Advances in Speech and Audio Compression

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 82, Issue 6, 1994, Pages 900-918

  Gersho, Allen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; DATA COMPRESSION; DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING; ENCODING (SYMBOLS); SOUND REPRODUCTION; SPEECH CODING; VOCODERS;

CODE EXCITED LINEAR PREDICTION (CELP) CODING; SPEECH COMPRESSION; SUBBAND CODING; TRANSFORM CODING; WIDEBAND AUDIO COMPRESSION;

SPEECH PROCESSING;

EID: 0028445481     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: 15582256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/5.286194     Document Type: Article

References (270)

1. J.P. Adoul, P. Mabilleau, M. Delprat, and S. Morissette, “Fast CELP coding based on algebraic codes,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 1957–1960, Apr. 1987.
2. M. Akamine and K. Miseki, “CELP coding with an adaptive density pulse excitation model,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 29–32, vol. 1, 1990.
3. “Efficient excitation model for low bit rate speech coding,” in Proc. 1991 IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems, vol. 1, pp. 586–589, 1991.
4. “Adaptive bit-allocation between the pole-zero synthesis filter and excitation in CELP,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Glasgow, Scotland, 1991), vol. 1, pp. 229–232.
5. L. B. Almeida and J. M. Tribolet, “Harmonic coding: A low bitrate rate good-quality speech coding technique,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Paris, France, 1982), pp. 1664–1667.
6. F. G. Andreotti, V. Maiorano, and L. Vetrano, “A 6. 3 kb/s CELP codec suitable for half-rate system,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Toronto„ Ont., Canada, 1991),vol. 1, pp. 621–624.
7. B. S. Atal, “High-quality speech at low bit rates: Multipulse and stochastically excited linear predictive coders,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Tokyo, 1986), 1681–1684.
8. B. S. Atal, V. Cuperman, and A. Gersho, Advances in Speech Coding. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1991.
9. Speech and Audio coding for Wireless and Network Applications. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1993.
10. B. S. Atal and S. L. Hanauer, “Speech analysis and synthesis by linear prediction of the speech wave,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 50, pp. 637–655, 1971.
11. B. S. Atal and J. R. Remde, “A new model of LPC excitation for producing natural-sounding speech at low bit rates,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Paris, France, May 1982), vol. 1, pp. 614–617.
12. B. S. Atal and M. R. Schroeder, “Predictive coding of speech signals and subjective error criteria,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. ASSP-27, no. 3, pp. 247–254, 1979.
13. “Stochastic coding of speech signals at very low bit rates,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Communications, pp. 1610–1613, May 1984.
14. S. A. Atungsiri, A. M. Kondoz, and B. G. Evans, “Robust 4.8 kbit/s CELB-BB speech coder for satellite-land mobile communications,” Space Commun., vol. 7, no. 4–6, pp. 589–595, Nov. 1990.
15. T. P. Barnwell, III, “Recursive windowing for generating autocorrelation correlation coefficients for LPC analysis,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech., Signal Process., vol. ASSP-29, pp. 1062–1066, Oct. 1981.
16. B. Bhattacharya, W. Le Blanc, S. Mahmoud, and V. Cuperman, man, “Tree searched multistage vector quantization of LPC parameters for b/s speech coding,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (San Francisco, CA, Mar. 1992), vol. 1, pp. 105–108.
17. R. Boite, H. Leich, and G. Yang, “Simplification and improvement of the binary coded excited linear prediction (BCELP) for speech coding,” in Signal Processing V. Theories and Applications. (Proc. 5th European Signal Processing Conf.), vol. 2, 1211–1214, 1990.
18. K. Brandenburg, “OCF—A new coding algorithm for high quality sound signals,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Dallas, TX, Mar. 1992), vol. 1, 141–145.
19. K. Brandenburg, H. Gerhauser, D. Seitzer, and T. Sporer, “Transform coding of high quality digital audio at low bit rates-algorithms algorithms and implementations,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications, vol. 3, 932–936, 1990.
20. K. Brandenburg, J. Herre, J. D. Johnston, Y. Mahieux, and E. F. Schroeder, “ASPEC: Adaptive spectral perceptual entropy coding of high quality music signals,” presented at the 90th Audio Engineering Soc. Conv., Paris, France, 1991, Reprint 3011.
21. K. Brandenburg and G. Stoll, “The ISO/MPEG-audio codec: A generic standard for coding of high quality digital audio,” presented at the 92nd Audio Engineering Soc. Conv., Vienna, Austria, Mar. 1992, Preprint 3336.
22. M. S. Brandstein, “A 1.5 kbps multiband excitation speech coder,” S.M. thesis, EECS Dept., Mass. Inst. Technol., 1990.
23. M. S. Brandstein, P. A. Monta, J. C. Hardwick, and J. S. Lim, “A real-time implementation of the improved MBE speech coder,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 1990), vol. 1, pp. 5–8.
24. H. J. Braun, G. Cosier, D. Freeman, A. Gilloire, D. Sereno, C. B. Southcott, and A. Van der Krogt, “Voice control of the pan-European digital mobile radio system,” CSELT Tech. Reps., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 183–187, June 1990.
25. A. Buzo, A. H. Gray, Jr., R. M. Gray, and J. D. Markel, “Speech coding based upon vector quantization,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. ASSP-28, no. 5, pp. 562–574, Oct. 1980.
26. J. P. Campbell, Jr., T. E. Tremain, and V. C. Welch, “The DOD 4.8 KBPS Standard (Proposed Federal Standard 1016),” in Advances in Speech Coding, B. S. Atal, V. Cuperman, and A. Gersho, Eds. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1991, pp. 121–133.
27. L. Cellario and D. Sereno, “Variable rate speech coding for UMTS,” in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding for Telecommunications (Ste. Adele, Que., Canada, 1993), pp. 1–2.
28. C.F. Chan and K.W. Law, “New multistage scheme for vector quantization of PARCOR coefficients,” Electron. Lett., vol. 28, pp. 1267–1268, June 18,1992.
29. J.H. Chen, “Low-bitrate predictive coding of speech waveforms based on vector quantization,” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, Mar. 1987.
30. “A robust low-delay CELP speech coder at 16 kbits/s,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf. (Dallas, TX, Nov. 1989), vol. 2, pp. 1237–1241.
31. “A robust low-delay CELP speech coder at 16 kb/s,” in Advances in Speech Coding, B. S. Atal, V. Cuperman, and A. Gersho, Eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1991, pp. 25–36.
32. “LD-CELP: A high quality 16 kb/s speech coder with low delay,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf. (San Diego, CA, Dec. 1990), vol. 1, pp. 528–532.
33. J.H. Chen, “The creation and evolution of 16 kbit/s LD-CELP: From concept to standard,” Speech Commun., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 103–111, June 1993.
34. J.H. Chen, R. V. Cox, Y.C. Lin, N. Jayant, and M. J. Melchner, “A low delay CELP coder for the CCITT 16 kb/s speech coding standard,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 10, pp. 830–849, June 1992.
35. J.H. Chen, G. Davidson, A. Gersho, and K. Zeger, “Speech coding for the mobile satellite experiment,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications, pp. 756–763, 1987.
36. J.H. Chen and A. Gersho, “Vector adaptive predictive coding of speech at 9.6 kb/s, in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 1986), vol. 3, pp. 1693–1696.
37. “Real-time vector APC speech coding at 4800 bps with adaptive postfiltering,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 2185–2188, Apr. 1987.
38. “Gain-adaptive vector quantization with application to speech coding,” IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol. COM-35, no. 9, pp. 918–930, Sept. 1987.
39. “Adaptive postfiltering for quality enhancement of coded speech,” submitted for publication, 1994.
40. J.H. Chen and M. S. Rauchwerk, “An 8 kb/s low-delay CELP speech coder,” in Conf Rec. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf (Phoenix, AZ, Dec. 1991), vol. 3, pp. 1894–1898.
41. M. Copperi, “Efficient excitation modeling in a low bitrate CELP coder,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 1, pp. 233–236, May 1991.
42. M. Copperi and D. Sereno, “Improved LPC excitation based on pattern classification and perceptual criteria,” in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Pattern Recognition (Montreal, Que., Canada, 1984), pp. 860–862.
43. “CELP coding for high-quality speech at 8 kbit/s,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 1986), vol. 3, pp. 1685–1689.
44. R. V. Cox, W. B. Kleijn, and P. Kroon, “Robust CELP coders for noisy backgrounds and noisy channels,” in Proc. Int. Conf on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Glasgow, Scotland, May 1989), pp. 739–742.
45. D. P. Crowe, “Objective quality assessment,” in Dig. IEE Coll. on Speech Coding-Techniques and Applications (London, England, 1992), 5/1-5/4.
46. V. Cuperman, “Speech coding,” Adv. Electron. Electron Phys,, vol. 82, pp. 97–196, 1991.
47. V. Cuperman and A. Gersho, “Vector predictive coding of speech at 16 kb/s,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-33, pp. 685–696, July 1985.
48. “Low delay speech coding,” Speech Commun., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 193–204, June 1993.
49. V. Cuperman, A. Gersho, R. Pettigrew, J. S. Shynk, and J.H. Yao, “Backward adaptation techniques for low delay vector excitation coding of speech,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf., pp. 1242–1246, Nov. 1989.
50. G. Davidson, W. Anderson and A. Lovrich, “A low cost adaptive transform decoder implementation for high-quality audio,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (San Francisco, CA, Mar. 1992), vol. 2, pp. 193–196.
51. G. Davidson, L. Fielder, and M. Antill, “High-quality audio transform coding at 128 kbit/s,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 1990), vol. 2, pp. 1117–1120.
52. G. Davidson and A. Gersho, “Complexity reduction methods for vector excitation coding,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Tokyo, Japan, 1986), pp. 3055–3058.
53. “Multiple-stage vector excitation coding of speech waveforms,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech. and Signal Processing (New York, Apr. 1988), pp. 163–166.
54. G. Davidson, M. Yong, and A. Gersho, “Real-time vector excitation coding of speech at 4800 bps,” in Proc. lnt. Conf on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Dallas, TX, Apr. 1987), 2189–2192.
55. A. De and P. Kabal, “Rate-distortion function for speech coding based on perceptual distortion measure,” in Conf. Rec., IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf., pp. 452–456, 1992.
56. Y. F. Dehery, M. Lever, and P. Urcun, “A MUSICAM source codec for digital audio broadcasting and storage,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing vol. 1, pp. 3605–3609, 1991.
57. R. Drogo de Jacovo, R. Montagna, F. Perosino, and D. Sereno, “Some experiments of 7 kHz audio coding at 16 kbitis,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Glasgow, Scotland, May 1989), vol. 1, pp. 192–195.
58. R. Drogo de Iacovo and D. Sereno, “6.55 kbit/s speech coding for application in the pan-European digital mobile radio cellular system,” in Proc. 5th European Signal Processing Conf, vol. 2, pp. 1231–1234, 1990.
59. “Embedded CELP coding for variable bitrate between 6.4 and 9.6 kb/s,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Toronto, Ont., Canada, May 1991), pp. 681–683.
60. A. De Jaco, W. Gardner, P. Jacobs, and C. Lee, “QCELP: The North American CDMA digital cellular variable rate speech coding standard,” in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding unications (Ste. Adele, Que., Canada, 1993), pp. 5–6
61. J. R. B. De Marca and N. S. Jayant, “An algorithm for assigning binary indices to the codevectors of a multidimensional quantizer,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications (Seattle, WA, June 1987), vol. 2, pp. 1128–1132.
62. R. J. Di Francesco, “Real-time speech segmentation using pitch and convexity jump models: Application to variable rate speech coding,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. 38, no. 5, 741–748, May 1990.
63. “Algebraic speech coding: Ternary code excited linear prediction,” Annal. Telecommun., vol. 47, no. 5–6, pp. 214–226, May-June 1992.
64. R. Di Francesco, C. Lamblin, A. Leguyader, and D. Massaloux, “Variable rate speech coding with online segmentation and fast algebraic codes,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 1, pp. 233–236, 1990.
65. S. Dimolitsas, “Standardizing speech-coding technology for network applications,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 26–33, Nov. 1993.
66. P. Dymarski, N. Moreau and A. Vigier, “Optimal and sub-optimal algorithms for selecting the excitation in linear predictive coders,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Albuquerque, NM. 1990), 485–488.
67. J. L. Flanagan, M. R. Schroeder, B. S. Atal, R. E. Crochiere, N. S. Jayant, and J. M. Tribolet, “Speech coding,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-27, no. 4, pp. 710–737, Apr. 1979.
68. D. K. Freeman, G. Cosier, C. B. Southcott, and I. Boyd, “The voice activity detector for the pan-European digital cellular mobile telephone service,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Glasgow, Scotland, May 1989), vol. 1, pp. 369–372.
69. A. Fuldseth, E. Harborg, F. T. Johansen, and J. E. Knudsen, “Wideband speech coding at 16 kbit/s for a videophone application,” Speech Commun., vol. 11, no. 2–3, pp. 139–148, June 1992.
70. C. Galand, J. Menez, and M. Rosso, “Adaptive code excited predictive coding,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 40, no. 6, pp 1317–1327, June 1992.
71. R. Garcia-Gomez, F. J. Casajus-Quiros, and L. Hernandez-Gomez, Gomez, “Vector quantized multipulse LPC,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Paris, France, Apr. 1987), vol. 4, 2197–2200.
72. C. Garcia Mateo, E. Rodriguez Banga, J. L. Alba, and L. A. Hernandez Gomez, “Analysis, synthesis and quantization procedures for a 2.5 kbps voice coder obtained by combining LP and harmonic coding,” in Proc. European Signal Processing Conf. (Brussels, Belgium, Aug. 1992), vol. 1, pp. 471–474.
73. W. Gardner, P. Jacobs, and C. Lee, “QCELP: A variable rate speech coder for CDMA digital cellular,” in Speech and Audio Coding for Wireless and Network Applications, B. S. Atal, V. Cuperman, and A. Gersho, Eds. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1993, pp. 77–84.
74. A. Gersho, “Asymptotically optimal block quantization,” IEEE Trans. Informat. Theory, vol. I1-25, no. 4, pp. 373–380, July 1979.
75. “On the structure of vector quantizers,” IEEE Trans. vol. no, Mar. 1982.
76. A. Gersho and R. M. Gray, Vector Quantization and Signal Norwell, MA: Kluwer 1991.
77. P. Noll, “Wideband speech and audio coding,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 31–44, Nov. 1993.
78. A. Gersho and E. Paksoy, “Variable rate speech coding for cellular networks,” in Speech and Audio Coding for Wireless and Network Applications, B. S. Atal, V. Cuperman, and A. Gersho, Eds. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1993, pp. 77–84.
79. A. Gersho and S. Wang, “Recent trends and techniques in speech coding,” in Conf Rec. 24th Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, Computers (Pacific Grove, CA, Nov. 1990), vol. 2, pp. 634–638.
80. I. Gerson and M. Jasiuk, “Vector sum excited linear prediction (VSELP) speech coding at 8 kb/s,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 1990), vol. 1, pp. 461–464.
81. “Vector sum excited linear prediction (VSELP),” in Advances in Speech Coding, B. S. Atal, V. Cuperman, and A. Gersho, Eds. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1991, pp. 69–79.
82. I. A. Gerson, M. A. Jasiuk, M. J. McLaughlin, and E. H. Winter, “Combined speech and channel coding at 11.2 kbps,” in European Signal Processing Conf. (Barcelona, Spain, Sept. 1990), vol. 2, pp. 1339–1342.
83. J. D. Gibson, “Adaptive prediction for speech differential encoding systems,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 68, pp. 1789–1797, Nov. 1974.
84. J. Gibson and K. Sayood, “Lattice quantization,” Adv. Electron. Electron Phys., vol. 72, pp. 259–330, 1988.
85. N. Gouvianakis and C. Xydeas, “Advances in analysis by synthesis LPC speech coders,” J. Inst. ERE, vol. 57, no. 6 (suppl.), pp. S272-S286, Nov./Dec. 1987.
86. D. W. Griffin and J. S. Lim, “multiband excitation vocoder,” IEEE Trans. Accoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 1223–1235, Aug. 1988.
87. R. Hagen and P. Hedelin, “Robust vector quantization in spectral coding,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 2, pp. 13-16, 1993.
88. U. Halka and U. Heute, “A new approach to objective quality-measures measures based on attribute-snatching,” Speech Commun., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 15–30, Mar. 1992.
89. H. Hassanein, A. Brind’Amour, and K. Bryden, “A hybrid multiband excitation coder for low bit rates,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Wireless Communications (Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1992), pp. 184–187.
90. S. Hayashi and M. Taka, “Standardization activities on 8 kbit/s speech coding in CCITT SGXV,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Wireless Communication (Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 1992), 188–191.
91. P. Hedelin, “A tone-oriented voice-excited vocoder,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 205–208, 1981.
92. P. Hedelin and A. Bergstrom, “Amplitude quantization for CELP excitation signals,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Toronto, Ont., Canada, 1991), pp. 225–228.
93. K. Hellwig, P. Vary, D. Massaloux, and J. P. Petit, “Speech codec for the European mobile radio system,” in Conf. Rec., IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf. (Dallas, TX, Nov. 1989), vol. 2, pp. 1065–1069.
94. L. A. Hernandez-Gomez, F. Casajus-Quiros, A. R. Figueiras Vidal, Vidal, and R. Garcia-Gomez, “On the behavior of reduced complexity code-excited linear prediction (CELP),” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Tokyo, Japan, 1986), pp. 469–472.
95. J. Herre, E. Eberlein, and K. Brandenburg, “Combined stereo coding,” presented at the 93nd Audio Engineering Society Conv., San Francisco, CA, Oct. 1992, Preprint 3369.
96. J. Herre, E. Eberlein, H. Schott, and K. Brandenburg, “Advanced audio measurement system using psychoacoustic properties,” presented at the 92nd Audio Engineering Society Conv., Vienna, Austria, Mar. 1992, 3321.
97. W. Hess, Pitch Determination of Speech Signals: Algorithms and Devices. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983.
98. W. Hess, “Pitch and Voicing Determination,” in Advances in Speech Signal Processing, S. Furui and M. M. Sondhi, Eds. New York, Basel, Hong Kong: Marcel Dekker, 1992, pp. 3–48.
99. M. Honda, “Speech coding using waveform matching based on LPC residual phase equalization,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 1990), vol. 2, pp. 213–216.
100. M. Honda and Y. Shiraki, “Very low-bitrate speech coding,” in Speech Signal Processing, S. Furui and M. M. Sondhi, Eds. New York, Basel, Hong Kong: Marcel Dekker, 1992, pp. 209–230.
101. G. Hult, “Some remarks on a halting criterion for iterative low-pass pass filtering in a recently proposed pitch detection algorithm,” Speech Commun., vol. 10, no. 3, 223–226, Aug. 1991.
102. A. Husain and V. Cuperman, “Low delay vector excitation speech coding at 8 kbits/s,” in 1992 IEEE Int. Workshop on Intelligent Signal Processing Communication Systems (Taipei, Taiwan, ROC, Mar. 1992), pp. 148–155.
103. “Lattice low delay vector excitation for 8 kb/s speech coding,” in Speech and Audio Coding for Wireless and Network Applications, B. S. Atal, V. Cuperman, and A. Gersho, Eds. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1993.
104. M. A. Ireton and C. S. Xydeas, “On improving vector excitation coders through the use of spherical lattice codebooks (SLCs),” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 57–60, May 1989.
105. H. Irii, K. Kurashima, N. Kitawaki, and K. Itoh, “Objective measurement method for estimating speech quality of low-bitrate rate speech coding,” NTT Rev., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 79–87, Sept. 1991.
106. F. I. Itakura and S. Saito, “Analysis-synthesis telephony based on the maximum likelihood method,” in Proc. 6th Int. Congr. on Acoustics (Tokyo, Japan, 1968), pp. C17-20.
107. K. Itoh and N. Kitawaki, “Real and artificial speech signals for objective quality evaluation of speech coding systems,” Electron. Commun. in Japan, pt. 3 (Fund. Electron. Sci.), vol. 72, no. 11, pp. 1–9, Nov. 1989.
108. M. Iwadare, A. Sugiyama, F. Hazu, A. Hirano, and T. Nishitani, “A 128 kb/hi-fi audio codec based on adaptive transform coding with adaptive block size MDDCT,” J. Selected Areas Commun., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 138–144, 1992.
109. V. Iyengar and P. Kabal, “A low delay 16 kb/s speech coder,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 243–246, 1988.
110. N. S. Jayant, Ed., Waveform Quantization and Coding. New York: IEEE Press, 1976.
111. N. S. Jayant and V. Ramamoorthy, “Adaptive postfiltering of 16 kb/s-ADPCM speech,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 1986), pp. 829–832.
112. N. S. Jayant, “Signal compression: Technology targets and research directions,” IEEE Trans. Selected Areas Commun., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 795–818, June 1992.
113. N. S. Jayant, J. Johnston, and R. Sofranek, “Signal compression based on models of human perception,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 81, no. 10, pp. 1385–1422, Oct. 1993.
114. N. S. Jayant and J. H. Chen, “Speech coding with time-varying bit allocations to excitation and LPC parameters,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Glasgow, Scotland, May 1989), vol. 1, pp. 65–69.
115. N. S. Jayant and P. Noll, Digital Coding of Waveforms. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984.
116. D. G. Jeong and J. D. Gibson, “Uniform and piecewise uniform lattice vector quantization for memoryless Gaussian and Laplacian sources,” IEEE Trans. Informat. Theory, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 786–804, May 1993.
117. M. Johnson and T. Taniguchi, “Pitch-orthogonal code-excited LPC,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf., vol. 1, pp. 542–546, Dec. 1990.
118. “Low-complexity multimode VXC using multistage optimization and mode selection,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Toronto, Ont., Canada, May 1991), vol. 1, pp. 221–224.
119. J. D. Johnston, “Transform coding of audio signals using perceptual noise criteria,” IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun, vol. 6, pp. 314–323, Feb. 1988.
120. J. D. Johnston and A. J. Ferreira, “Sum-difference stereo transform coding,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (San Francisco, CA, Apr. 1992), vol. 2, pp. 569–572.
121. B.H. Juang and A. H. Gray, Jr., “Multiple stage vector quantization for speech coding,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Paris, France, Apr. 1982), vol. 1, pp. 597–600.
122. P. Kabal, J. L. Moncet, and C. C. Chu, “Synthesis filter optimization and coding: Applications to CELP,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (New York, Apr. 1988), vol. 2, pp. 569–572.
123. P. Kabal and R. P. Ramachandran, “The computation of line spectral frequencies using Chebyshev polynomials,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. ASSP-34, no. 6, pp. 1419–1426, Dec. 1986.
124. G. S. Kang and L. J. Fransen, “Low-bitrate speech encoders based on line-spectrum frequencies (LSFs),” Naval Res. Lab., Rep. 8857, Nov. 1984.
125. “Application of line-spectrum pairs to low-bitrate speech encoders,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Tampa, FL, Mar. 1985), pp. 244–247.
126. A. Kataoka and T. Moriya, “A backward adaptive 8 kb/s speech coder using conditional pitch prediction,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Global Telecommunication Conf., pp. 1889–1893, Dec. 1991.
127. A. Kataoka, T. Moriya, and S. Hayashi, “An 8-kbit/s speech coder based on conjugate structure CELP,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Minneapolis, MN, 1993), vol. 2, pp. 592–595.
128. U. Kipper, H. Reininger, and D. Wolf, “Improved CELP coding using adaptive excitation codebooks,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Toronto, Ont., Canada, May 1991), vol. 1, pp. 237–240.
129. N. Kitawaki, “Research of objective speech quality assessment,” NIT Rev., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 65–70, Sept. 1991.
130. W. B. Kleijn, “Continuous representations in linear predictive coding,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Toronto, Ont., Canada, May 1991), vol. 1, pp. 201–204.
131. “Improved pitch prediction,” in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding for Telecommunications (Ste. Adele, Que., Canada, 1993), pp. 19–20.
132. W. B. Kleijn and W. Granzow, “Methods for waveform interpolation in speech coding,” Dig. Signal Process., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 215–230, Oct. 1991.
133. W. B. Kleijn, “Encoding speech using prototype waveforms,” Proc. IEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 386–399, Oct. 1993.
134. W. B. Kleijn, D. J. Krasinski, and R. H. Ketchum, “An efficient stochastically excited linear predictive coding algorithm for high quality low bit rate transmission of speech,” Speech Commun., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 305–316, Oct. 1988.
135. W. B. Kleijn, D. J. Krasinski, and R. H. Ketchum, “Improved speech quality and efficient vector quantization in SELP,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (New York, 1988), pp. 155–158.
136. “Fast methods for the CELP speech coding algorithm,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1330–1342, Aug. 1990.
137. W. B. Kleijn, R. P. Ramachandran, and P. Kroon, “Generalized analysis-by-synthesis coding and its application to pitch prediction,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (San Francisco, CA, Mar. 1992), vol. 1, pp. 337–40.
138. W. B. Kleijn and R. A. Sukkar, “Efficient channel coding for CELP using source information,” Speech Commun., vol. 11, pp. 547–566, 1992.
139. A. M. Kondoz and B. G. Evans, “CELP base-band coder for high quality speech coding at 9.6 to 2.4 kbps,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 159–162, 1988.
140. A. M. Kondoz, K. Y. Lee, and B. G. Evans, “Improved quality CELP base-band coding of speech at low-bit rates,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Glasgow, Scotland, May 1989), vol. 1, pp. 128–131.
141. P. Kroon and B. S. Mal, “Strategies for improving the performance of CELP coders at low bit rates,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (New York, 1988), vol. 1, pp. 151–154.
142. “On improving the performance of pitch predictors in speech coding systems,” in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding for Telecommunications (Vancouver, BC, Canada, Sept. 1989), pp. 49–50.
143. “Pitch predictors with high temporal resolution,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 1990), vol. 2, pp. 661–664.
144. “On the use of pitch predictors with high temporal resolution,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 733–735, 1991.
145. P. Kroon, E. F. Deprettere, and R. J. Sluyter, “Regular-pulse excitation: A novel approach to effective and efficient multipulse pulse coding of speech,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. ASSP-34, pp. 1054–1063, Oct. 1986.
146. R. F. Kubichek, E. A. Qunicy, and K. L. Kiser, “Speech quality assessment using expert pattern recognition techniques,” in Proc. IEEE Pacific Rim Conf. on Computers, Communications, and Signal Processing, Jun. 1989.
147. G. Kubin, B. S. Atal, and W. B. Kleijn, “Performance of noise excitation for unvoiced speech,” in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding for Telecommunications (Ste. Adele, Que., Canada), pp. 1–2.
148. C. Laflamme, J.P. Adoul, H. Y. Su, and S. Morissette, “On reducing computational complexity of codebook search in CELP coders through the use of algebraic codes,” Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 177–180, Apr 1990.
149. C. Laflamme, J.P. Adoul, R. Salami, S. Morissette, and P. Mabileau, “16 kbps wideband speech coding technique based on algebraic CELP,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Toronto, Ont., Canada, 1991), pp. 13–16.
150. C. Lamblin, J. P. Adoul, D. Massaloux, and S. Morissette, “Fast CELP coding based on the Barnes-Wall lattice in 16 dimensions,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Glasgow, Scotland, 1989), vol. 1, pp. 61–64.
151. R. Laroia, N. Phamdo, and N. Farvardin, “Robust and efficient quantization of speech LSP parameters using structured vector quantizers,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Toronto, Ont., Canada, May 1991), vol. 5, pp. 641–644.
152. W. P. Le Blanc and S. A. Mahmoud, “Structured codebook design in CELP,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Mobile Satellite Conf. (Ottawa, Ont., Canada, June 1990), pp. 667–672.
153. J. I. Lee and C. K. Un, “Multistage self-excited linear predictive speech coder,” Electron. Lett., vol. 25, no. 18, pp. 1249–1251, Aug. 1989.
154. R. Lefebvre, R. Salami, C. Laflamme, and J.P. Adoul, “8 kbit/s coding of speech with 6 ms frame-length,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Minneapolis, MN, Apr. 1993), vol. 2, pp. 612–615.
155. A. Le Guyader, D. Massaloux, and F. Zurcher, “A robust and fast CELP coder at 16 kbit/s,” Speech Commun., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 217–226, July 1988.
156. A. Le Guyader, D. Massaloux, and J. P. Petit, “Robust and fast code-excited linear predictive coding of speech signals,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Glasgow, Scotland, May 1989), vol. 1, pp. 120–123.
157. D. Lin, “New approaches to stochastic coding of speech sources at very low bit rates,” in Signal Processing III: Theories and Applications, I. T. Young et al., Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, North-Holland, 1986 pp. 445–447.
158. “Speech coding using efficient pseudo-stochastic block codes,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Dallas, TX, Apr. 1987), pp. 1354–1357.
159. X. Lin, R. A. Salami, and R. Steele, “High quality audio coding using analysis-by-synthesis technique,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Toronto, Ont., Canada, May 1991), vol. 5, pp. 3617–3620.
160. T. M. Liu and H. Hoege “Phonetically-based LPC vector quantization of high quality speech,” in Proc. European Conf. on Speech Communication and Technology (Paris, France, Sept. 1989), vol. 2, pp. 356–359.
161. G. C. P. Lokhoff, “Precision adaptive subband coding (PASC) for the digital compact cassette (DCC),” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 38, no. 4, pp 784–789, Nov. 1992.
162. L. M. Lundheim and T. A. Ramstad, “Variable rate coding for speech storage,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 1986), vol. 4, pp. 3079–3082.
163. J. Makhoul and M. Berouti, “Adaptive noise spectral shaping and entropy coding in predictive coding of speech,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., pp. 63–73, Feb. 1979.
164. J. Makhoul, S. Roucos and Gish, “Vector quantization in speech coding,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 73, no. 11, pp. 1551–1588, Nov. 1985.
165. K. Mano and T. Motiya, “4.8 kbit/s delayed decision CELP coder using tree coding,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 1, pp. 21–24, 1990.
166. “Delay decision CELP coding using tree coding,” Trans. Inst. Electron., Informat. Commun. Eng.—A, vol. J74A, no. 4, pp. 619–627, Apr. 1991.
167. J. S. Marques, L. B. Almeida, and J. M. Tribolet, “Harmonic coding at 4.8 kb/s,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 1, pp. 17–20, 1990.
168. J. S. Marques, J. M. Tribolet, I. M. Trancoso, and L. B. Almeida, “Pitch prediction with fractional delays in CELP coding,” in European Conf. on Speech Communication and Technology (Paris, France, Sept. 1989), vol. 2, pp. 509–512.
169. “Pitch prediction with fractional delays in CELP coding,” in European Conf. on Speech Communication and Technology (Paris, France, Sept. 1989) vol. 2 509–512.
170. R. J. McAulay and T. F. Quatieri, “Speech analysis/synthesis based on a a sinusoidal representation,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-34, pp. 744–754, 1986.
171. “Low-rate speech coding based on the sinusoidal model,” in Advances in Acoustics and Speech Processing, M. Sondhi and S. Furui, Eds. New York: Marcel Deckker, 1992, 165–207.
172. A. V. McCree and T. P. Barnwell, III, “Improving the performance of a mixed excitation LPC vocoder in acoustic noise,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (San Francisco, CA, Mar. 1992), vol. 2, pp. 163–166.
173. “Implementation and evaluation of a 2400 bps mixed excitation LPC vocoder,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Minneapolis, MN, Apr. 1993), vol. 2, pp. 159–162.
174. P. Mermelstein “G. 722, A new CCITT coding standard for digital transmission of wideband audio signals,” IEEE Comm. Mag., vol. 26, no. 1, pp 8–15, Jan. 1988.
175. P. C. Meuse, “A 2400 bps multiband excitation vocoder,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 1990), vol. 1, pp. 9–12.
176. S. Miki, K. Mano, H. Ohmuro, and T. Moriya, ‘Pitch synchronous innovation CELP (PSI-CELP),” in Proc. European Conf. on Speech Communication and Technology (Berlin, Germay, may, Sept. 1993), pp. 261–264.
177. N. Moreau and P. Dymarksi, “Mixed excitation CELP coder,” in Proc. European Conf. on Speech Communication and Technology (Paris, France, Sept. 1989), pp. 322–325.
178. T. Moriya, “Two-channel conjugate vector quantizer for noisy channel speech coding,” IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 866–874, June 1992.
179. T. J. Moulsley and P. W. Elliot, “Fast vector quantisation using orthogonal codebooks,” in 6th Int. Conf. on Digital Processing of Signals in Communications (Loughborough, England, Sept. 1991), pp. 294–299.
180. T. J. Moulsley and P. R. Holmes, “An adaptive voiced/unvoiced speech classifier,” in European Conf. on Speech Communication and Technology (Paris, France, Sept. 1989), vol. 1, pp. 466–469.
181. J.M. Muller, “Improving performance of code-excited LPC-coders coders by joint optimization,” Speech Commun., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 363–369, Dec. 1989.
182. H. Nakada and K.I. Sato, “Variable rate speech coding for asynchronous transfer mode,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 38, pp. 277–284, Mar. 1990.
183. M. Nishiguchi, J. Matsumoto, R. Wakatsuki, and S. Ono “Vector quantized MBE with simplified V/UV division at 3.0 kbps,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Minneapolis, MN, Apr. 1993), vol. 2, pp. 151–154.
184. E. Ordentlich and Y. Shoham, “Low-delay code-excited linear predictive coding of wideband speech at 32 kbps,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Toronto, Ont., Canada, May 1991), pp. 9–12.
185. B. Paillard, P. Mabilleau, S. Morissette, and J. Soumagne, “PERCEVAL: Perceptual evaluation of the quality of audio signals,” J. Audio Eng. Soc., vol. 40, no. 1–2 pp. 21–31, Jan. –Feb. 1992.
186. J. Paulus, C. Antweiler, and C. Gerlach, “High quality coding of wideband speech at 24 kbit/s,” in Proc. European Conf. on Speech Communication and Technology (Berlin, Germany, Sept. 1993), vol. 2, 1107–1110.
187. E. Paksoy, W.Y. Chan, and A. Gersho, “Vector quantization of speech LSF parameters with generalized product codes,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Spoken Language Processing (Banff, Alta, Canada, Nov. 1992), 33–36.
188. E. Paksoy, K. Srinivasan, and A. Gersho, “Variable rate speech coding with phonetic segmentation,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processin (Minneapolis, MN, Apr. 1993), vol. 2, 155–158.
189. K. K. Paliwal and B. S. Atal, “Efficient vector quantization of LPC parameters at 24 bits/frame,” in Proc. IEEE Int. conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Toronto, Ont., Canada, May 1991), pp. 661–664.
190. R. Peng and V. Cuperman, “Variable-rate low-delay analysis-by-synthesis by-synthesis speech coding at 8–16 kbit/s,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 29–32 1991.
191. R. Pettigrew and V. Cuperman, “Backward pitch prediction for low-delay speech coding,” in Conf. Rec., IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf., pp. 34.3.1-34.3.6, Nov. 1989
192. J. Princen and A. Bradley, “Analysis/synthesis filter bank design based on time-domain aliasing cancellation,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. ASSP-34, no, 5, pp. 1153–1161, 1986.
193. R. P. Ramachandran and P. Kabal, “Stability and performance analysis of pitch filters in speech coders” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. ASSP-35, no. 7, pp. 937–946, 1987.
194. “Pitch prediction filters in speech coding,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 467–477, 1989.
195. V. Ramamoorthy and N. S. Jayant, “Enhancement of ADPCM speech by adaptive postfiltering,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 1465–1475, Oct. 1984.
196. R. C. Rose and T. P. Bamwell III, “The self-excited vocoder-an alternative approach to toll quality at 4.8 kbs.” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 1986), vol. 1, pp. 453–456.
197. D. Rowe, W. Cowley, and P. Seeker, “A multiband excitation linear predictive hybrid speech coder,” in Proc. European Conf. on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 91) (Genova, Italy, Sept. 1991), vol. 1, pp. 239–242.
198. D. Rowe and P. Seeker, “A robust 2400 bit/s MBE-LPC speech coder incorporating joint source and channel coding,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (San Francisco, CA, Mar. 1992), vol. 2, pp. 141–144.
199. F. Rumsey, “Hearing both sides-stereo sound for TV in the UK,” IEE Rev., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 173–176, May 10, 1990.
200. R. A. Salami, “Binary code excited linear prediction (BCELP): New approach to CELP coding of speech without codebooks,” Electron. Lett., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 401–403, Mar. 1989.
201. R. Salami, C. LaFlamme, and J.P. Adoul, “Real-time implementation of a 9.6 kbit/s ACELP wideband speech coder,” in Conf. Rec., IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf., pp. 447–451, 1992.
202. “ACELP speech coding at 8 kbit/s with a 10 ms frame: A candidate for CCITT standardization,” presented at the IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding for Telecommunications, Oct. 1993.
203. S. Saoudi, J. M. Boucher and A. Le Guyader, “A new efficient algorithm to compute the LSP parameters for speech coding,” Signal Process., vol. 28, pp. 201–212, 1992.
204. R. W. Schafer and L. R. Rabiner, “Digital representation of speech signals,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 63, 662–677, Apr. 1975.
205. M. R. Schroeder, “Vocoders: Analysis and synthesis of speech,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 54, no. 3, 720–734, 1966.
206. M. Schroeder and B. S. Atal, “Rate distortion theory and predictive coding,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Atlanta, GA, Mar. 1981), vol. 1, pp. 201–204.
207. “Code-excited linear prediction (CELP) high quality speech at very low bit rates,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 937–940, Mar. 1985.
208. P. Secker and A. Perkis, “Joint source and channel trellis coding of line spectrum pair parameters,” Speech Commun., vol. 11, pp. 149–158, 1992.
209. D. Sen, D. H. Irving, and W. H. Holmes, “Use of an auditory model to improve speech coders,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 2, pp. 411–414, 1993.
210. M. Serizawa, K. Ozawa, T. Miyano, and T. Nomura, “M-LPCELP LPCELP speech coding at bitrates below 4 kbps,” in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding for Telecommunications, pp. 45–46, 1993.
211. Y. Shiraki and M. Honda, “LPC speech coding based on variable-length segment quantization,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1437–1444, Sept. 1988.
212. Y. Shoham, “Constrained excitation coding of speech at 4.8 kb/s,” in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding for Telecommunications Vancouver, BC, Canada, Sep 1989 p.65
213. “Constrained-stochastic excitation coding of speech at 4.8 kb/s,” in Proc. Int. Conf on Spoken Language Process (Kobe, Japan, Nov. 1990).
214. “Constrained-excitation coding of speech at 4.8 kb/s,” in Advances in Speech Coding, B. S. Atal, V. Cuperman, and A. Gersho, Eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1991, pp. 339–348.
215. “High-quality speech coding at 2.4 to 4.0 kbsp based on time-frequency interpolation,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Minneapolis, MN, Apr. 1993), vol. 2, pp. 167–170.
216. “High-quality speech coding at 2.4 kbps based on time-frequency frequency interpolation,” in Proc. European Conf. on Speech Communication and Technology (Berlin, Germany, Sept. 1993), vol. 2, pp. 741–744.
217. Y. Shoham, S. Singhal, and B. S. Atal, “Improving performance of Multipulse LPC coders at low bit rates,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 1.3.1-1.3.4, 1984
218. R. Soheili, A. M. Kondoz, and B. G. Evans, “An 8 kb/s LD-CELP CELP with improved excitation and perceptual modelling,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Minneapolis, MN, 1993), vol. 2, pp. 616–619.
219. F. K. Soong and B.H. Juang, “Optimal quantization of LSP parameters,” IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 15–24, Jan. 1993
220. C. B. Southcott, D. Freeman, G. Cosier, D. Sereno, A. van der Krogt, A. Gilloire, and H. J. Braun, “Voice control of the pan-European digital mobile radio system,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Global Telecomm. vol. 2, 1070–1074, Nov. 1989
221. K. Srinivasan and A. Gersho, “Voice activity detection for digital cellular networks,” in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding for Telecommunications, pp. 85–86, Oct. 1993.
222. L. C. Stewart, “Trellis data compression,” Information Systems Lab., Tech. Rep. L905-1, Stanford Univ., July 1981. See also L. C. Stewart, R. M. Gray, and Y. Linde, “The design of trellis waveform coders,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 30, pp. 702–710, Apr. 1982.
223. N. Sugamura and F. Itakura, “Line spectrum representation of linear predictor coefficients of speech signal and its statistical properties,” Trans. inst. Electron., Commun. Eng. Japan, vol. J64-A, pp. 323–340, 1981.
224. A. Sugiyama, F. Hazu, M. Iwadare, and T. Nishitani, “Adaptive transform coding with an adaptive block size (ATC-ABS),” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 1990), vol. 2, pp. 1093–1096
225. M. Taka, P. Combescure, P. Mermelstein, and F. Westall, “Overview of the 64 kb/s (7 kHz) audio coding standard,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf. (Houston, TX, 1986), pp. 17.1.1-17.1.6.
226. Y. Tanaka and T. Taniguchi, “Efficient coding of LPC parameters using adaptive prefiltering and MSVQ with partially adaptive codebook,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, and vol. 5–8, 1993
227. T. Taniguchi, S. Unagami, and R. M. Gray, “Multimode coding: A novel approach to narrow and medium-band coding,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., suppl. 1, vol. 84, p S12, Nov. 1988
228. T. Taniguchi, F. Amano, and M. Johnson, “Improving the performance of CELP-based speech coding at low bit rates,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems (Singapore, June 1991), vol. 1, pp. 590–593.
229. T. Taniguchi, M. Johnson, and Y. Ohta, “Pitch sharpening for perceptually improved CELP, and the sparse-delta codebook for reduced computation,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 241–244, May 1991
230. T. Taniguchi, K. Okazaki, F. Amano, and S. Unagami, “4.8 kbps CELP coding with backward prediction,” in IEIC-Nat. Conv. Rec. (in japanese)1346, Mar. 1987
231. T. Taniguchi, Y. Tanaka, and Y. Ohta, “Tree-structured delta codebook for an efficient implementation of CELP,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (San Francisco, CA, Mar. 1992), vol. 1, pp. 325–328.
232. T. Taniguchi, Y. Tanaka, Y. Ohta, and F. Amano, “Improved CELP speech coding at 4 kb/s and below,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Spoken Language Processing (Banff, Alta, Canada, Nov. 1992), pp. 41–44.
233. T. Taniguchi, Y. Tanaka, A. Sasama and Y. Ohta, “Principal axis extracting vector excitation coding: High quality speech at 8 kb/s,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 1990), vol. 1, pp. 241–244.
234. T. Taniguchi, S. Unagami, and R. M. Gray, “Multimode coding: Application to CELP,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Glasgow, Scotland, May 1989), vol. 1, 156–159
235. T. Taniguchi, Y. Tanaka, and R. M. Gray, “Speech coding with dynamic bit allocation (multimode coding),” in Advances in Speech Coding, B. S. Atal, V. Cuperman, and A. Gersho, Eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1991.
236. T. Taniguchi, S. Unagami, K. Iseda, and S. Tominaga, “ADPCM with a multiquantizer for speech coding,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 6, pp. 410–424, Feb. 1988.
237. G. Theile, G. Stoll, and M. Link, “Low bitrate coding of high-quality audio signals. An introduction to the MASCAM system,” EBU Rev. Tech., no. 230, pp. 158–181, Aug. 1988.
238. C. Todd, G. Davidson, M. Davis, L. Fielder, B. Link, and S. Vernon, “AC-3: Flexible perceptual coding for audio transmission and storage,” presented at the 96th Audio Eng. Soc. Conv., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Feb. 26–Mar. 1 1994, Preprint 3796.
239. I. M. Trancoso and B. S. Atal, “Efficient procedures for finding the optimum innovation in stochastic coders,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Tokyo, Japan, 1986), pp. 2379–2382.
240. I. M. Trancoso, J. S. Marques, C. M. Ribeiro, “CELP and sinusoidal coders: Two solutions for speech coding at 4.8-9.6 kbps,” Speech Commun., vol. 9, no. 5–6, pp. 389–400, Dec. 1990
241. T. E. Tremain, “The government standard linear predictive coding algorithm: LPC-10,” Speech Technol., pp. 40–49, Apr. 1982
242. K. Tsutsui, H. Suzuki, O. Shimoyoshi, M. Sonohara, K. Agagiri, and R. M. Heddle, “ATRAC: Adaptive transform acoustic coding for Mini Disc,” in Conf. Rec., Audio Eng. Soc. Conv. (San Francisco, CA, Oct. 1992).
243. S. V. Vaseghi, “Finite state CELP for variable rate speech coding,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 1990), pp.37-40.
244. S. Wang and A. Gersho, “Phonetically-based vector excitation coding of speech at 3.6 kbps,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 49–52, May 1989.
245. “Improving the excitation for phonetically-segmented VXC speech coding below 4 KBPS,” in Conf. Rec., IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf (San Diego, CA, 1990), vol. 2, pp. 946–950.
246. “Phonetic segmentation for low rate speech coding,” in Advances in Speech Coding, B. S. Atal, V. Cuperman, and A. Gersho, Eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1991, pp. 225–234.
247. “Improved phonetically-segmented vector excitation coding at 3.4 kb/s,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (San Francisco, CA, Mar. 1992), vol. 1, pp. 349–352
248. S. Wang, E. Paksoy, and A. Gersho, “Product code vector quantization of LPC parameters,” in Speech and Audio Coding for Wireless and Network Applications, B. S. Atal, V. Cuperman, and A. Gersho, Eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1993, pp. 251–258.
249. S. Wang, A. Sekey, and A. Gersho, “An objective measure for predicting subjective quality of speech coders,” IEEE. J. Selected Areas Commun., vol. 10, 819–829, June 1992.
250. L. Watts and V. Cuperman, “A vector ADPCM analysis-by-synthesis synthesis configuration for 16 kb/s speech coding,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf., pp. 275–279, 1988
251. D. Y. K. Wong, “Issues on speech storage,” in IEE Coll. on Speech Coding–Techniques and Applications (London, England, Apr. 1992), pp. 711–714
252. G. Wu and J. W. Mark, “Multiuser rate subband coding incorporating DSI and buffer control,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 38, no. 12, p. 2159–2165, Dec. 1990.
253. C. Xydeas, “An overview of speech coding techniques,” in Dig. IEE Colloq. Speech Coding—Techniques and Applications (London, Apr. 1992), pp. 111–125.
254. C. S. Xydeas, M. A. Ireton, and D. K. Baghbadrani, “Theory and real time implementation of a CELP coder at 4.8 and 6.0 Kbit/sec using ternary code excitation,” in Proc. IERE 4th Int. Conf. on Digital Processing of Signals in Communications (Univ of Loughborough, Sept. 20–23, 1988), pp. 167–174
255. C. S. Xydeas and K. K. M. So, “A long history quantization approach to scalar and vector quantization of LSP coefficients.” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 2, pp. 1–4, 1993.
256. J.H. Yao, J.J. Shynk, and A. Gersho, “Low delay vector excitation coding of speech at 8 kbit/sec,” in Conf. Rec., IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf. (Phoenix, AZ, Dec. 1991), vol. 3, pp. 695–699.
257. “Low-delay VXC at 8 Kb/s with interframe coding,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing vol. 1, (San Francisco, CA, Mar. 1992), pp. 45–48.
258. “Low-delay speech coding with adaptive interframe pitch tracking,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Communication (Geneva, Switzerland, May 1993)
259. Y. Yatsuzuka, S. Iizuka, and A. T. Yamazaki, “A variable rate coding by APC with maximum likelihood quantization from 4.8 kbit/s to 16 kbit/s,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 1986), pp. 3071–3074.
260. Y. Yatsuzuka, “Highly sensitive speech detector and high-speed voiceband data discriminator in DSI-ADPCM systems,” IEEE Trans Commun., vol. COM-30, pp. 739–750, Apr. 1982.
261. S. Yeldener, A. M. Kondoz, and B. G. Evans, “High quality multiband LPC coding of speech at 2.4 kb/s,” Electron. Lett, vol. 27, no. 14. pp. 1287–1289, July 4, 1991.
262. “Natural sounding speech coder operation at 2.4 kb/s and below,” in Proc. IEEE Inter. Conf. Wireless Communication (Vancouver, BC, Canada, 176–179
263. S. Yeldener, W. Ma, A. M. Kondoz, and B. G. Evans, “Low bit rate speech coding at 1.2 and 2.4 kb/s,” in IEE Coll. on Speech Coding—Techniques and Applications (London, England, Apr. 1992), pp. 611–614
264. M. Yong and A. Gersho, “Vector excitation coding with dynamic bit allocation,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf. (Phoenix, AZ, Dec. 1991), vol. 3, pp. 695–699.
265. “Efficient encoding of the long-term predictor in vector excitation coders,” in Advances in Speech Coding, B. S. Atal, V. Cuperman, and A. Gersho, Eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1991, 29–338.
266. J.H. Yao, J. J. Shynk, and A. Gersho, “Low-delay VXC at 8 Kb/s with interframe coding,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (San Francisco, CA, Nov. 1988), vol. 1, pp. 290–294
267. M. Yong, G. Davidson, and A. Gersho, “Encoding of LPC spectral parameters using switched-adaptive interframe vector prediction,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (New York, Apr. 1988), pp. 402–405.
268. K. Zeger and A. Gersho, “Zero redundancy channel coding in vector quantisation,” Electron. Lett., vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 654–656, 1987.
269. “Pseudo-Gray coding” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 2147-2158, Dec. 1990
270. A. Das and A. Gersho, “A variable rate natural quality parametric coder at 1.5 kb/s,” in IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications, vol. 1, pp. 216-220, May 1994