphere: today compared to Archean time
28. Textural, isotopic and REE variations in spinel peridotite xenoliths, Massif Central, France
29. V, Cr, and Mn in the Earth, Moon, EPB and SPB and the origin of the Moon: experimental studies
30. On the chemical composition of the moon and the eucrite parent body and comparison with composition of the Earth: the case of Mn, Cr and V
31. Lithium as a correlated element, its condensation behaviour and its use to estimate the bulk composition of the Moon and of the Eucrite Parent Body
32. Distribution of Cl, Br and iodine in mantle and crust
33. Sulfur and selenium in chondritic meteorites
34. Mercury in geologic reference samples
35. The Ronda high temperature peridotite: geochemistry and petrogenesis
36. Compositional variations within the lower layered zone of the Horoman peridotite, Hokkaido, Japan: constraints on models for melt-solid segregation
37. Bulk composition of the moon and earth, estimated from meteorites
38. Sulfide mineralogy and chalcophile and siderophile element abundances in the Ivrea-Verbano mantle peridotites (Western Italian Alps)
39. Limitations on the composition of the upper mantle
40. Petrogenesis of mid-ocean ridge basalts
41. Aluminum depletion in komatiites and garnet fractionatation in the early Archean mantle: Hafnium isotopic constraints
42. Long-wavelength variations in the Earth's geoid physical models and dynamical implications
43. Emplacement and implications of ultra-deep xenoliths and diamonds from the transition zone
44. Precious metals in magnesian low-Ti lavas: implications for melaogenesis and sulfur saturation in primary magmas
45. Pyrope-almandine garnet in lower mantle mineral parageneses from São Luiz, Brazil
46. In search of a bulk-Earth composition
47. Trace elements in ocean ridge basalt glasses: implications for fractionation during mantle evolution and petrogenesis
48. Boron cosmochemistry interpreted from abundances in mantle xenoliths
49. Ba, Rb and Cs in the Earth's mantle
50. Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts new constraints on mantle evolution
51. Geochemistry of selenium: formation of ferroselite and selenium behaviour in the vicinity of oxidizing sulfide and uranium deposits
52. Content and isotopic composition of sulphur in ultramafic xenoliths from central Asia
53. Garnet peridotite xenoliths from the Vitim volcanic field, Baikal region: the nature of the garnet-spinel peridotite transition zone in the continental mantle
54. Some geophysical constraints on the chemical composition of the Earth's lower mantle
55. The abundances of major, minor and trace elements in the earth's mantle as derived from primitive ultramafic nodules
56. Komatiites of the Onverwacht Group, S. Africa: REE geochemistry, SmNd age and mantle evolution
57. Water in oceanic basalts: evidence for dehydration of recycled crust
58. The volatiles record of a “popping” rock from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 14°N: chemical and isotopic composition of gas trapped in the vesicles
59. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the mantle
60. K, U, and Th in mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses and heat production, K/U and K/Rb in the mantle
61. Tin in mantle-derived rocks: Constraints on Earth evolution
62. Reply to the Comment by W.F. McDonough, A.E. Ringwood, S.-s. Sun, E. Jagoutz and A.W. Hofmann on “Rubidium and cesium in the Earth and the Moon”
63. The compositional classification of chondrites, I. The carbonaceous chondrites groups
64. The compositional classification of chondrites, III Ungrouped carbonaceous chondrites
65. The compositional classification of chondrites, IV. Ungrouped chondritic meteorites and clasts
66. Compositions of enstatite chondrites: implications regarding their formation
67. Ordinary chondrites: bulk compositions, classification, lithophile element fractionations, and composition-petrographic type relationships
68. The compositional classification of chondrites, V. The Karoonda (CK) group of carbonaceous chondrites
69. The compositional classification of chondrites, VI. The CR carbonaceous chondrite group
70. Experimental determination of element partitioning between silicate perovskites, garnets and liquids: constraints on early differentiation of the mantle
71. Archaean gold deposits and their source rocks: the upper mantle connection
72. Precious metals in ocean ridge basalts implications for basalts as source rocks for gold mineralization
73. 3 between magnesian silicate perovskite and magnesiowüstite: implication for the origin of inclusions in diamond and the composition of the lower mantle
74. Distribution of gold and rhenium between nickel-iron and silicate melts: implications for the abundances of siderophile elements on the Earth and Moon
75. Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges
76. Chemical fractionations in meteorites, V. Volatile and siderophile elements in achondrites and ocean ridge basalts
77. Are spinel lherzolite xenoliths representative of the abundance of sulfur in the upper mantle?
78. Sulphide petrology and sulphur geochemistry of orogenic lherzolites a comparative study of the Pyrenean bodies (France) and the Lanzo Massif (Italy)
79. Comment on “Content and isotopic composition of sulfur in ultramafic xenoliths from central Asia”
80. 187Os systematics in meteorites and cosmochemical consequences
81. The major element composition of the upper mantle estimated from the composition of lherzolites
82. 0.2 to 260 GPa: implications for composition of the core
83. Osmium isotopic characteristics of mantle-derived rocks
84. 3 in voltatile fluxes from the solid Earth: Implications for carbon geodynamics
85. Sulfur solubility and magamtic sulfides in submarine basalt glasses
86. A model for the formation of the Earth's core
87. Comment on “Abundance and distribution of gallium in some spinel and garnet lherzolites”
88. Constraints on the composition of the continental lithospheric mantle
89. Chemical and isotopic systematics of continental lithospheric mantle
90. REE in upper mantle rocks
91. Intraplate origin of komatiites inferred from trace elements in glass inclusions
92. Isotopic and geochemical systematics in Tertiary-Recent basalts from southeastern Australia and implications for the evolution of the sub-continental lithosphere
93. Distribution of titanium and the rare earth elements between peridotitic minerals
94. Potassium, rubidium and cesium in the Earth and Moon and the evolution of the mantle of the Earth
95. Comment on “Rudidium and cesium in the Earth and the Moon”
96. Thallium: a sensitive indicator of rock/seawater interaction and of sulfur saturation of silicate melts
97. 2O in the suboceanic upper mantle: Implications for mantle metasomatism
98. Abundance and distribution of gold, palladium and iridium in some spinel and garnet lherzolites: implications for the nature and origin of precious metal-rich intergranular components in the upper mantle
99. Water content of basalt erupted on the ocean floor
100. Pyroxene solid solution in garnets included in diamond
101. Osmium isotope constraints on Earth's late accretionary history
102. Ultramafic xenoliths Clues to Earth's late accretionary history
103. Chemical composition of Earth Venus and Mercury
104. Siderophile and chalcophile element abundances in oceanic basalts, Pb isotope evolution and growth of the Earth's core
105. Zinc in meteorites
106. Partitioning of elements between majorite garnet and melt and implications for petrogenesis of komatiite
107. The origin of the Moon and the early history of the Earth — A chemical model, Part 1: The Moon
108. The origin of the Moon and the early history of the Earth — A chemical model, Part 2: The Earth
109. Helium, volatile fluxes and the development of the continental crust
110. Chemical abundances in meteorites
111. Ca/Al ratio and composition of the Earth's upper mantle
112. Abundances of the elements in the solar system
113. Osmium isotopic compositions from oceanic basalts
114. Spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Tariat Depression, Mongolia, I. Major element chemistry and mineralogy of a primitive mantle xenolith suite
115. Experimental investigation of metal-silicate partitioning of some lithophile elements (Ta, Mn, V, Cr)
116. A model for the upper mantle
117. The chemical composition and origin of the Earth
118. Significance of the terrestrial Mg/Si ratio
119. Role of the transition zone and 660 km discontinuity in mantle dynamics
120. High-pressure geochemistry of Cr, V, and Mn and implications for the origin of the Moon
121. Th and U and other trace elements in carbonaceous chondrites: Implications for the terrestrial and solar-system Th/U ratios
122. Isotopic and trace element composition of the upper mantle beneath a young continental rift: results from Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico
123. Fluorine in Iceland and Reykjanes Ridge basalts
124. The systematics of lithium abundances in young volcanic rocks
125. The systematics of boron abundances in young volcanic rocks
126. The origin and evolution of the Terrestrial Planets
127. Halogens in the mantle beneath the North Atlantic
128. Kimberlites near Orrorroo, South Australia
129. Composition of the Canadian Precambrian shield and the continental crust of the Earth
130. The density and shear velocity contrast at the inner core boundary
131. Thallium in deep-seated crustal rocks
132. Chemical Fractionation during formation of the Earth's core and continental crust: clues from As, Sb, W, and Mo
133. Variation in the iridium content of the upper mantle of the Earth
134. Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by two stage model
135. Determination of noble and allied trace metals using radiochemical neutron activation analysis with tellurium coprecipitation
136. Rare earth element partitioning between minerals from anhydrous spinel peridotite xenoliths
137. Geochemistry and mineralogy of two spinel peridotite suites from Dreiser Weiher, West Germany
138. Chemical composition and origin of the Earth's primitive mantle
139. Chemical and isotopc systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes
140. Chemical heterogeneity of the Archean mantle, composition of the Earth and mantle evolution
141. Geochemical characteristics of mid-ocean ridge basalts
142. Use of geochemistry as a guide to platinum group element potential of mafic-ultramafic rocks: examples from the west Pilbara Block and Halls Creek mobile zone, Western Australia
143. Early accretional history of the Earth and the Moon-forming event
144. CHe systematics in hotspot xenoliths: implications for mantle carbon contents and carbon recycling
145. Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arcs
146. Rhenium-osmium isotope systematics of carbonaceous chondrites
147. Chemical composition and accretion history of terrestrial planets
148. Mantle chemistry and accretion history of the Earth
149. Compositions of chondrites
150. Mantle model based on measured physical properties of minerals
151. Formation of the Earth
152. Relationship between S/Se and sulphur isotope ratios of hydrothermal minerals
153. Distribution and evolution of carbon and nitrogen in the Earth