Of Elephants and Men: Politics and Nature Conservation in South Africa

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1994, Pages 53-69

  Ellis, Stephen ^a  

^a Afrika Studiecentrum   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION AREA; DEVELOPING REGION; GEOPOLITICAL RELATIONS; IVORY TRADE; NATURE CONSERVATION;

AFRICA, (SOUTHERN);

EID: 0028605372     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: 14653893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057079408708386     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. J. Stevenson-Hamilton, South African Eden: from Sabi Game Reserve to Kruger National Park (new edition, London, 1974).
2. For an example from West Africa, see Louis Merlet, ‘Domaine réservé: la protection de la faune’, Politique Africaine, 27 (1987), pp. 55-66.
3. Weekly Mail, 14-20 September 1990.
4. Ray Bonner, At the Hand of Man: Peril and Hope for Africa Wildlife (New York, 1993), pp. 272-8.
5. Harry Ellert, The Rhodesian Front War. Counter-Insurgency and Guerrilla Warfare 1962-80 (Gweru, 1989), pp. 93-123;
6. Peter Stiff, Selous Scouts: Top Secret War (Alberton, 1982), pp. 135, 241.
7. Author's interview with former officer of Rhodesian Special Air Service, 11 July 1991.
8. Ellert, The Rhodesian Front War, p. 93.
9. Classified document, Department of National Parks and Wild Life Management, Lusaka, 23 August 1991. Copy in the possession of the author; author's interview with former officer of Rhodesian Special Air Service, 11 July 1991.
10. Confidential document in the possession of the author.
11. On the ivory trade, see Iain and Oria Douglas-Hamilton, Battle for the Elephants (London, 1992). On the mandrax trade, see Simon Baynham, ‘Drug trafficking in Africa’, Africa Institute Bulletin, 32, 5 (1992).
12. The Guardian, 6 September 1988.
13. Jan Breytenbach, They Live by the Sword (Alberton, 1990).
14. Sunday Star, 10 December 1989.
15. Jean Larteguy, ‘Jonas Savimbi: Comment j'ai vaincu les Russes d'Angola’, Paris-Match, 8 March 1988.
16. Alex Vines, RENAMO: Terrorism in Mozambique (London, 1991), p. 89.
17. Amnesty International, Zimbabwe: Poaching and Unexplained Deaths: the Case of Captain Nleya (London, 1992);
18. Environmental Investigation Agency, Under Fire: Elephants in the Front Line, pp. 16-29.
19. Quoted in Alistair Graham, The Gardeners of Eden (London, 1973), p. 189.
20. W.P. Esterhuyse, Anton Rupert: Advocate of Hope (Cape Town, 1986), pp. 91-2.
21. Patrick Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika (Hanover, New Hampshire, 1991), pp. 102, 188;
22. Charles Bloomberg (ed. Saul Dubow), Christian-Nationalism and the Rise of the Afrikaner Broederbond in South Africa (London, 1990), p. 137.
23. Ivor Wilkins and Hans Strydom, The Super Afrikaners: Inside the Afrikaner Broederbond (Johannesburg, 1980), pp. 125, 425-6;
24. Dan O'Meara, Volkskapitalisme: Class, Capital and Ideology in the Development of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1934-48 (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 201-5.
25. Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Down to Earth (London, 1989), pp. 53-4.
26. J.H.P. Serfontein, Brotherhood of Power: an Expose of the Secret Afrikaner Broederbond (London, 1979), pp. 15, 98.
27. Wilkins and Strydom, The Super-Afrikaners, pp. A106, A278.
28. Mervyn Rees and Chris Day, Muldergate (Johannesburg, 1980), pp. 29, 57, 113.
29. Philip Frankel, Pretoria's Praetorians: Civil-Military Relations in South Africa (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 80-1.
30. Michael Klare, ‘Arms for Apartheid: New Evidence of Illegal US Arms Sales to South Africa’, in Ellen Ray, William Schaap, and others (eds.), Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa (New Jersey, 1979), p. 260.
31. Bonner, At the Hand of Man, pp. 153-9.
32. Many of the world's major newspapers reported these developments, particularly at the time of the March 1992 CITES meeting in Kyoto, Japan. The South African position is well stated in, for example, Guy Hobbs, ‘Elephant People’, Leadership, February-March 1992, pp. 16-24.
33. Figures quoted in Edward Barbier, Joanne Burgess and others, Elephants, Economics and Ivory (London, 1990), pp. 6-7.
34. Ian Parker to the author, 27 July 1992.
35. Barbier and others, Elephants, Economics and Ivory, p. 40.
36. Douglas-Hamilton, Battle for the Elephants, p. 321.
37. Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 16 October 1988.
38. For example: Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 16 October 1988; The Star, 22 October 1988.
39. Chester Crocker, High Noon in Southern Africa (Johannesburg, 1993), pp. 335-424.
40. Kristin Nowell, Chyi Wei-Lien and Pei Chia-Jai, The Horns of a Dilemma: the Market for Rhino Horn in Taiwan (Cambridge, 1992), p. 21.
41. Author's phone interview with Robert SanGeorge, WWF press officer, 20 August 1991
42. Crocker, High Noon in Southern Africa, pp. 503-11.
43. Denis Herbstein and John Evenson, The Devils Are Among Us: the War for Namibia (London and New Jersey, 1989), pp. 61-95.
44. The Independent on Sunday, 17 November 1991.
45. The Independent, 27 June 1992.
46. An anecdote reported to the author in Namibia in May 1989.
47. Stephen Ellis, ‘De Lange Arm van het Wereld Natuur Fonds’, De Volkskrant, 24 August 1991.
48. City Press, 21 October 1990.
49. Weekly Mail, 15-21 November 1991.
50. Weekly Mail, 19-26 July 1991.
51. BBC2 television, ‘War on Peace’, 10 March 1992.
52. Weekly Mail, 8-14 November 1991; on 121 Battalion, Frankel, Pretoria's Praetorians, p. 114.
53. Weekly Mail, 6-12 November 1992.
54. Stephen Ellis and Tsepo Sechaba, Comrades Against Apartheid: the ANC and the South African Communist Party in Exile (London and Indiana, 1992), pp. 105-111, 127.
55. Confidential document, 17 March 1989; Classified document, Department of National Parks and Wild Life Management, Lusaka, 23 August 1991; both in the possession of the author.
56. Southscan, 16 November 1990;
57. Terence Ranger, ‘War, Violence and Healing in Zimbabwe,’ Journal of Southern African Studies, 18, 3, (1992), pp. 699-700.
58. Environmental Investigation Agency, Under Fire, p. 41.
59. Weekly Mail, 16-23 April 1992.
60. Weekly Mail, 16-22 March 1990.
61. Author's interview with former Special Forces officer, July 1991.
62. Confidential documents in the author's possession.
63. This was confirmed to the author by both security and conservation officials in interviews in September 1993.
64. Fred Bridgland, ‘Breakout’, Leadership, 10, (October-November, 1991), pp. 68-72.
65. G.A. Robinson, ‘Ecotourism as a Major Drawcard for Southern Africa: Promoting Tourism and protecting the Environment’, (unpublished paper, no date).
66. Author's interview with Dr G. De Graaff, Pretoria, 10 September 1993.
67. Financial Mail, 12 June 1992; author's interview with Dr David Jones, director of London Zoological Society, 9 January 1991.