Aetiology of testicular cancer: Association with congenital abnormalities, age at puberty, infertility, and exercise

BMJ

Volumn 308, Issue 6941, 1994, Pages 1393-

  Forman, D ^a,b,c,d   Pike, M C ^a,b,c,d   Davey, G ^a,b,c,d   Dawson, S ^a,b,c,d   Baker, K ^a,b,c,d   Chilvers, C E D ^a,b,c,d   Oliver, R T D ^a,b,c,d   Coupland, C A C ^a,b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL LONDON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CANCER RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGENITAL DISORDER; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRYPTORCHISM; EXERCISE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE INFERTILITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBERTY; TESTIS CANCER;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CRYPTORCHIDISM; ENGLAND; EXERCISE; GERMINOMA; HERNIA, INGUINAL; HUMANS; INFERTILITY, MALE; LIFE STYLE; MALE; MARRIAGE; MIDDLE AGED; PUBERTY; RISK; RISK FACTORS; TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS; VASECTOMY; WALES;

EID: 0028130894     PISSN: 09598138     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.308.6941.1393     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Doll R. Are we winning the war against cancer? A review in memory of Keith Durrant. Clinical Oncology 1992; 4: 257–66.
2. Boyle P Kaye SB Robertson AG. Changes in testicular cancer in Scotland. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 1987; 23: 827–30.
3. Brown LM Pottern LM Hoover RN Devesa SS Aselton P Flannery JT. Testicular cancer in the United States: trends in incidence and mortality. Int J Epidemiol 1986; 15: 164–70.
4. Forman D Moller H.Testicular cancer. Cancer Surv (in press).
5. Stone JM Cruickshank DG Sandemna TF Matthews JP. Trebling of the incidence of testicular cancer in Victoria, Australia (1950–1985). Cancer 1991; 68: 211–9.
6. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS). Cancer statistics - registrations, 1987, England and Wales. London: HMSO, 1993. (Series MBI No 20.)
7. Forman D Gallagher R Moller H Swerdlow AJ Aetiology and epidemiology of testicular cancer: report of consensus group.In: Newling DWWJones WGeds. Prostate cancer and testicular cancer. Progress in clinical and biological research.Vol 357. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990: 245–53. (EORTC genitourinary group monograph 7.)
8. Graham S Gibson Rw. Social epidemiology of cancer of the testis. Cancer 1972; 29: 1242–9.
9. Henderson BE Benton B Jing J Yu MC Pike MC. Risk factors for cancer of the testis in young men. Int J Cancer 1979; 23: 598–602.
10. Schottenfeld D Warshauer ME Sherlock S Zauber AG Leder M Payne R. The epidemiology of testicular cancer in young adults. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112: 232–46.
11. Coldman AJ Elwood JM Gallagher RP. Sports activities and risk of testicular Cancer. Br J Cancer 1982: 46: 749–56.
12. Depue RH Pike MC Henderson Be. Estrogen exposure during gestation and risk of testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71: 115–5.
13. Pottern LM Brown LM Hoover RN Javadpour N O'Connell KJ Stutzman RE, et al. Testicular cancer risk among young men: role of cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1985; 74: 377–81.
14. Brown LM Potter LM Hoover RN. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for testicular cancer. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 4812–6.
15. Moss AR Osmond D Bacchetti P Torti FM Gurgin V. Hormonal risk factors in testicular cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124: 39–52.
16. Swerdlow AJ Huttly SRA Smith PG. Testicular cancer and antecedent diseases. Br J Cancer 1987; 55: 97–103.
17. Swerdlow AJ Huttly SRA Smith PG. Testis cancer: post-natal hormonal factors, sexual behaviour and fertility. Int J Cancer 1989; 43: 549–53.
18. Gershman ST Stolley PD. A case-control study of testicular cancer using Connecticul tumour registry data. Int J Epidemiol 1988; 17: 738–42.
19. Strader CH Weiss NS Daling JR. Vasectomy and the incidence of testicular cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128: 56–63.
20. Strader CH Weiss NS Daling JR Karagas MR McKnight B Cryptorchidism, orchiopexy, and the risk of testicular cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 127: 1013–8.
21. Haughey BP Graham S Brasure J Zielezny M Sufrin G Burnett WS. The epidemiology of testicular cancer in upstate New York. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 130: 25–36.
22. Mustacchi P Millmore D. Racial and occupational variations in cancer of the Sen Francisco, 1956–65. J Natl Cancer Inst 1976; 56: 717–20.
23. Morrison AS. Cryptorchidism, hernia, and cancer of the testis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1976; 56: 731–3.
24. Graham S Gibson R West D Swanson M Burnett W Dayal H. Epidemiology of cancer of the testis in upstate New York. J Natl Cancer Inst 1977; 58: 1225–61.
25. Mills PK Newell GR Johnson DE. Testicular cancer associated with employment in agriculture and oil and natural gas extraction. Lancet 1984; i: 207–10.
26. Newell GR Spitz MR Sider JG Pollack ES. Incidence of testicular cancer in the United States related to marital status, histology and ethnicity. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 78: 881–5.
27. Pearce N Sheppard RA Howard JK Fraser J Lilley BM. Time trends and occupational differences in cancer of the testis in New Zealand. Cancer 1987; 59: 1677–82.
28. Breslow NE Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol I. The analysis of case-control studies. Lyon: International Agency for Reseach on Cancer, 1980. (Scientific publication No 32.)
29. Forman D. Epidemiology of testis cancer. In: Oliver RTDBlandy JPHope-Stone HFeds. Urological and genital cancer. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1989: 289–305.
30. Chilvers C Pike MC. Cancer risk in the undescended testicle. European Urology Update Series 1992; 1: 74–9.
31. John Radcliffe Hospital Cryptorchidism Study Group. Cryptorchidism: an apparent substantial increase since 1960. BMJ 1986; 293: 140–4.
32. Chilvers C Pike MC. Epidemiology of undescended testiss. In: Oliver RTDBlandy JPHope-Stone HFeds. Urological and genital cancer. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1989: 306–21.
33. Pike MC Chilvers C Peckham MJ. Effect of age at orchidopexy on risk of testicular cancer. Lancet 1986; i: 1246–8.
34. Depue RH Pike MC Henderson BE. Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 77: 830–2.
35. Tanner J. Secular trends for puberty between 1860–1970.In: Foetus into man. London: Open Books, 1978.
36. Ross RK McCurtis JW Henderson BE Menck HR Mack TM Martin SP. Descriptive epidemiology of testicular and prostatic cancer in Los Angeles. Br J Cancer 1979; 39: 284–92.
37. Davies JM. Is testicular cancer incidence related to marital status? Int J Cancer 1981; 28: 721–4.
38. Chilvers CED Dudley NE Gough MH Jackson MB Pike MC. Undescended testis: the effect of teatment on subsequent risk of sub-fertility and malignancy. J Pediatr Surg 1986; 21: 691–6.
39. Skakkebaek NE. Carcinoma in situ of the testis: frequency and relationship to invasive germ cell tumours in infertile men. Histopathology 1978; 2: 157–70.
40. Pryor JP Cameron KM Chilton CP Ford TF Parkinson MC Sincokrot J, et al. Carcinoma in situ in testicular biopsies from men presenting with infertility. Br J Urol 1983; 55: 780–4.
41. Sharpe RM Skakkebaek NE. Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet 1993; 341: 1392–5.
42. Hansen PV Trykker H. Andersen J, Helkjer PE. Germ cell function and hormonal status in patients with testicular cancer. Cancer 1989; 64: 956–61.
43. Johnson DE Fueger JJ. Alfaro PJ. Spitz MR, Newell GR. Subfertility: an etiologic factor in development of testicular cancer? Urology 1987; 30: 199–200.
44. Tarone RE Hayes HM Hoover R Rosenthal JF Brown LM Pottern LM, et al. Service in Vietnam and risk of testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 1497–9.
45. Cale ARC Farouk M Prescott RJ. Does vasectomy accelerate testicular tumour? The importance of testicular examinations before and after vasectomy. BMJ 1990; 300: 370.
46. Thornhill JA Buler M Fitzpatrick JM. Could vasectomy accelerate testicular cancer? The importance of prevasectomy examination. Br J Urol 1987; 59: 367.
47. Lynge E Knudsen LB Moller H. Vasectomy and testicular cancer: epidemiological evidence of association. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A: 1064–6.
48. Coggon D Pannett B Osmond C Acheson ED. A survey of cancer and occupation in young and middle aged men: non-respiratory cancers. Br J Ind Med 1986; 43: 381–6.
49. McDowall ME Balarajan R. Testicular cancer mortality in England and Wales 1971–1980: variations by occupational. J Epidemiol Community Health 1986; 40: 26–9.
50. Swerdlow AJ Skeet RG. Occupational associations of testicular cancer in south east England. Br J Ind Med 1988; 45: 225–30.
51. Oliver RTD. Atrophy, hormones, genes and viruses in aetiology of germ cell tumours. Cancer Surv 1990; 9: 263–86.
52. Braun DL Green MD Rausen AR David R Wolman SR Greco MA, et al. Down's syndrome and testicular cancer: a possible association. Am J Pediatr Hematology Oncol 1985; 7: 208–11.
53. Benson RC Beard CM Kelalis PP Kurland LT. Malignant potential of the cryptorchid testis. Mayo Clin Proc 1991; 66: 372–8.
54. Hasen J Boyar RM Shapiro LR. Gonadal function in trisomy 21. Horm Res 1980; 12: 345–50.
55. Sasagawa I Nakada T Hashimoto T Ishigooka M Izumiya K Kubota Y, et al. Hormone profiles and contralateral testicular histology in Down's syndrome with unilateral testicular tumor. Arch Androl 1993; 30: 93–8.
56. Rajpert-De Meyts E Skakkebaek NE. The possible role of sex hormones in the development of testicular cancer. Eur Urol 1993; 23: 54–61.
57. Opstad PK. Androgenic hormones during prolonged physical stress, sleep and energy deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 1176–83.
58. Beitins IZ McArthur JW Turnbull BA Skrinar GS Bullen BA. Exercise induces two types of human luteal dysfunction: confirmation by urinary free progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 1350–8.
59. Frisch RE Gotz-Welbergen AV McArthur JW Albright T Witschi J Bullen B, et al. Delayed menarche and amenorrhea of college athletes in relation to age of onset of training. JAMA 1981; 246: 1559–63.
60. Hoff Wanderas E Fossa SD Heilo A Stenwig AE Norman N. Serum follicle stimulating hormone - predictor of cancer in the remaining testis in patients with unilateral testicular cancer. Br J Urol 1990; 66: 315–7.