Record of volcanism since 7000 B.C. from the GISP2 Greenland ice core and implications for the volcano-climate system

Science

Volumn 264, Issue 5161, 1994, Pages 948-952

  Zielinski, G A ^a   Mayewski, P A ^a   Meeker, L D ^a   Whitlow, S ^a   Twickler, M S ^a   Morrison, M ^a   Meese, D A ^b   Gow, A J ^b   Alley, R B ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE   (United States)

^b Engineering Research and Development Center   (United States)

^c PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE COOLING; HOLOCENE; ICE CORE; SULPHATE; VOLCANISM;

GREENLAND;

EID: 0028184394     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.264.5161.948     Document Type: Article

References (53)

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4. See M. R. Rampino, R. B. Stothers, S. Self, Nature 313, 272 (1985); M. R. Rampino, S. Self, R. B. Stothers, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Lett. 16, 73 (1988), and references therein. Also see D. Rind, N. K. Balachandran, R. Suozzo, J. dim. 5, 189 (1992).
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9. 2- below this depth (that is, before 7000 B.C.) may be a result of the deposition of continental salts; thus, the volcanic signal is complicated.
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28. The discriminant function picked all the events meeting our residual criteria of 25 ppb except, on average, less than one event per 100 years. About one event per 1000 years was picked by the discriminant function despite a residual ≤25 ppb. Residuals were ≥15 ppb in all of these cases.
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30. 2- signal with the Kuwae eruption.
31. 4 produced from the eruption and eventually deposited on the Greenland ice sheet is similar to that of material injected into the stratosphere by nuclear bomb testing of a known location and magnitude.
32. 4 produced from the eruption and eventually deposited on the Greenland ice sheet is similar to that of material injected into the stratosphere by nuclear bomb testing of a known location and magnitude.
33. Brightly colored sunsets and the appearance of a dry fog in the Northern Hemisphere during the early 1830s, as compiled by H. H. Lamb [Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A. 266, 52 (1970)] were similar to those following the A.D. 1783 eruption of Laki. This similarity suggests that there was a large sulfur-producing eruption in the Northern Hemisphere, quite possibly Babuyan. J. K. Angell and J. Korshover [J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 24, 937 (1985)] and S. Self, M. R. Rampino, and M. J. Carr [Bull. Volcanol. 52, 57 (1989)] emphasized that temperatures in some places in the Northern Hemisphere were declining for several years before the explosive eruption of Cosigüina in 1835, further suggesting the possibility of a very large eruption in the early 1830s.
34. Brightly colored sunsets and the appearance of a dry fog in the Northern Hemisphere during the early 1830s, as compiled by H. H. Lamb [Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A. 266, 52 (1970)] were similar to those following the A.D. 1783 eruption of Laki. This similarity suggests that there was a large sulfur-producing eruption in the Northern Hemisphere, quite possibly Babuyan. J. K. Angell and J. Korshover [J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 24, 937 (1985)] and S. Self, M. R. Rampino, and M. J. Carr [Bull. Volcanol. 52, 57 (1989)] emphasized that temperatures in some places in the Northern Hemisphere were declining for several years before the explosive eruption of Cosigüina in 1835, further suggesting the possibility of a very large eruption in the early 1830s.
35. Brightly colored sunsets and the appearance of a dry fog in the Northern Hemisphere during the early 1830s, as compiled by H. H. Lamb [Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A. 266, 52 (1970)] were similar to those following the A.D. 1783 eruption of Laki. This similarity suggests that there was a large sulfur-producing eruption in the Northern Hemisphere, quite possibly Babuyan. J. K. Angell and J. Korshover [J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 24, 937 (1985)] and S. Self, M. R. Rampino, and M. J. Carr [Bull. Volcanol. 52, 57 (1989)] emphasized that temperatures in some places in the Northern Hemisphere were declining for several years before the explosive eruption of Cosigüina in 1835, further suggesting the possibility of a very large eruption in the early 1830s.
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40. 4 aerosols, rather than the coarser-sized tephra component, would be carried to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
41. 2- residuals from 1 B.C. to 7000 B.C. may be obtained from the authors.
42. 2- residuals in the 1600s B.C. may be from the Santorini eruption
43. 2- residuals in the 1600s B.C. may be from the Santorini eruption
44. 2- residuals in the 1600s B.C. may be from the Santorini eruption
45. 2- residuals for three events between 5000 and 7000 B.C. exceed 650 ppb.
46. L. Starkel, Holocene 1, 234 (1991).
47. Taken from J. A. Eddy and R. S. Bradley, Earthquest 5 (insert) (1991), as modified from J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, J. J. Ephraums, Climate Change, The IPCC Scientific Assessment (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990).
48. Taken from J. A. Eddy and R. S. Bradley, Earthquest 5 (insert) (1991), as modified from J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, J. J. Ephraums, Climate Change, The IPCC Scientific Assessment (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990).
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50. G. E. Sigvaldason, K. Annertz, M. Nilsson, Bull. Volcanol. 54, 385 (1992); O. A. Braitseva et al., Ouat Int. 13/14, 177 (1992)
51. E. W. Grove, Int. Assoc. Volcanol Symp. 1976, 88 (1976); M. R. Rampino, S. Self, R. W. Fairbridge, Science 206, 826 (1979).
52. E. W. Grove, Int. Assoc. Volcanol Symp. 1976, 88 (1976); M. R. Rampino, S. Self, R. W. Fairbridge, Science 206, 826 (1979).
53. We thank the Polar Ice Coring Office (University of Alaska), GISP2 Science Management Office (University of New Hampshire), and the 109th Air National Guard. Supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs.