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2
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84936628244
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Situated knowledges the science question in feminism and the privelege of partial perspective
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(1988)
Feminist Studies
, vol.14
, pp. 575-599
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Haraway1
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6
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0002101334
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Political anatomy of controversy in the sciences
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H.T. Englehardt Jr., A.L. Caplan, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
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(1987)
Scientific Controversies
, pp. 93-124
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Mendelsohn1
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9
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84913070911
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Despite much disagreement within the ‘new’ sociology of science, everyone agrees on this point.
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13
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84913068865
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We will use the short-hand ‘HIV-AIDS’ to refer to the hypothesis that HIV causes AIDS.
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14
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0007335676
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Ingredients for a theory of science in society: O-rings, ice water, C-clamps, Richard Feynman, and the Press
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S. Cozzens, T. Gieryn, Indiana University Press, Bloomington
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(1990)
Theories of Science in Society
, pp. 67-97
-
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Gieryn1
Figert2
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15
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84972605487
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Of asteroids and dinosaurs the role of the press in the shaping of scientific debate
-
and the controversy over Alvarez's catastrophist theory of extinction, This public scientific controversy is unlike those that remain within the realm of science (e.g. Collins and Pinch, see Ref. [5]) and is more like controversies that attract the interest and involvement of the news media— e.g. the Challenger shuttle disaster controversy
-
(1986)
Social Studies of Science
, vol.16
, pp. 421-456
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Clemmens1
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16
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84913078616
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A few other dissenters exist, as will become clear in the text, but none have been as noted as Duesberg. However, this is not an exercise in hagiography. We are not interested in praising or vilifying Duesberg. Instead, his critique is our device for analyzing differences in scientific verification practices (this paper) and for writing a narrative history of his contemporary controversy (see Fujimura J.H. and Chou D. Controversy in science and medicine: a contemporary history of the debate over the cause of AIDS, forthcoming).
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17
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84913018262
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Recent theories about how HIV causes AIDS include the hypothesis that HIV induces an autoimmune response in some subjects (Hoffman et al., 1991) or that it reduces the ability of the immune system to respond to foreign microbes by attacking the dendritic cells
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19
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0026545145
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Alternative view on AIDS
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(1992)
Lancet
, vol.339
, pp. 1289-1290
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Goudsmit1
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20
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84913060720
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Our narrative and analysis are based on scientific journal articles, secondary history of medicine sources, news media articles and television programs, interviews with some of the scientists and physicians involved in the debate, and discussions with interested parties in many different forums.
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24
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84913061806
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Gallo claimed to have discovered the HIV (which his laboratory named HTLV-III). This claim was challenged by Luc Montagnier's laboratory, and the dispute was resolved last year in Montagnier's favor. See Verdicts are in on the Gallo probe.
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25
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0027115020
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(1992)
Science
, vol.256
, pp. 735-739
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26
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0023132030
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Retroviruses as carcinogens and pathogens: expectations and reality
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(1987)
Cancer Res.
, vol.47
, pp. 1199-1220
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Duesberg1
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27
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84913047800
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A.I.D.S.
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(see p. 73)
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(1988)
Spin
, pp. 43-44
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Farber1
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28
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84912942183
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Fatal distraction
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(1992)
Spin
, pp. 36-44
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Farber1
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29
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84912942183
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Fatal distraction
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(1992)
Spin
, pp. 84
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Farber1
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30
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84912942183
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Fatal distraction
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(1992)
Spin
, pp. 90-91
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Farber1
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39
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0024296413
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A rebel without a cause of AIDS
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(1988)
Science
, vol.239
, pp. 1485-1488
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Booth1
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44
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0025610111
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Non-HIV immunosuppressive factors in AIDS: a multifactorial, synergistic theory of AIDS aetiology
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(1990)
Res. Immunology
, vol.141
, pp. 815-838
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Root-Bernstein1
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47
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0025154379
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AIDS: non-infectious deficiencies acquired by drug consumption and other risk factors
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(1990)
Res. Immunol.
, vol.141
, pp. 5-11
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Duesberg1
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50
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84930559195
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Is the AIDS virus a science fiction?
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We mention that this is a politically conservative journal in order to contrast it with the more politically radical gay newspapers that have supported Duesberg's intervention in AIDS research. It is impossible to locate Duesberg or his allies along the usual spectrum of left to right politics.
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(1990)
Policy Rev.
, vol.53
, pp. 40-51
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Duesberg1
Ellison2
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56
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0025834491
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AIDS research turned upside down
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(1991)
Nature
, vol.353
, pp. 297
-
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Maddox1
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57
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84913072615
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Conflict rages over alternative AIDS theories
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(1991)
N. Scientist
, pp. 9-10
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Brown1
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58
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84913035688
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As Hacking [7, p. 3] notes, “Even my word ‘reasoning’ has too much to do with mind and mouth and keyboard; it does not, I regret, sufficiently involve the manipulative hand and the attentive eye.”
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60
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26744433734
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Agir Dans Plusieurs Mondes
-
See
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(1991)
Critique
, pp. 529-530
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Dodier1
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61
-
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26744433734
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Agir Dans Plusieurs Mondes
-
for a summary and review of Boltanski and Thevenot's work
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(1991)
Critique
, pp. 427-458
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Dodier1
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62
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0002470643
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“Style” for historians and philosophers
-
Hacking does not include branches of logic in their styles of reasoning, because deduction, induction, and abduction are practiced by all people and are not peculiar to scientific styles of reasoning.
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(1992)
Stud. History Phil. Sci.
, vol.23
, pp. 16-19
-
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Hacking1
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63
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84936823644
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Our approach differs from S. Cole's recent discussion of the role of ‘truth’, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, Cole views socially constructed knowledge as ephemeral. In contrast, our approach to the issue of ‘truth’ can be summarized in the statement that “just because something is constructed does not mean that it is not real.” Instead of continuing the persistent efforts to “pin down” truth and reality, we discuss what is observable by sociologists/ anthropologists. This means that we examine the practices and activities of scientists in their efforts to construct facts, rather than try to adjudicate the issue of truth.
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(1992)
Making Science: Between Nature and Society
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Cole1
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64
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84913016642
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I discuss this approach elsewhere in Fujimura J. Crafting Science. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, in press.
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65
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84913049392
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Hacking's interest in styles of practice follows his previous work on “self-vindication” in “mature laboratory sciences.” In that work, he relied on recent work in the social studies and history of science, especially that of Latour and Woolgar [4]
-
-
-
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73
-
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0002864268
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The Sociology of an Actor-Network
-
On the co-production of materials, data, experimental systems, and theories, see Pickering [47], M. Callon, J. Law, A. Rip, Macmillan, London
-
(1986)
Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology
, pp. 19-34
-
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Callon1
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80
-
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84913043790
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The charm of Hacking's framework is that it allows science analysts to discuss the construction of stable theories without admitting to realism. Hacking himself argues that his framework can be used both by realists and relativists.
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-
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81
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84913035479
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‘Nude’ mice are specifically bred to have a minimal immune system for experimental studies. Their name symbolizes their lack of hair, lost in the breeding process. They cannot survive outside of carefully controlled laboratory conditions.
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-
-
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82
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84913039573
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Star, for example, discusses several categories of general differences in orientation between clinical and basic research in 19th century neuroscience, including units of analysis, levels of abstraction, temporal orientations, and orientations toward anomalies.
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84
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0004164804
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University of California Press, Berkeley, On “worlds of practice” or “social worlds,” see
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(1982)
Art Worlds
-
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Becker1
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85
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0001915796
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A social worlds research adventure: the case of reproductive science
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S.E. Cozzens, T.F. Gieryn, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN
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(1990)
Theories of Science in Society
, pp. 15-42
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Clarke1
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87
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84934348932
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The molecular biological bandwagon in cancer research where social worlds meet
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(1988)
Social Problems
, vol.35
, pp. 261-283
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Fujimura1
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94
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0014084913
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Clinical syndromes in adults caused by respiratory infection
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(1967)
Med. Clinics N. Am.
, vol.51
, pp. 803-815
-
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Evans1
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95
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0016959107
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Causation and disease: the Henle-Koch postulates revisited
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(1976)
Yale J. Biol. Med.
, vol.49
, pp. 175-195
-
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Evans1
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99
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0018371022
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RE: definitions of epidemiology
-
See also, Letter to the Editor
-
(1979)
Am. J. Epidemiol.
, vol.109
, pp. 99-102
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Abramson1
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102
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0003354911
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Henry Whitehead and cholera in Broad Street
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(1958)
Med. History
, vol.2
, pp. 92-109
-
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Chave1
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106
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77957186757
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More on definitions of epidemiology
-
To the Editor
-
(1979)
Am. J. Epidemiol.
, vol.109
, pp. 102
-
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Rich1
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109
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84913028783
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See also a series of editorials in the, on the topics of “what and who is an epidemiologist?” and “what is epidemiology?”, (April, June, July, August, September, November 1942)
-
(1948)
Am. J. publ. Hlth
-
-
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111
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84913076210
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Since this publication, HIV has been found in individuals not included in the designated high risk populations.
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-
-
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115
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0001945473
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The dream of the human genome
-
(p. 35), However, as Lewontin has recently noted, medical cures have rarely come from understandings of the causal processes.
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(1992)
N.Y. Rev. Books
, vol.39
, pp. 30-40
-
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Lewontin1
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116
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84913027324
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Efforts to construct a suitable animal model continue. For example, scientists at the University of Washington's Regional Primate Center announced at the end of June 1992 that they had created a potential animal model for testing the HIV hypothesis. They managed to infect pigtail macaques with the HIV
-
-
-
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118
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84913026543
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Hopes fade on perfect animal model for AIDS
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However, their work has not been reproduced and that hope is fading for this model, New announcements of potential animal models have appeared since then in Science, but none has yet satisfied AIDS researchers.
-
(1992)
New Scientist
, vol.8
-
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Brown1
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119
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0347103665
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The search for perfect control: the social history of diphtheria, 1880–1930
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Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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(1993)
Ph-D Dissertation
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Hammonds1
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120
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0000857618
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Subacute spongiform encephalopathies: transmissible cerebral amyloidoses caused by unconventional viruses
-
B.N. Fields, D.M. Knipe et al., Raven Press, New York, Kuru had previously been thought to be a sorcery-caused illness and a psycho-somatic disease
-
(1990)
Virology
, pp. 2289-2324
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Gajdusek1
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122
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0039092606
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Securing a brain: the contested meanings of Kuru
-
cf., A. Harrington, Boston
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(1992)
So Human a Brain
, pp. 193-203
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Anderson1
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123
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9344228593
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-
Routledge, London, Beginning in the 1950s, epidemiologists also began to discuss methods for understanding causation in chronic diseases. With the exception of a few rare genetic, single-gene diseases, the research on non-infectious chronic disease faced the problem of showing the specificity of presumed causal factors. Even here, a disease like sickle cell anemia, a single-gene disease, exhibits a range of clinical manifestations, depending on other host and environmental factorsFagot-Largeault [56] discusses the use of statistics in determining chronic disease causation.
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(1990)
Eugenics Through the Back Door
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Duster1
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125
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0025757202
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Virus hunting and the scientific method
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(1991)
Science
, vol.251
, pp. 724
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Duesberg1
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128
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84913061362
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At another level, Treichler [1] argues that information about how HIV infection and AIDS behaves differs by geographical and social situations. Therefore, she argues, numbers and statistics should be taken narratively and not literally.
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-
-
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129
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84913076952
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However, see the section on ‘Mosaics’ for a contradiction of Winkelstein's African migration explanation.
-
-
-
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130
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84913016985
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However, see Grmek [15] for a discussion about whether AIDS is really a new disease.
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-
-
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131
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84913031395
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For good examples of definitions and redefinitions, see [60, p. 38]; [61, pp. 396, 399]; [62 (Aycock and Russel), p. 400].
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-
-
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133
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0020507962
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National case-control study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia in homosexual men: Part I, epidemiologic results
-
(1983)
Annls internal Med.
, vol.99
, pp. 145-151
-
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Jaffe1
Choi2
Thomas3
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135
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84913033200
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See especially Treichler's [1] footnote 33 for references to literature on problems with information on African AIDS and HIV infection.
-
-
-
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136
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84913053543
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Nevertheless mistakes are made in diagnostic procedures in the Western world. Winkelstein tells a story about a study on polymerase chain reaction (PRC), a sensitive procedure for testing for the presence of HIV, as employed by five different research laboratories. The labs agreed to participate in the study and knew in advance that the results would be published. Yet, at least 40 clerical mistakes were made: “checking the wrong specimens, calling them positive when they were negative, getting the numbers mixed up… You cannot believe how easy it is to get these things mixed up” [Winkelstein interview 1992].
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137
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84933489135
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A matter of FACS constituting novel entities in immunology
-
CD4 refers to a protein that sits on the surface of the T-4 lymphocytes (immune system cells). This protein is used as a marker for counting T-4 cells, since immunologists have designed efficient and standardized methods for identifying the proteinThe molecular biological argument is that the CD4 protein chemically ‘attracts’ a protein on the surface of the HIV, allowing the virus to then move its genetic material into the cell and make it reproduce viral copies which in turn attacks enough T-cells to kill the host.
-
(1992)
Medical Anthropology Quarterly
, vol.6
, pp. 362-384
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Cambrosio1
Keating2
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138
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84913055219
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Altman 1992.
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139
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84913040407
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3 of blood … [[Truncated]]
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140
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0026656045
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“Mystery” virus meets the skeptics
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p. 1032
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(1992)
Science
, vol.257
, pp. 1032-1034
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Cohen1
|