Effects of low ambient levels of ozone and sulfates on the frequency of respiratory admissions to Ontario hospitals

Environmental Research

Volumn 65, Issue 2, 1994, Pages 172-194

  Burnett, Richard T ^a   Dales, Robert E ^a   Raizenne, Mark E ^a   Krewski, Daniel ^a   Summers, Peter W ^b   Roberts, Georgia R ^c   Raad Young, May ^c   Dann, Tom ^b   Brook, Jeff ^b  

^a HEALTH CANADA   (Canada)

^b ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^c STATISTICS CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0028275982     PISSN: 00139351     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1994.1030     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. ATS Workshop (1991). Health effects of atmospheric acids and their precursors. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144, 464-467.
2. Bates, D. V. (1992). Health indices of the adverse effects of air pollution: The question of coherence. Environ. Res. 59, 336-349.
3. Bates, D. V., Baker-Anderson, M., and Sizto, R. (1990). Asthma attack periodicity: A study of hospital emergency visits in Vancouver. Environ. Res. 451, 51-70.
4. Bates, D. V., and Sizto, R. (1983). Relationship between air pollution levels and hospital admissions in southern Ontario. Can. J. Public Health 74, 117-122.
5. Bates, D. V., and Sizto, R. (1986). A study of hospital admissions and air pollutants in southern Ontario, in “Aerosols: Research, Risk Assessment and Control Strategies.” (S. D. Lee, T. Schneider, L. D. Grant, and P. J. Verkerk, Eds.), pp. 767-777. Lewis, Chelsea, MI.
6. Bates, D. V., and Sizto, R. (1987). Air pollution and hospital admissions in southern Ontario: The acid summer haze effect. Environ. Res. 43, 317-331.
7. Bates, D. V., and Sizto, R. (1989). The Ontario air pollution study: Identification of the causative Agent. Environ. Health Perspect. 79, 69-72.
8. Bennett, A. E. (1981). Limitations of the use of hospital statistics as an index of morbidity in environmental studies. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 31, 1276-1278.
9. Burnett, R., Bartlett, S., Krewski, D., Roberts, G., and Raad-Young, M. (1993). Statistical analysis of parallel time series: Air pollution effects on hospital admissions. In Proceedings of the Statistics Canada Symposium '92: Design and Analysis of Longitudinal Surveys,” pp. 141-148. Statistics Canada.
10. Burnett, R., and Krewski, D. (1993). Air pollution effects on hospital admission rates: A random effects modelling approach. Can. J. Stat. in press.
11. Cody, R. P., Weisel, C. P., Bimbaum, G., and Lioy, P. J. (1992). The effect of ozone associated with summertime photochemical smog on the frequency of asthma visits to hospital emergency departments. Environ. Res. 58, 184-194.
12. 10) Sampling Network (1984-1987), pp. 1-36. PMD 90-3, Pollution Measurement Division, Environment Canada.
13. Dockery, D. W., Schwartz, J., and Spengler, J. D. (1992). Air pollution and daily mortality: Associations with particulates and acid aerosols. Environ. Res. 59, 362-373.
14. Keeler, G. J., Spengler, J. D., Koutrakis, P., Allen, G. A., Raizenne, M., and Stem, B. (1990). Transported acid aerosols measured in southern Ontario. Atmos. Environ. 24A, 2935-2950.
15. Kinney, P. L., and Ozkaynak, H. (1991). Associations of daily mortality and air pollution in Los Angeles County. Environ. Res. 54, 99-120.
16. Koutrakis, P., Wekker, B., and Liu, S. (1993). “Canadian Research on Exposure Modelling Assessment.” Report to Health & Welfare Canada by the Harvard School of Public Health (Contract H4078-1-C115/01-SS).
17. Liang, K.-Y., and Zeger, S. L. (1986). Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73, 13-22.
18. Lindstrom, M. J., and Bates, D. M. (1990). Nonlinear mixed effects models for repeated measures data. Biometrics 46, 673-687.
19. Lippmann, M. (1993). Health effects of tropospheric ozone: Implications of recent research findings to ambient air quality standards. J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol, submitted.
20. Office of Technology Assessment (1984). “Acid Rain and Transported Air Pollutants—Implications of Public Policy.” U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
21. Ontario Ministry of the Environment (1991). “Air Quality in Ontario 1989.” Queen’s printer for Ontario. ISSN 0840-9366 1991.
22. Ponka, A. (1991). Asthma and low level air pollution in Helsinki. Arch. Environ. Health 46, 262-270.
23. Pope, C. A. III (1989). Respiratory disease associated with community air pollution and a steel mill, Utah Valley. Am. J. Public Health 79, 623-628.
24. 10 pollution in Utah Valley. Arch. Environ. Health 47, 211-217.
25. Ro, C. U., Tang, A. J. S., and Chan, W. H. (1988). Wet and dry deposition of sulphur and nitrogen compounds in Ontario. Atmos. Environ. 22, 2763-2771.
26. Schwartz, I., and Dockery, D. W. (1992a). Increased mortality in Philadelphia associated with daily air pollution concentrations. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145, 600-604.
27. Schwartz, J., and Dockery, D. W. (1992b). Particulate air pollution and daily mortality in Steubenville, Ohio. Am. J. Epidemiol. 135, 12-25.
28. Schwartz, J., and Marcus, A. (1990). Mortality and air pollution in London: A time series analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 131, 185-194.
29. Schwartz, J., Slater, D., Larson, T. V., Pierson, W. E., and Koenig, J. Q. (1993). Particulate air pollution and hospital emergency room visits for asthma in Seattle. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147, 826-831.
30. Shumway, R. H., Azari, A. S., and Pawitan, Y. (1988). Modeling mortality fluctuations in Los Angeles as functions of pollution and weather patterns. Environ. Res. 45, 224-241.
31. Shumway, R. H., Tai, R., Tai, L., and Pawitan, Y. (1983). “Statistical Analysis of Daily London Mortality and Associated Weather and Pollution Effects.” Technical Report 53, Division of Statistics, Univ. California, Davis.
32. Sirois, A., and Fricke, W. (1992). Regionally representative daily air concentrations of acid-related substances in Canada, 1983-1987. Atmos. Environ. 26A, 593-604.
33. Speizer, F. E. (1989). Studies of acid aerosol in six cities and in a new multi-city investigation: Design issues. Environ. Health Perspect. 79, 61-67.
34. Spengler, J. D., Brauer, M., and Koutrakis, P. (1990). Acid air and health. Environ. Sci. Tech. 24, 946-956.
35. Spengler, J. D., Kourtrakis, P., and Allen, G. (1993). “Summary of Pollutant Exposure Data for the Study of Health Effects of Ambient Aerosols on Children in 24 Cities in North America.” Harvard School of Public Health Technical Report.
36. Sunyer, J., Anto, J. M., Murillo, C. and Saez, M. (1991). Effects of urban air pollution on emergency room admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134, 277-289.
37. Thurston, G. D., Ito, K., Kinney, P. L., and Lippmann, M. (1992). A multi-year study of air pollution and respiratory hospital admissions in three New York state metropolitan areas: Results for 1988 and 1989. J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2, 429-450.
38. Thurston, G. D., Ito, K., Lippmann, M., and Bates, D. V. (1993a). Respiratory hospital admissions and summertime haze air pollution in Toronto, Ontario: Consideration of the role of acid aerosols. Environ. Res. in press.
39. Thurston, G. D., Ito, K., and Lippmann, M. (1993b). The role of particulate mass vs. acidity in the sulfate-respiratory hospital admissions association. In "Proceedings of the 86th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the Air and Waste Management Association, Denver, Colorado, June 13-18, 1993.” Manuscript 93-MP-1I.03.
40. Waldman, J. M., Lioy, P., Thurston, G. D., and Lippmann, M. (1990). Spatial and temporal patterns in summertime sulfate aerosol acidity and neutralization within a metropolitan area. Atmos. Environ. 24B, 115-126.