Physical activity and risk of breast cancer in the Framingham heart study

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 139, Issue 7, 1994, Pages 662-669

  Dorgan, Joanne F ^a   Brown, Charles ^a   Barrett, Michael ^b   Splansky, Greta L ^c   Kreger, Bemard E ^c   D'agostino, Ralph B ^c   Albanes, Demetrius ^a   Schatzkin, Arthur ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SERVICES INC   (United States)

^c BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast neoplasms; Exercise; Prospective studies

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; CANCER RISK; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENOPAUSE; PARITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; AGED; BODY MASS INDEX; BREAST NEOPLASMS; COHORT STUDIES; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MIDDLE AGE; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK;

EID: 0028314194     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117056     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Frisch RE, Wyshak G, Albright NL, et al. Lower prevalence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes compared to non-athletes. Br J Cancer 1985;52:885-91.
2. Paffenbarger RS Jr, Hyde RT, Wing AL. Physical activity and incidence of cancer in diverse populations: a preliminary report. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45:312-17.
3. Albanes D, Blair A, Taylor PR. Physical activity and risk of cancer in the NHANES I population. Am J Public Health 1989;79:744-50.
4. Vena JE, Graham S, 2aelezny M, et al. Occupational exercise and risk of cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45:318-27.
5. Kreger BE, Splansky GL, Schatzkin A. The cancer experience in the Framingham Heart Study cohort. Cancer 1991;67:1-6.
6. National Center for Health Statistics. International classification of diseases. Ninth revision. Clinical modification. Vol 1. Ann Arbor, MI: Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, 1978.
7. Kannel WB, Sorlie P. Some health benefits of physical activity—The Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 1979;139:857-61.
8. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical methods. 7th ed. Ames, LA: Iowa State University Press, 1980:144-5.
9. Lee ET. Statistical methods for survival data analysis. Belmont, CA: Lifetime Learning Publications, 1980.
10. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1970 census of the population: alphabetical index of occupations and industries. Washington, DC: GPO, 1971.
11. SAS Institute, Inc. SAS user’s guide, version 5 ed. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc, 1985.
12. Kelsey JL, Berkowitz GS, Breast cancer epidemiology. Cancer Res 1988; 48:5615-5623. Paffenbarger RS Jr, Kampert JB, Chang H-G. Characteristics that predict risk of breast cancer before and after the menopause. Am J Epidemiol 1980;112:258-68.
13. Swanson CA, Brinton LA, Taylor PR, et al. Body size and breast cancer risk assessed in women participating in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:1133-41.
14. Kampert JB, Whittemore AS, Paffenbarger RS.Jr., Combined effect of childbearing, menstrual events, and body size on age-specific breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:962-79.
15. Ballard-Barbash R, Schatzkin A, Carter CL, et al. Body fat distribution and breast cancer in the Framingham Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82: 286-90.
16. London SJ, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. Pro-spective study of relative weight, height, and risk of breast cancer. JAMA 1989;262:2853-8.
17. Bennink MR, Palmer HJ, Messina MJ. Exercise and caloric restriction modify rat mammary carcinogenesis. Fed Proc 1986;45:1087.
18. Yedinak RA, Layman DK, Milner JA. Influences of dietary fat and exercise on DMBA-induced mammary tumors. Fed Proc 1987;46:436.
19. Cohen LA, Choi KW, Wang CX. Influence of dietary fat, caloric restriction, and voluntary exercise on yV-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats. Cancer Res 1988;48: 4276-83.
20. Cohen LA, Boylan E, Epstein M, et al. Voluntary exercise and experimental mammary cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992;322:41-59.
21. Thompson HJ, Ronan AM, Ritacco KA, et al. Effect of exercise on the induction of mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1988;48:2720-3.
22. Thompson HJ, Ronan AM, Ritacco KA, et al. Effect of type and amount of dietary fat on the enhancement of rat mammary tumorigenesis by exercise. Cancer Res 1989;49:1904-8.
23. Bullen BA, Skrinar GS, Beitins IZ, et al. Induction of menstrual disorders by strenuous exercise in untrained women. N Engl J Med 1985;312: 53.
24. Beitins IZ, McArthur JW, Turnbull BA, et al. Exercise induces two types of human luteal dysfunction: confirmation by urinary free progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72: 8.
25. Loucks AB, Mortola JF, Girton L, et al. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in athletic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68: 402-11.
26. Fisher EC, Nelson ME, Frontera WR, et al. Bone mineral content and levels of gonadotropins and estrogens in amenorrheic running women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62:1232-6.
27. Laatikainen T, Virtanen T, Apter D. Plasma im-munoreactive fi-endorphin in exercise-associated amenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol 1986;154:94-7.
28. Snead DB, Weltman A, Weltman JY, et al. Reproductive hormones and bone mineral density in women runners. J Appl Physiol 1992;72: 2149-56.
29. Loucks AB, Horvath SM. Exercise-induced stress responses of amenorrheic and eumenor-rheic runners. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;59: 1109-20.
30. Broocks A, Pirke KM, Schweiger U, et al. Cyclic ovarian function in recreational athletes. J Appl Physiol 1990;68:2083-6.
31. Jurkowski JE, Jones NL, Walker WC, et al. Ovarian hormonal responses to exercise. J Appl Physiol 1978;44:109-14.
32. Bunt JC, Bahr JM, Bemben DA. Comparison of estradiol and testosterone levels during and immediately following prolonged exercise in moderately active and trained males and females. Endocr Res 1987;13:157-72.
33. Mastrogiacomo I, Toderini D, Bonanni G, et al. Gonadotropin decrease induced by prolonged exercise at about 55% of the V02max in different phases of the menstrual cycle. Int J Sports Med 1990;11:198-203.
34. Kanaley JA, Ji LL. Antioxidant enzyme activity during prolonged exercise in amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes. Metabolism 1991;40: 88-92.
35. Kanaley JA, Boileau RA, Bahr JA, et al. Substrate oxidation and GH responses to exercise are independent of menstrual phase and status. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24:873-80.
36. Montagnani CF, Arena B, Maffulli N. Estradiol and progesterone during exercise in healthy untrained women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24: 764-8.
37. Rogol AD, Weltman A, Weltman JY, et al. Durability of the reproductive axis in eumenorrheic women during 1 yr of endurance training. J Appl Physiol 1992;72:1571-80.
38. Davidson NE, Lippman ME. The role of estrogens in growth regulation of breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncogenesis 1989;1:89-111.
39. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
40. Witt EH, Reznick AZ, Viguie CA, et al. Exercise, oxidative damage, and effects of antioxidant manipulation. J Nutr 1992;122:766-73. Frisch RE, Wyshak G, Albright NL, et al. Lower prevalence of non-reproductive system cancers among female former college athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989;21:250-3.
41. Dishman RK, Sallis JF, Orenstein DR. The determinants of physical activity and exercise. Public Health Rep 1985;100:158-71.
42. Pickle LW, Johnson KA. Estimating the longterm probability of developing breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:1854-5.
43. Titchenal CA. Exercise and food intake—What is the relationship? Sports Med 1988;6:135-45. Prentice RL, Pepe M, Self SG. Dietary fat and breast cancer: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiological literature and a discussion of methodological issues. Cancer Res 1989;49: 3147-56.
44. Willett W. The search for the causes of breast and colon cancer. Nature 1989;338:389-94. Flegal KM, Brownie C, Haas JD. The effects of exposure misclassification on estimates of relative risk. Am J Epidemiol 1986;123:736-51.
45. Dosemeci M, Wacholder S, Lubin JH. Does nondifferential misclassification of exposure always bias a true effect toward the null value? Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:746-8.
46. Birkett NJ. Effect of nondifferential misclassification on estimates of odds ratios with multiple levels of exposure. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136: 356-62.