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R. H. Gammon, E. T. Sundquist, P. J. Fraser, in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Cycle, J. R. Trabalka, Ed. (DOE/ER-0239, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 1985), pp. 25-62.
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S. Chisholm and F. M. M. Morel, Eds., Umnol. Oceanogr. 36, Preface (1991); J. J. Cullen, ibid., p. 1578.
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Cullen, J.J.1
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S. G. Philander, El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990).
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Philander, S.G.1
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6
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U.S. GOFS Report 9, U.S. Global Ocean Flux Study Planning Office, Woods Hole, MA, This project, EqPac, is part of a multination, multiyear international JGOFS effort in the Pacific Basin
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U.S. GOFS Pacific Planning Report (U.S. GOFS Report 9, U.S. Global Ocean Flux Study Planning Office, Woods Hole, MA, 1989). This project, EqPac, is part of a multination, multiyear international JGOFS effort in the Pacific Basin.
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U.S. GOFS Pacific Planning Report
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7
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0027011769
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See J. W. Murray, M. W. Leinen, R. A. Feely, J. R. Toggwieler, R. Wanninkhof, Oceanography 5, 134 (1992).
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Oceanography
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Toggwieler, J.R.4
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M. J. McPhaden and S. P. Hayes, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 13195 (1990); M. Kubota and J. J. O'Brien, ibid 93, 13930 (1988); D. Herbert, J. N. Mourn, D. R. Caldwell, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1690 (1991).
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McPhaden, M.J.1
Hayes, S.P.2
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M. J. McPhaden and S. P. Hayes, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 13195 (1990); M. Kubota and J. J. O'Brien, ibid 93, 13930 (1988); D. Herbert, J. N. Mourn, D. R. Caldwell, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1690 (1991).
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Kubota, M.1
O'Brien, J.J.2
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M. J. McPhaden and S. P. Hayes, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 13195 (1990); M. Kubota and J. J. O'Brien, ibid 93, 13930 (1988); D. Herbert, J. N. Mourn, D. R. Caldwell, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1690 (1991).
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Herbert, D.1
Mourn, J.N.2
Caldwell, D.R.3
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11
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84901962936
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note
-
Throughout this period, the equatorial Pacific was well instrumented with moored arrays of the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere-Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean Program (TOGA-TAO) and drifters of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Study (EPOCS).
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12
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84901969150
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Thirteen separate cruises were made consisting of 433 days of ship time on the R/V Thompson, R/V Wecoma, R/V Baldrige, and R/V Discoverer. Remote sensing data was collected on P-3B aircraft overflights. A set of meridional surveys was conducted from 12°N to 12°S at 170°, 140°, 125°, and 110°W. In October, the section at 170°W was moved to 95°W. Survey cruises from 12°N to 12°S at 140°W and 20-day time-series cruises at the equator at 140°W were conducted during February to May and during August to October, 1992. Moored deep sediment traps were deployed from January 1992 to January 1993, and a cruise focusing on benthic studies was conducted in November 1992 [J. McManus, Eos 74, 180 (1993)].
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(1993)
Eos
, vol.74
, pp. 180
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McManus, J.1
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0025317145
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-1 [H. Inoue and Y. Sugimura, Tellus B 45, 1 (1993)].
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Nature
, vol.345
, pp. 295
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Siegenthaler, U.1
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18
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0028204882
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An additional complication for interpreting trends associated with the 1991-1992 El Niño are anomalies resulting from the June 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption [R. A. Kerr, Science 263, 1562 (1994)].
-
(1994)
Science
, vol.263
, pp. 1562
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Kerr, R.A.1
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19
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0001118562
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D. H. Peterson, Ed. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 55, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC
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C. D. Keeling et al., in/Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and Western Americas, D. H. Peterson, Ed. (Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 55, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1989), pp. 165-236.
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Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and Western Americas
, pp. 165-236
-
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Keeling, C.D.1
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20
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0028174745
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A similar conclusion was reached with the use of coupled ocean circulation and carbon cycle models by A. M. E. Winguth et al. [Global Biogeochem. Cycles 8, 39 (1994)].
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(1994)
Global Biogeochem. Cycles
, vol.8
, pp. 39
-
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Winguth, A.M.E.1
-
22
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84901958463
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R. A. Feely et al., Deep-Sea Res., in press. Gas exchange fluxes were calculated with use of the wind speed relations of R. H. Wanninkhof [J. Geophys. Res. 97, 7373 (1992)].
-
Deep-Sea Res., in Press
-
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Feely, R.A.1
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23
-
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0026446585
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R. A. Feely et al., Deep-Sea Res., in press. Gas exchange fluxes were calculated with use of the wind speed relations of R. H. Wanninkhof [J. Geophys. Res. 97, 7373 (1992)].
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J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.97
, pp. 7373
-
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Wanninkhof, R.H.1
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25
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84920291142
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W. S. Kessler and M. J. McPhaden, Eos 73, 280 (1992). These wind anomalies began around September 1991 and are manifestations of the Madden-Julian convective systems that form in the Indian Ocean, migrate to the Pacific Ocean, and die out near the date line (W. S. Kessler, M. J. McPhaden, K. M. Weickmann, Deep-Sea Res., in press).
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Eos
, vol.73
, pp. 280
-
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Kessler, W.S.1
McPhaden, M.J.2
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26
-
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84901971368
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W. S. Kessler and M. J. McPhaden, Eos 73, 280 (1992). These wind anomalies began around September 1991 and are manifestations of the Madden-Julian convective systems that form in the Indian Ocean, migrate to the Pacific Ocean, and die out near the date line (W. S. Kessler, M. J. McPhaden, K. M. Weickmann, Deep-Sea Res., in press).
-
Deep-Sea Res., in Press
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Kessler, W.S.1
McPhaden, M.J.2
Weickmann, K.M.3
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27
-
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84901962938
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personal communication
-
The scale of the east-west transport, which is proportional to the duration and intensity of the remote wind anomaly, calculated from the TOGA-TAO current meter data, is 5° to 10° longitude (W. Kessler, personal communication).
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Kessler, W.1
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28
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84901962939
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note
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Correlation coefficient r > 0.7 with a 29-day time lag.
-
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31
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0001004618
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R. A. Kerr, Science 262, 656 (1993).
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Science
, vol.262
, pp. 656
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Kerr, R.A.1
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41
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84916536682
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14C primary production was collected before dawn using a trace-metal clean sampling system. Samples were incubated for 24 hours in both an in situ array and a deck incubator with temperature and light quality control. R. T. Barber, M. L. Bender, J. J. McCarthy, Eos 73, 281 (1992).
-
(1992)
Eos
, vol.73
, pp. 281
-
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Barber, R.T.1
Bender, M.L.2
McCarthy, J.J.3
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43
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84901962941
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note
-
max.
-
-
-
-
46
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84901963084
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The front and patch were first observed from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) overflights [J. A. Yoder, S. Ackelson, R. T. Barber, Eos 75, 29 (1994)] and then on the R/V Thompson's radar as the ship passed over the front during the night.
-
(1994)
Eos
, vol.75
, pp. 29
-
-
Yoder, J.A.1
Ackelson, S.2
Barber, R.T.3
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47
-
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84901962942
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personal communication
-
E. Johnson, personal communication.
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Johnson, E.1
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48
-
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2042477415
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D. E. Archer et al., Eos 73, 281 (1992).
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(1992)
Eos
, vol.73
, pp. 281
-
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Archer, D.E.1
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49
-
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84901955521
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E. T. Peltzer, ibid., p. 287; H. W. Ducklow, H. L. Quinby, C. A. Carlson, ibid. 75, 49 (1994); C. A. Carlson and H. W. Ducklow, Deep-Sea Res., in press; E. T. Peltzer and T. Hayward, ibid., in press.
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Eos
, pp. 287
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Peltzer, E.T.1
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50
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84901962926
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E. T. Peltzer, ibid., p. 287; H. W. Ducklow, H. L. Quinby, C. A. Carlson, ibid. 75, 49 (1994); C. A. Carlson and H. W. Ducklow, Deep-Sea Res., in press; E. T. Peltzer and T. Hayward, ibid., in press.
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Eos
, vol.75
, pp. 49
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Ducklow, H.W.1
Quinby, H.L.2
Carlson, C.A.3
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51
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84901958003
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E. T. Peltzer, ibid., p. 287; H. W. Ducklow, H. L. Quinby, C. A. Carlson, ibid. 75, 49 (1994); C. A. Carlson and H. W. Ducklow, Deep-Sea Res., in press; E. T. Peltzer and T. Hayward, ibid., in press.
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Carlson, C.A.1
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84901965914
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E. T. Peltzer, ibid., p. 287; H. W. Ducklow, H. L. Quinby, C. A. Carlson, ibid. 75, 49 (1994); C. A. Carlson and H. W. Ducklow, Deep-Sea Res., in press; E. T. Peltzer and T. Hayward, ibid., in press.
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Peltzer, E.T.1
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H. G. Dam et al., Deep-Sea Res., in press; X. Zhang, H. G. Dam, J. R. White, M. R. Roman, ibid., in press.
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Zhang, X.1
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63
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0027385709
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Compared with a similar study at the Bermuda JGOFS station [M. R. Roman, H. G. Dam, A. L. Gauzens, J. M. Napp, Deep-Sea Res. 40, 883 (1993)], the equatorial Pacific has about 3 to 10 times higher primary production with a slightly lower mesozooplankton biomass.
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Deep-Sea Res.
, vol.40
, pp. 883
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Roman, M.R.1
Dam, H.G.2
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0024879913
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J. W. Murray, J. Downs, S. Strom, C. L. Wei, H. Jannasch, ibid. 10, 1471 (1989).
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Deep-Sea Res.
, vol.10
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Murray, J.W.1
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65
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0027063564
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M. A. Peña, W. G. Harrison, M. R. Lewis, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 80, 265 (1992); M. A. Peña, M. R. Lewis, J. J. Cullen, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 14255 (1994).
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Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
, vol.80
, pp. 265
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Peña, M.A.1
Harrison, W.G.2
Lewis, M.R.3
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66
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0028554694
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M. A. Peña, W. G. Harrison, M. R. Lewis, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 80, 265 (1992); M. A. Peña, M. R. Lewis, J. J. Cullen, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 14255 (1994).
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R. C. Dugdale, F. P. Wilkerson, R. T. Barber, F. P. Chavez, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 681 (1992).
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J. Geophys. Res.
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P. A. Wheeler and S. A. Kokkinakis, Limnol. Oceanogr. 35, 1267 (1990); P. A. Wheeler, Eos 73, 281 (1992).
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Eos
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K. O. Buesseler, J. E. Andrews, M. C. Hartman, R. Belastock, F. Chai, ibid., in press.
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Buesseler, K.O.1
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K. O. Buesseler, M. P. Bacon, J. K. Cochran, H. D. Livingston, ibid. 39, 1115 (1992).
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Deep-Sea Res., in Press
, vol.39
, pp. 1115
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Buesseler, K.O.1
Bacon, M.P.2
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E. Lindstrom et al., Nature 330, 533 (1987).
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Nature
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J. H. Martin, ibid. 353, 123 (1991).
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Nature
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F. M. M. Morel, R. J. Hudson, N. M. Price, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1742 (1992); N. M. Price, L. F. Andersen, F. M. M. Morel, Deep-Sea Res. 38, 1361 (1991).
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Limnol. Oceanogr.
, vol.36
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Morel, F.M.M.1
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F. M. M. Morel, R. J. Hudson, N. M. Price, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1742 (1992); N. M. Price, L. F. Andersen, F. M. M. Morel, Deep-Sea Res. 38, 1361 (1991).
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Deep-Sea Res.
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R. M. Greene, Z. S. Kolber, D. G. Swift, N. W. Tindale, P. G. Falkowski, Limnol. Oceanogr. 39, 1061 (1994); S. T. Lindley, R. R. Bidigare, R. T. Barber, Deep-Sea Res., in press.
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Limnol. Oceanogr.
, vol.39
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R. M. Greene, Z. S. Kolber, D. G. Swift, N. W. Tindale, P. G. Falkowski, Limnol. Oceanogr. 39, 1061 (1994); S. T. Lindley, R. R. Bidigare, R. T. Barber, Deep-Sea Res., in press.
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W. M. Post et al., in Science of Global Change, D. A. Dunnette and R. J. O'Brien, Eds. (ACS Symp. Ser. 483, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1992), pp. 392-412.
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Science of Global Change
, pp. 392-412
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Post, W.M.1
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95
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84901962929
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C. Garside, personal communication.
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Garside, C.1
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96
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84901962930
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personal communication
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2 climatology was provided by T. Takahashi (personal communication).
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Takahashi, T.1
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97
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84901962931
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personal communication
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P. Wheeler, personal communication.
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Wheeler, P.1
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98
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84901962932
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personal communication
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D. Atwood, personal communication.
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Atwood, D.1
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99
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84901958003
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H. W. Ducklow, H. M. Quinby, C. A. Carlson, Deep-Sea Res., in press; D. Kirchman, J. Rich, R. T. Barber, ibid., in press.
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Deep-Sea Res., in Press
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Ducklow, H.W.1
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100
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84901963067
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H. W. Ducklow, H. M. Quinby, C. A. Carlson, Deep-Sea Res., in press; D. Kirchman, J. Rich, R. T. Barber, ibid., in press.
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Deep-Sea Res., in Press
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Kirchman, D.1
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84901962933
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C. Goyet, personal communication.
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84901962934
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personal communication
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F. Chavez, personal communication.
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Chavez, F.1
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104
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84901962921
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note
-
Logistical support for the EqPac project was provided by NSF OCE 9024379 and the NOAA Climate and Global Change Program. For continuous support, we thank N. Andersen, P. Taylor, M. Scott, L. Duguay, and J. Todd. We thank the captains, crews, and technicians of the R/V Thompson, R/V Baldridge, and R/V Discoverer for help; S. Kadar for logistical support; and B. Frost, K. Banse, and L. Balistrieri for reviewing the manuscript. We thank all of the EqPac investigators who have contributed data and ideas. Some of the ideas presented here reflect discussions held at two JGOFS/EqPac workshops. This paper is University of Washington School of Oceanography contribution number 2009, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory contribution number 1461, University of Maryland Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies contribution 2552, and US-JGOFS contribution number 107.
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