Epidemiology of colorectal adenomas

Epidemiologic Reviews

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 1994, Pages 273-297

  Peipins, Lucy A ^a   Sandler, Robert S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; CALCIUM; LIPID; LIPOPROTEIN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PIROXICAM; POLYMER; RETINOL; SULINDAC;

ACROMEGALY; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BREAST CANCER; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER PREVENTION; CARCINOGENESIS; CHOLECYSTECTOMY; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; COLORECTAL TUMOR; DEMOGRAPHY; DIETARY INTAKE; FAMILY HISTORY; FIBROMA; GENETIC MARKER; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; INTESTINE POLYP; OBESITY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECTUM ADENOMA; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TUMOR LOCALIZATION;

ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI; ADENOMATOUS POLYPS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; COLONIC POLYPS; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; RISK FACTORS; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0028618531     PISSN: 0193936X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036154     Document Type: Article

References (193)

1. Boring CC, Squires TS, Tong T. Cancer statistics, CA 1993;43:7-26.
2. National Cancer Institute. Cancer statistics review, 1973-1988. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 1991. (NIH publication no. 91-2789)
3. Morson BC, Sobin LH. Histological typing of intestinal tumours. (International Histological Classification of Tumours, no. 15). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1976.
4. Correa P, Strong JP, Reif A, et al. The epidemiology of colorectal polyps: prevalence in New Orleans and international comparisons. Cancer 1977;39:2258-64.
5. Jackman RJ, Mayo CW. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence in cancer of the colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1951;93:327-30.
6. Grinnell RS, Lane N. Benign and malignant adenomatous polyps and papillary adenomas of the colon and rectum: an analysis of 1, 856 tumors in 1, 335 patients. Int Abstr Surg 1958; 106:519-38.
7. Stryker SJ, Wolff BG, Culp CE, et al. Natural history of untreated colonic polyps. Gastroenterology 1987;93:1009-13.
8. Morson BC. The polyp-cancer sequence in the large bowel. Proc R Soc Med 1974:67:451-7.
9. Muto T, Bussey HJR, Morson BC. The evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 1975;36:2251-70.
10. Blatt LJ. Polyps of the colon and rectum: incidence and distribution. Dis Colon Rectum 1961;4:277-82.
11. Welin S, Youker J, Spratt JS, et al. The rates and patterns of growth of 275 tumors of the large intestine and rectum observed serially by double contrast enema study. Am J Roentgenol 1963;90:673-87.
12. Armitage NCM. Intervention studies in adenoma patients. World J Surg 1991;15:29-34.
13. Eide TJ. Natural history of adenomas. World J Surg 1991;15:3-6.
14. Hoff G, Vatn MH. Colonic adenoma: natural history. Dig Dis 1991;9:61-9.
15. Lescher T, Dockerty MB, Jackman RJ, et al. Histopathology of the larger colonic polyp. Dis Colon Rectum 1967;10:118-24.
16. Chantereau MJ, Faivre J, Boutron MC, et al. Epidemiology, management, and prognosis of malignant large bowel polyps within a defined population. Gut 1992;33:259-63.
17. Hoff G, Foerster A, Vatn MH, et al. Epidemiology of polyps in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985;20:677-83.
18. Fung CHK, Goldman H. The incidence and significance of villous change in adenomatous polyps. Am J Clin Pathol 1970;53:21-5.
19. Gatteschi B, Constantini M, Bruzzi P, et al. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the relationship between adenocarcinoma and solitary and multiple adenomas in colorectal adenoma patients. Int J Cancer 1991;49:509-12.
20. O'Brien MJ, Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, et al. The National Polyp Study: patient and polyp characteristics associated with high-grade dysplasia in colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology 1990;98:371-9.
21. Atkin WS, Morson BC, Cuzick J. Long-term risk of colorectal cancer after excision of rectosigmoid adenomas. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:658-62.
22. Vogelstein V, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, et al. Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med 1988;319:525-32.
23. Jass JR, Path MRC. Do all colorectal carcinomas arise in preexisting adenomas? World J Surg 1989;13:45-51.
24. Eddy DM. Screening for colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:373-84.
25. Desigan G, Wang M, Alberti-Flor J, et al. De novo carcinoma of the rectum: a case report. Am J Gastroenterol 1985;80:553-6.
26. Shamsuddin AM, Kato Y, Kunishima N, et al. Carcinoma in situ in nonpolyploid mucosa of the large intestine. Cancer 1985;56:2849-54.
27. Bedenne L, Faivre J, Boutron MC, et al. Adenocarcinoma sequence or "de novo" carcino- - genesis? Cancer 1992;69:883-8.
28. Hoff G, Foerster A, Vatn MH, et al. Epidemiology of polyps in the rectum and colon: recovery and evaluation of unresected polyps 2 years after detection. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986;21: 853-62.
29. Offerhaus GJ, Giardiello FM, Tersmette KWF, et al. Ethnic differences in the anatomical location of colorectal adenomatous polyps. Int J Cancer 1991;49:641-4.
30. Stemmermann GN, Heilbrun LK, Nomura AMY. Association of diet and other factors with adenomatous polyps of the large bowel: a prospective autopsy study. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:312-17.
31. Arminski TC, McLean DW. Incidence and distribution of adenomatous polyps of the colon and rectum based on 1, 000 autopsy examinations. Dis Colon Rectum 1964;7:249-61.
32. Stemmermann GN, Yatani R. Diverticulosis and polyps of the large intestine: a necropsy study of Hawaii Japanese. Cancer 1973;31: 1260-70.
33. Eide TJ, Stalsberg H. Polyps of the large intestine in Northern Norway. Cancer 1978;42: 2839-48.
34. Vatn MH, Stalsberg H. The prevalence of polstudy. Cancer 1982;49:819-26.
35. Williams AR, Balasooriya BAW, Day DW. Polyps and cancer of the large bowel: a necropsy study in Liverpool. Gut 1982;23:835-42.
36. Bombi JA. Polyps of the colon in Barcelona, Spain. Cancer 1988;61:1472-6.
37. Correa P, Duque E, Cuello C, et al. Polyps of the colon and rectum in Cali, Columbia. Int J Cancer 1972;9:86-96.
38. Bremner CG, Ackerman LV. Polyps and carcinoma of the large bowel in the South African Bantu. Cancer 1970;26:991-9.
39. Haghighi P, Nasr K, Mohallatee EA, et al. Colorectal polyps and carcinoma in southern Iran. Cancer 1977;39:274-8.
40. Cajucom CC, Barrios GC, Cruz L, et al. Prevalence of colorectal polyps in Filipinos: an autopsy study. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35: 676-80.
41. Chavez-Macias LG, Jessurun J, Mendez- Sanchez N. Prevalencia de polipos adenomatosos e hiperplasicos del colon en la poblacion del Hospital General de Mexico: un estudio de autopsias. Rev Invest Clin 1990;42:193-7.
42. Sato E, Ouchi A, Sasano N, et al. Polyps and diverticulosis of large bowel in autopsy population of Akita prefecture, compared with Miyagi: high risk for colorectal cancer in Japan. Cancer 1976;37:1316-21.
43. Coode PE, Chan KW, Chan YT. Polyps and diverticula of the large intestine: a necropsy survey in Hong Kong. Gut 1985;26:1045-8.
44. Clark JC, Collan Y, Eide TJ, et al. Prevalence of polyps in an autopsy series from areas with varying incidence of large-bowel cancer. Int J Cancer 1985;36:179-86.
45. Prager ED, Swinton NW, Young JL, et al. Follow- up study of patients with benign mucosal polyps discovered by proctosigmoidoscopy. Dis Colon Rectum 1974;17:322-4.
46. Winawer SJ, O'Brien MJ, Wayne JD, et al. Risk and surveillance of individuals with colorectal polyps. Bull World Health Organ 1990; 68:789-95.
47. Neugut AL, Johnsen CM, Forde KA, et al. Recurrence rates for colorectal polyps. Cancer 1985;55:1586-9.
48. Rider AJ, Kirsner JB, Moeller HC, et al. Polyps of the colon and rectum: their incidence and relationship to carcinoma. Am J Med 1954;16: 555-64.
49. Hoff G, Foerster A, Vatn MH, et al. Epidemiology of polyps in the rectum and colon: recovery and evaluation of unresected polyps 2 years after detection. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986;21: 853-62.
50. Kronborg O, Hage E, Adansen S, et al. Follow- up after colorectal polypectomy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983;18:1095-9.
51. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, O'Brien MJ, et al. Randomized comparison of surveillance intervals after colonoscopic removal of newly diagnosed adenomatous polyps. The National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med 1993;328: 901-6.
52. de Jong UW, Day NE, Muir CS, et al. The distribution of cancer within the large bowel. Int J Cancer 1972;10:463-77.
53. Eide TJ. The age-, sex-, and site-specific occurrence of adenomas and carcinomas of the large intestine within a defined population. Scand J Gastroenerol 1986;21:1083-8.
54. McMichael AJ, Potter JD. Reproduction, endogenous and exogenous sex hormones, and colon cancer: a review and hypothesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980;65:1201-7.
55. Cordice JW Jr, Johnson H Jr. Anatomic distribution of colonic cancers in middle-class black Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 1991;83:730-2.
56. Beart RW, Melton LJ III, Maruta M, et al. Trends in right and left-sided colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1983;26:393-8.
57. Wacholder S, McLaughlin JK, Silverman DT, et al. Selection of controls in case-control studies. I. Principles. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135: 1019-28.
58. Wacholder S, Silverman DT, McLaughlin JK, et al. Selection of controls in case-control studies. II. Types of controls. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:1029-41.
59. Willett W. The search for the causes of breast and colon cancer. Nature 1989;338:389-94.
60. Breuer NF, Goebell H. Bile acids and cancer of the large bowel. Dig Dis 1987;5:65-77.
61. Hill MJ. Metabolic epidemiology of dietary factors in large bowel cancer. Cancer Res 1975; 35:3398-402.
62. McMichael AJ, Potter JD. Reproduction, endogenous and exogenous sex hormones, and colon cancer: a review and hypothesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980;65:1201-7.
63. MacLennan R, Jensen OM, Mosbech J. Diet, transit time, stool weight and colon cancer in two Scandinavian populations. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:5239-42.
64. Greenwald P, Lanza E, Eddy GA. Dietary fiber in the reduction of colon cancer risk. J Am Diet Assoc 1987;87:1178-88.
65. Reddy BS, Hedges AR, Laasko K, et al. Fecal constituents of a high-risk North American and a low-risk Finnish population for the development of large bowel cancer. Cancer Lett 1978; 4:217-22.
66. Burkitt DP, Walker ARP, Painter NS. Dietary fiber and disease. JAMA 1974;229:1068-71.
67. Zaridze DG. Environmental etiology of largebowel cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;70: 389-400.
68. Kritchevsky D. Diet, nutrition and cancer: the role of fiber. Cancer 1986;58:1830-6.
69. Rogers AE, Longnecker MP. Dietary and nutritional influences on cancer: a review of epidemiologic and experimental data. Lab Invest 1988;59:729-56.
70. Vogel VG, McPherson RS. Dietary epidemiology of colon cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1989;3:35-62.
71. Jain M, Cook GM, Davis FG, et al. A casecontrol study of diet and colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 1980;26:757-68.
72. Potter JD, McMichael AJ. Large bowel cancer in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;71:703-9.
73. Trock B, Lanza E, Greenwald P. Dietary fiber, vegetables, and colon cancer: critical review and meta-analyses of the epidemiologic evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:650-61.
74. Modan B, Barrell V, Lubin F, et al. Dietary factors and cancer in Israel. Cancer Res 1975; 35:3503-6.
75. Graham S, Dayal H, Swanson M, et al. Diet in the epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. J Natl Cancer Inst 1978;61:709-14.
76. Willett WC. Nutritional epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1990.
77. Neugut AL, Garbowski G, Lee WC, et al. Dietary risk factors for the incidence and recurrence of colorectal adenomatous polyps: a casecontrol study. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:91-5.
78. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, et al. Relationship of diet to risk of colorectal adenoma in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:91-8.
79. Kampman E, Giovannucci E, van 't Veer P, et al. Calcium, vitamin D, dairy foods, and the occurrence of colorectal adenomas among men and women in two prospective studies. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:16-29.
80. Macquart-Mouin G, Riboli E, Carnee J, et al. Colorectal polyps and diet: a case-control study in Marseilles. Int J Cancer 1987;40:179-88.
81. Kato I, Tominaga S, Matsuura A, et al. A comparative case-control study of colorectal cancer and adenoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 1990;81: 1101-8.
82. Kune GA, Kune S, Read A, et al. Colorectal polyps, diet, alcohol, and family history of colorectal cancer: a case-control study. Nutr Cancer 1991;16:25-30.
83. Hoff G, Moen IE, Trygg K, et al. Colorectal adenomas and food: a prospective study of change in volume and total mass of adenomas in man. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988;23:1253-8.
84. Little J, Logan RFA, Hawtin PG, et al. Colorectal adenomas and diet: a case-control study of subjects participating in the Nottingham faecal occult blood screening programme. Br J Cancer 1993;67:177-84.
85. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, et al. Folate, methionine and alcohol intake and the risk of colorectal adenoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:875-84.
86. Kono S, Imanishi K, Shinchi K, et al. Relationship of diet to small and large adenomas of the sigmoid colon. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993;84: 13-19.
87. Sandier RS, Lyles CM, Peipins LA, et al. Diet and the risk of colorectal adenomas: macronutrients, cholesterol and fiber. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:884-91.
88. McKeown Eyssen G, Holloway C, Jazmaji V, et al. A randomized trial of vitamins C and E in the prevention of recurrence of colorectal polyps. Cancer Res 1988;48:4701-5.
89. Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD, et al. The relations of alcoholic beverage use to colon and rectal cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128:1007-15.
90. Riboli E, Cornee J, Macquart-Moulin G, et al. Cancer and polyps of the colorectum and lifetime consumption of beer and other alcoholic beverages. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:157-66.
91. Cope GF, Wyatt JI, Pinder IF, et al. Alcohol consumption in patients with colorectal adenomatous polyps. Gut 1991;32:70-2.
92. Naveau S, Chaput JC, Bedossa P, et al. Cirrhosis as an independent risk factor for colonic adenomas. Gut 1992;33:535-40.
93. Kikendall JW, Bowen PE, Burgess MB, et al. Cigarettes and alcohol as independent risk factors for colonic adenomas. Gastroenterology 1989;97:660-4.
94. Sandier RS, Lyles CM, McAuliffe CA, et al. Cigarette smoking, alcohol and the risk of colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology 1992; 104: 1445-51.
95. Kono S, Ikeda N, Yanai F, et al. Alcoholic beverages and adenomatous polyps of the sigmoid colon: a study of male self-defence officials in Japan. Int J Epidemiol 1990;19:848-52.
96. Olsen J, Kronborg O. Coffee, tobacco and alcohol as risk factors for cancer and adenoma of the large intestine. Int J Epidemiol 1993;22: 398-402.
97. Lee WC, Neugut Al, Garbowski GC, et al. Cigarettes, alcohol, coffee and caffeine as risk factors for colorectal adenomatous polyps. Ann Epidemiol 1993;3:239-44.
98. Giovannucci E, Rimm EF, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer in U.S. men. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86: 183-91.
99. Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer in U.S. women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86: 192-9.
100. Neugut AL, Lee WC, Garbowski GC, et al. Obesity and colorectal adenomatous polyps. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991;83:359-61.
101. Zahm SH, Cocco P, Blair A. Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for colon polyps. Am J Public Health 1991;81:846-9.
102. Monnet E, Allemane H, Farina H, et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of colorectal adenoma in men. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991;26: 758-62.
103. Rao CV, Tokumo K, Rigotty J, et al. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by dietary administration of piroxicam, a-difluoromethylornithine, 16-a-fluoro-5-androsten-17-one, and ellagic acid individually and in combination. Cancer Res 1991;51:4528-34.
104. Reddy BS, Nayini J, Tokumo K, et al. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by concurrent administration of piroxicam, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with D, L-a-difluoromethylornithine, an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, in diet. Cancer Res 1990;50:2562-8.
105. Reddy BS, Maruyama H, Kelloff G. Doserelated inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by dietary piroxicam, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, during different states of rat colon tumor development. Cancer Res 1987;47: 5340-6.
106. Northway MG, Scobey MW, Cassidy KT, et al. Piroxicam decreases postirradiation colonic neoplasia in the rat. Cancer 1990;66:2300-5.
107. Narisawa T, Satoh M, Sano M, et al. Inhibition of initiation and promotion by Af-methylnitro sourea-induced rat colon tumors by indomethacin treatment. Cancer Res 1984;41:1954-7.
108. Narisawa T, Satoh M, Sano M, et al. Inhibition of initiation and promotion by A'-methylnitrosourea- induced colon carcinogenesis in rats by non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent indomethacin. Carcinogenesis 1983;4:1225-7.
109. Paganini-Hill A, Chao A, Ross RK, et al. Aspirin use and chronic diseases: a cohort study of the elderly. BMJ 1989;299:1247-50.
110. Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Heath CW Jr. Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1593-6.
111. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Zauber AG, et al. A hypothesis: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the incidence of large-bowel cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991;83:355-8.
112. Kune GA, Kune S, Watson LF. Colorectal cancer risk, chronic illnesses, operations, and medications: case-control results from the Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study. Cancer Res 1988;48:4399-404.
113. Stemmermann GN, Nomura AMY, Grove JS. Aspirin and colonic epithelium. (Letter). Gastroenterology 1989;96:270-1
114. Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Freeman DH, et al. Reduced risk of large-bowel adenomas among aspirin users: The Polyp Prevention Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:912-16.
115. Waddell WR, Longhry RW. Sulindac for polyposis of the colon. J Surg Oncol 1982;24: 83-7.
116. Gonzaga RAF, Lima FR, Carneiro S, et al. Sulindac treatment for familial polyposis coli. (Letter). Lancet 1985;1:751.
117. Waddell WR, Ganser FG, Cerise EJ, et al. Sulindac for polyposis of the colon. Am J Surg 1989;157:175-9.
118. Rigau J, Pique JM, Rubio E, et al. Effects of long-term sulindac therapy on colonic polyposis. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:952-4.
119. Labayle D, Fischer D, Vielh P, et al. Sulindac causes regression of rectal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 1991;101:635-9.
120. Reddy BS, Nayini J, Tokumo K, et al. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by concurrent administration of piroxicam, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with D, L-a-difluromethylornithine, an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, in diet. Cancer Res 1990;50:2562-8.
121. Narisawa T, Takahashi M, Niwa M. Increased mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity in large bowel with multiple tumors, adenocarcinoma, and adenoma. Cancer 1989;63:1572-6.
122. Acquavella JF, Owen CV, Bird MG, et al. An adenomatous polyp case-control study to assess occupational risk factors following a workplace colorectal cancer cluster. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:357-67.
123. Neugut AL, Murray TI, Garbowski CG, et al. Association of asbestos exposure with colorectal adenomatous polyps and cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991;83:1827-8.
124. Demers RY, Demers BS, Hoar SK, et al. Prevalence of colorectal polyps among Michigan pattern and model makers. J Occup Med 1985; 27:809-12.
125. Hoar SK, Bang KM, Tillett S, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer and polyps among pattern makers. J Occup Med 1986;28:704-8.
126. Robins TG, Weinstein RJ, Demers RY. Lymphocytopenia, T-lymphocyte subsets, and colorectal polyps in automotive pattern and model makers. J Occup Med 1991;33:510-15.
127. Demers RY, Neale AV, Demers P, et al. Serum cholesterol and colorectal polyps. J Clin Epidemiol 1988;41:9-13.
128. Neugut AL, Johnsen CM, Fink DJ. Serum cholesterol levels in adenomatous polyps and cancer of the colon: a case-control study. JAMA 1986;255:365-7.
129. Berry EM, Zimmerman J, Peser M, et al. Dietary fat, adipose tissue composition and the development of carcinoma of the colon. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986;77:93-7.
130. Mannes GA, Maier A, Thieme C, et al. Relation between the frequency of colorectal adenoma and the serum cholesterol level. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1634-8.
131. Kono S, Shinchi K, Ikeda N, et al. Physical activity, dietary habits and adenomatous polyps of the sigmoid colon: a study of self-defense officials in Japan. J Clin Epidemiol 1991;44: 1255-61.
132. Little J, Logan RF, Hawtin PG, et al. Colorectal adenomas and energy intake, body size and physical activity: a case-control study of subjects participating in the Nottingham faecal occult blood screening programme. Br J Cancer 1993:67;172-6.
133. Sandier RS, Pritchard ML, McAuliffe CA, et al. Physical activity and the risk of colorectal adenomas. (Abstract). J Gastroenterol 1994;106.
134. Vernick LJ, Kuller LH, Lohsoonthorn P. Relationship between cholecystectomy and ascending colon cancer. Cancer 1989;45:392-5.
135. Ekbom A, Yuen J, Adami HO, et al. Cholecystectomy and colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 1993;105:142-7.
136. Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ. A meta-analysis of cholecystectomy and risk of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 1993;105: 130-41.
137. Sandier RS, Martin ZZ, Carlton NM, et al. Adenomas of the large bowel after cholecystectomy. Dig Dis Sci 1988;33:1178-84.
138. Llamas KJ, Torlach LG, Ward M, et al. Cholecystectomy and adenomatous polyps of the large bowel. Gut 1986;27:1181-5.
139. Neugut AL, Murray TI, Garbowski GC, et al. Cholecystectomy as a risk factor for colorectal adenomatous polyps and carcinoma. Cancer 1991;68:1644-7.
140. Moorehead RJ, Mills JO, Wislon HK, et al. Cholecystectomy and the development of colorectal neoplasia: a prospective study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1989;71:37-9.
141. Jorgensen T, Rafaelson S. Gallstones and colorectal cancer—There is a relationship but it is hardly due to cholecystectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:24-8.
142. Sandier RS. Cholecystectomy and colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 1993;105:286-8.
143. Piette AM, Meduri B, Fritsch J, et al. Do skintags constitute a marker for colonic polyps? A prospective study of 100 asymptomatic patients and metaanalysis of the literature. Gastroenterology 1988;95:1127-9.
144. Brendler SJ, Watson RD, Katon RM, et al. Skin tags are not a risk factor for colorectal polyps. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989;11:299-302.
145. Gould BE, Ellison RC, Greene HL, et al. Lack of association between skin tags and colon polyps in a primary care setting. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:1799-800.
146. Levine RS, Witte J. Geographical correlations of colon and breast cancer. (Letter). Lancet 1984;2:222.
147. Wynder EL, Hyams L, Shigematsu T. Correlations of international cancer death rates: an epidemiological exercise. Cancer- 1967;20: 113-26.
148. Jansson B. Gastrointestinal cancer: its geographical distribution and correlation to breast cancer. Cancer 1975;36(suppl):2373-84.
149. Adami H-O, Bergkvist L, Krusemo U, et al. Breast cancer as a risk factor for other primary malignant diseases: a nationwide cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984;73:1049-55.
150. Teppo M, Pukkala E, Saxen E. Multiple cancer—an epidemiologic exercise in Finland. J Natl Cancer Inst 1985;75:207-17.
151. Schenker JG, Levinsky R, Ohel G. Multiple primary malignant neoplasms in breast cancer patients in Israel. Cancer 1984;54:145-50.
152. Bremond A, Collet P, Lambert R, et al. Breast cancer and polyps of the colon: a case-control study. Cancer 1984;54:2568-70.
153. Toma S, Giacchero A, Bonelli L, et al. Association between breast and colorectal cancer in a sample of surgical patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 1987;13:429-32.
154. Rozen P, Fireman Z, Figer A, et al. Colorectal tumor screening in women with a past history of breast, uterine or ovarian malignancies. Cancer 1986;57:1235-9.
155. Jouin H, Baumann R, Derlon A, et al. Is there an increased incidence of adenomatous polyps in breast cancer patients? Cancer 1989;63: 599-603.
156. Murray TI, Neugut AL, Garbowski GC, et al. Relationship between breast cancer and colorectal adenomatous polyps: a case-control study. Cancer 1992;69:2232-4.
157. Ezzat S, Strom C, Melmed S. Colon polyps in acromegaly. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:754-5.
158. Smith MB. Colonic polyps in acromegaly. (Letter). Ann Intern Med 1991;115:232-3.
159. Herrera L, ed. Familial adenomatous polyposis. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1990.
160. Lynch HT, Kirayama T. Genetic epidemiology of cancer. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1989.
161. Lovett E. Family studies in cancer of the colon and rectum. Br J Surg 1976;63:13-18.
162. Duncan J, Kyle J. Family incidence of carcinoma of the colon and rectum in north-east Scotland. Gut 1982;23:169-71.
163. Macklin MT. Inheritance of cancer of the stomach and large intestine in man. J Natl Cancer Inst 1960;25:551-71.
164. Bonelli U, Marlines H, Conio M, et al. Family history of colorectal cancer as a risk factor for benign and malignant tumors of the large bowel: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 1988; 41:513-17.
165. Guillem JG, Forde KA, Treat MR, et al. The colonoscopic detection of adenomas in asymptomatic first-degree relatives (FDR) of colon cancer patients: a controlled prospective study. (Abstract). Gastrointest Endosc 1989;35:172.
166. Burt RW, Bishop DT, Cannon LA, et al. Dominant inheritance of adenomatous colonic polyps and colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1540-4.
167. Cannon-Albright LA, Skolnick MH, Bishop DT, et al. Common inheritance of susceptibility to colonic adenomatous polyps and associated colorectal cancers. N Engl J Med 1988;319: 533-7.
168. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990;61:759-67.
169. Kinzler KW, Nilbert MC, Vogelstein B, et al. Identification of a gene located on chromosome 5q21 that is mutated in colorectal cancers. Science 1991;251:1366-70.
170. Fearon ER, Cho KR, Nigro JM, et al. Identification of a chromosome 18q gene that is altered in colorectal cancers. Science 1990;247:49-56.
171. Baker S, Markowitz S, Fearon E, et al. Suppression of human colorectal carcinoma cell growth by wild-type p53. Science 1990;249: 912-15.
172. Leppert M, Dobbs M, Scambler P, et al. The gene for familial polyposis coli maps to the long arm of chromosome 5. Science 1987;238: 1411-13.
173. Bodmer WF, Bailey CJ, Bodmer J, et al. Localization of the gene for familial polyposis on chromosome 5. Nature 1987;328:614-16.
174. Joslyn G, Carlson M, Thliveris A, et al. Identification of deletion mutations and three new genes at the familial polyposis locus. Cell 1991; 66:600-13.
175. Grodent J, Thliveris A, Samowitz W, et al. Identification and characterization of the familial adenomatous polyposis coli gene. Cell 1991; 66:589-600.
176. Kinzler KW, Nilbert MC, Su L-K, et al. Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21. Science 1991;253:661-5.
177. Powell SM, Petersen GM, Krush AJ, et al. Molecular diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1982-7.
178. Powell SN, Silz N, Beazer-Barclay Y, et al. APC mutations occur early during colorectal tumorigenesis. Nature 1992;359:235-7.
179. Pretlow TP, Brasirus TA, Fulton NC, et al. K-ras mutations in putative preneoplastic lesions in human colon. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85:2004-7.
180. Kinzler K, Vogelstein B. Clinical implications of basic research: cancer therapy meets p53. N Engl J Med 1994;331:49-50.
181. Wildrick DM. Molecular genetic studies of colon cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1989;3:1-17.
182. Thibodeau SH, Bren G, Schaid D. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science 1993;260:816-19.
183. Ionov Y, Peinada MA, Malkbosyan S. Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated segments reveal a new mechanism for colon carcinogenesis. Nature 1993;363:558-61.
184. Aaltonen LA, Peltomaki P, Leach FS, et al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science 1993;260:812-16.
185. Peltomaki P, Aaltonen, Sistonen P, et al. Genetic mapping of a locus predisposing to human colorectal cancer. Science 1993;260:810-12.
186. Fishel R, Lescoe MK, Rao MRS, et al. The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell 1993;75:1027-38.
187. Papadopoulos N, Nicolaides NC, Wei Y-F, et al. Mutation of a mutL homolog in hereditary colon cancer. Science 1994;263:1625-9.
188. Bingham S, Nelson M. Assessment of food consumption and nutrient intake. In: Margetts BM, Nelson M, eds. Design concepts in nutritional epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1991.
189. Pao EM, Cypel YS. Estimation of dietary intake. In: Brown ML, ed. Present knowledge in nutrition. Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute, 1990:399-406.
190. Simons BD, Morrison AS, Lev R, et al. Relationship of polyps to cancer of the large intestine. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:962-6.
191. Brahme F, Ekelund GR, Norden JG, et al. Metachronous colorectal polyps: comparison of development of colorectal polyps and carcinomas in persons with and without histories of polyps. Dis Colon Rectum 1974;17:166-71.
192. Sidransky D, Tokino T, Hamilton SR, et al. Identification of ras oncogene mutations in the stool of patients with curable colorectal tumors. Science 1992;256:102-5.
193. Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Tosteson TD, et al. A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma: Polyp Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;331:141-7