Insulin-like growth factor-1 therapy in diabetes: Physiologic basis, clinical benefits, and risks

Annals of Internal Medicine

Volumn 120, Issue 1, 1994, Pages 47-55

  Kolaczynski, Jerzy W ^a   Caro, Jose F ^a  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCORECEPTOR; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; SOMATOMEDIN C;

ANIMAL MODEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE SEVERITY; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENCE; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIPID METABOLISM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MOUSE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; RETINOPATHY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0028123307     PISSN: 00034819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-120-1-199401010-00009     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Salmon WD, Daughaday WH. A hormonally controlled serum factor which stimulates sulfate incorporation by cartilage in vitro. J Lab Clin Med. 1957;49:825-36.
2. Van Wyk JJ, Underwood LE, Hintz RL, Clemmons DR, Voina SJ, Weaver RP, et al. The somatomedins: a family of insulin-like peptides under growth hormone control. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1974;30:259-318.
3. Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE. The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structure homology with proinsulin. J Biol Chem. 1978;253:2769-76.
4. Klapper DG, Svoboda ME, Van Wyk JJ. Sequence analysis of somatomedin-C: confirmation of identity with insulin-like growth factor I. Endocrinology. 1983;112:2215-7.
5. Dulak NC, Temin HM. Multiplication-stimulating activity for chicken embryo fibroblasts from rat liver cell conditioned medium: family of small polypeptides. J Cell Physiol. 1973;81:161-70.
6. Moses AC, Nissley SP, Short PA, Rechler MM, Podskalny JM, et al. Purification and characterization of multiplication-stimulating activity: insulin-like growth factor purified from rat-liver-cell-conditioned medium. Eur J Biochem. 1980;103:387-400.
7. Froesch ER, Burgi H, Ramseier EB, et al. Antibody-suppressible and non-suppressible insulin-like activities in human serum and their physiologic significance. J Clin Invest. 1963;42:1816-34.
8. Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE. Polypeptides with nonsuppressible insulin-like and cell-growth promoting activities in human serum: isolation, chemical characterization, and some biological properties of forms I and II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976;73:2365-9.
9. Schoenie EJ, Zenobi PD, Torresani T, Werder EA, Zachmann M, Froesch ER. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF I) reduces hyperglycemia in patients with extreme insulin resistance. Diabetologia. 1991;34:675-9.
10. Usala AL, Madigan T, Burguera B, Sinha MK, Caro JF, Cunningham P, et al. Treatment of insulin-resistant diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin-like growth factor I in an adolescent with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [Brief Report]. N Engl J Med. 1992; 327:853-7.
11. Zenobi PD, Jaeggi-Groisman SE, Riesen WF, Roder ME, Froesch R. Insulin-like growth factor-1 improves glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:2234-41.
12. Chan SJ, Cao QP, Steiner DF. Evolution of insulin superfamily: cloning of a hybrid insulin/insulin-like growth factor cDNA from amphioxus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:9319-23.
13. Froesch ER, Zapf J. Insulin-like growth factors and insulin: comparative aspects. Diabetologia. 1985;28:485-93.
14. Tamura K, Kobayashi M, Ischii Y, Tamura T, Hashimoto K, Nakamura S, et al. Primary structure of rat insulin-like growth factor I and its biological activities. J Biol Chem. 1989;264:5616-21.
15. Kajimoto Y, Rotwein P. Evolution of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I): structure and expression of an IGF-I precursor from Xenopus laevis. Mol Endocrinol. 1989;4:217-26.
16. Van den Brande JL. Structure of the human insulin-like growth factors: Relationship to function. In: Schofield PN, ed. The Insulin-Like Growth Factors: Structure and Biological Functions. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992:24-25.
17. Rasmussen H, Zawalich KC, Ganesan S, Calle R, Zawalich W. Physiology and pathophysiology of insulin secretion. Diabetes Care. 1990;13:655-66.
18. Duckworth WC, Hamel FG, Peavy DE. Hepatic metabolism of insulin. Am J Med. 1988;85(suppl 5A):71-6.
19. King GL, Johnson SM. Receptor-mediated transport of insulin accross endothelial cells. Science. 1985;227:1583-6.
20. De Meyts P, Roth J. Cooperativity in ligand binding; a new graphic analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1975;66:1118-26.
21. Krupp M, Lane MD. On the mechanism of ligand induced down-regulation of insulin receptor level in the liver cell. J Biol Chem. 1981;257:10852-60.
22. Schwander JC, Hauri C, Zapf J, Froesch ER. Synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor and its binding protein by the perfused rat liver: dependence on growth hormone status. Endocrinology. 1983;113:297-305.
23. Mathews LS, Norstedt G, Palmiter RD. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I gene expression by growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83:9343-7.
24. D'Ercole AJ, Stiles AD, Underwood LE. Tissue concentration of somatomedin C: further evidence for multiple sites of synthesis and paracrine or autocrine mechanisms of action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984;81:935-9.
25. Han VK, Lund PK, Lee DC, D'Ercole AJ. Expression of somatomedin/insulin-like growth factor messenger ribonucleic acids in the human fetus: identification, characterization, and tissue distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;66:422-9.
26. Roberts CT Jr, Lasky SR, Lowe WL Jr, Seaman WT, LeRoith D. Molecular cloning of rat insulin-like growth factor I complementary deoxyribonucleic acids: differential messenger ribonucleic acid processing and regulation by growth hormone in extrahepatic tissues. Mol Endocrinol. 1987;1:243-8.
27. Holly JM, Wass JA. Insulin-like growth factors; autocrine, paracrine or endocrine? New perspectives of the somatomedin hypothesis in the light of recent developments. J Endocrinol. 1989;122: 611-8.
28. Mayer PW, Schalch DS. Somatomedin synthesis by a subclone of Buffalo rat liver cells: Characterization and evidence for immediate secretion of de novo synthesized hormone. Endocrinology. 1983; 113:588-95.
29. Holly JM. The physiological role of IGFBP-1. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1991;124(Suppl 2):55-62.
30. Rosenfeld RG, Lamson G, Pham H, Oh Y, Conover C, De Leon DD, et al. Insulinlike growth factor-binding proteins. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1991;46:99-163.
31. Cohen P, Fielder PJ, Hasegawa Y, Frisch H, Giudice LC, Rosenfeld RG. Clinical aspects of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1991;124(Suppl 2):74-85.
32. Binoux M, Roghani M, Hossenlopp P, Hardouin S, Gourmelen M. Molecular forms of human IGF binding proteins: Physiological implications. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1991;124(Suppl 2):41-7.
33. Zenobi PD, Graf S, Ursprung H, Froesch RE. Effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 on glucose tolerance, insulin levels and insulin secretion. J Clin Invest. 1992;89:1908-13.
34. Martin JL, Baxter RC. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein from human plasma. Purification and characterization. J Biol Chem. 1986;261:8754-60.
35. Cubbage ML, Suwanichkul A, Powell DR. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3: organization of the human chromosomal gene and demonstration of promoter activity. J Biol Chem. 1990; 265:12642-9.
36. Binoux M, Hossenlopp P. IGF and IGF binding proteins. Comparison of human serum and lymph. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988; 67:509-14.
37. Baxter RC, Martin JL. Structure of the Mr 140000 growth hormone-dependent insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex: determination by reconstitution and affinity labeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86:6898-902.
38. Guler HP, Zapf J, Schmid C, Froesch ER. Insulin-like growth factors I and II in healthy man. Estimations of half-lifes and production rates. Acta Endocrinol (Copehn). 1989;121:753-8.
39. Hossenlopp P, Segovia B, Lassare C, Roghani M, Bredon M, Binoux M. Evidence of enzymatic degradation of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the "150 K" complex during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71:797-805.
40. Hardouin S, Gourmelem M, Noguiez P, Seurin D, Roghan M, Le Boue Y, et al. Molecular forms of serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins in man: relationship with growth hormone and IGFs and physiological significance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;69:1291-301.
41. Baxter RC, Martin JL. Radioimmunoassay of growth hormone-dependent insulin-like growth factor binding in human plasma. J Clin Invest. 1986;78:1504-12.
42. Clemmons DR, Thissen JP, Maes M, Keteisiegers JM, Underwood LE. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) infusion into hypophysectomized and protein deprived rats induces specific IGF binding proteins in serum. Endocrinology. 1989;125:2967-72.
43. DeMellow JS, Baxter RC. Growth hormone-dependent insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein both inhibits and potentiates IGF-I-stimulated DNA synthesis in human skin fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988;156:199-204.
44. Conover CA. Potentiation of insulin-like growth factor IIGF) action by IGF-binding protein-3: studies of underlying mechanism. Endocrinology. 1992;130:3191-9.
45. Brewer MT, Steuer GL, Squires CH, Thompson RC, Busby WH, Clemmons DR. Cloning, characterization and expression of human insulin-like growth factor binding protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988;152:1289-97.
46. Alitalo T, Kontula K, Koistinen R, Aalto-Setala K, Julkunen M, Janne OA, et al. The gene encoding human low-molecular weight insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGF b25); regional localization to 7p12-p13 and description of DNA polymorphism. Hum Genet. 1989;83:335-8.
47. Cotterill AM, Cowell CT, Baxter RC, Silink M. Regulation of the growth hormone-independent growth factor-binding protein in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67:882-7.
48. Suikkari AM, Koivisto VA, Rutanen EM, Yki-Jarvinen H, Karonen SL, Seppala M. Insulin regulates the serum levels of low molecular weight insulin-like growth factor binding protein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;66:266-72.
49. Bar RS, Boes M, Clemmons DR, Busby WH, Sandra A, Bake BL, et al. Insulin differentially alters transcapillary movement of intravascular IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and endothelial cell IGF-binding proteins in the rat heart. Endocrinology. 1990;127:497-9.
50. Pekonen F, Laitikainen T, Buyalos R, Rutanen EM. Decreased 34K insulin-like growth factor binding protein in polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil Steril. 1989;51:972-5.
51. Lonning PE, Hall K, Aakvaag A, Lien ES. Influence of Tamoxifen of plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res. 1992;52:4719-23.
52. Ehrenborg E, Vilhelmsdotter S, Bajalica S, Larsson C, Stem I, Koch J, et al. Structure and localization of the human insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991;176:1250-5.
53. Ooi GT, Orlowski CC, Brown AL, Becker RE, Unterman TG, Rechler MM. Different tissue distribution and hormonal regulation of mRNAs encoding rat insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-1 and -2. Mol Endocrinol. 1990;4:321-8.
54. Zapf J, Schmid C, Guler HP, Waldvogel M, Hauri C, Futo E, et al. Regulation of binding proteins for insulin-like growth factors (IGF) in humans: increased expression of IGF binding protein 2 during IGF-1 treatment of healthy adults and in patients with extrapancreatic tumor hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:952-61.
55. Roghani M, Hossenlopp P, Lepage P, Balland A, Binoux M. Isolation from human cerebrospinal fluid of a new insulin-like growth actor-binding protein with a selective affinity for IGF-II. FEBS Lett. 1989;255-253-258.
56. Shimasaki S, Shimonaka M, Zhang H-L, Ling N. Identification of five different insulin like growth factor binding proteins (IGF BPs) from adult rat serum and molecular cloning of a novel IGF BP-5 in rat and human. J Biol Chem. 1991;266:10646-53.
57. McCusker RH, Clemmons DR. The insulin-like growth factor binding proteins: structure and biological functions. In: Schofield PN, ed, The Insulin-like Growth Factors: Structure and Biological Functions. Oxford University Press; 1992:110-77.
58. Clemmons DR. Role of insulin-like growth factor-1 in reversing of catabolism [Editorial]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:1183-5.
59. Laron Z, Erster B, Klinger B, Anin S. Effect of acute administration of insulin-like growth factor in patients with Laron type dwarfism. Lancet. 1988;2:1170-2.
60. Hintz RL, Liu F, Rosenfeld RG, Kemp SF. Plasma somatomedin-binding proteins in hypopituitarism: changes during growth-hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;53:100-4.
61. Rosenbloom AL, Guevara Aguirre J, Rosenfeld RG, Fiedler PJ. The little women of Loja: growth hormone receptor deficiency in an isolated population of southern Equador. N Engl J Med. 1990; 1367-74.
62. Kasuga M, Van Obberghen E, Nissley SP, Rechler MM. Demonstration of two subtypes of insulin-like growth factor receptors by affinity crosslinking. J Biol Chem. 1981;256:5305-8.
63. Tollefsen SE, Thompson K. The structural basis for insulin-like growth factor receptor high affinity binding. J Biol Chem. 1988; 263:16267-73.
64. DeVroede MA, Romanus JA, Standaerl ML, Pollet R, Nisley SP, Rechler MM. Interaction of insulin-like growth factors with a non-fusing mouse cell line binding, action and receptor downregulation. Endocrinology. 1984;114:1917-29.
65. Conover CA, Powell DR. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein blocks IGF-1 induced receptor down regulation and cell desensitization in cultured bovine fibroblasts. Endocrinology. 1991; 129:710-6.
66. Ullrich A, Gray A, Tam AW, Yang-Feng T, Tsubokawa M, Collins C, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I receptor primary structure: Comparison with insulin receptor suggests structural determinants that define hormonal specificity. EMBO J. 1986;5:2503-12.
67. McDonald RG, Pfefffer SR, Coussens L, Tepper MA, Brocklebank CM, Mole JE, et al. A single receptor binds both insulin-like growth factor II and mannose-6-phosphate. Science. 1988:239: 1134-7.
68. Abbott AM, Bueno R, Pedrini MT, Murray JM, Smith RJ. Insulin-like growth factor I recepto gene structure. J Biol Chem. 1992; 267:10759-63.
69. Straus D. Regulation by insulin of cellular growth and proliferation: Relationship to the insulin-like growth factors. In: Draznin B, Melmed S, LeRoith D, eds. Molecular and Cellular Biology of Diabetes Mellitus. v 2: Insulin Action. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc; 1989:143-52.
70. Verspohl EJ, Roth RA, Vigneri R, Goldfine ID. Dual regulation of glycogen metabolism by insulin and insulin-like growth factors in human hepatoma cells (HEP-G2). Analysis with an anti-receptor monoclonal antibody. J Clin Invest. 1984;74:1436-43.
71. McClain DA, Maegawa H, Thies RS, Olefsky JM. Dissection of the growth versus metabolic effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I in transfected cells expressing kinase defective human insulin receptors. J Biol Chem. 1990;265:1678-82.
72. Cascieri MA, Chicchi GG, Hayes NS, Strader CD. (THR-59)-insulin-like growth factor I stimulates 2-deoxyglucose transport in BC3H1 myocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986;886:491-9.
73. Froesch ER, Muller WA, Burgi H, Waldvogel M, Labhart A. Non-supressible insulin-like activity of human serum. II Biological properties of plasma extracts with non-supressible insulin-like activity. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1966;121:360-74.
74. Oelz O, Jakob A, Froesch ER. Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) of human serum. V. Hypoglycemia and preferential metabolic stimulation by muscle by NSILA-S. Eur J Clin Invest. 1970;1:48-53.
75. Dimitriadis G, Parry-Billings M, Bevan S, Dunger D, Piva T, Krause U, et al. Effects of insulin-like growth factor I on the rates of glucose transport and utilization in rat skeletal muscle in vitro. Biochem J. 1992;285:269-74.
76. Dohm GL, Elton CW, Raju MS, Mooney ND, DiMarchi R, Pories WJ, et al. IGF-1 stimulated glucose transport in human skeletal muscle and IGF-1 resistance in obesity and NIDDM. Diabetes. 1990;39:1028-32.
77. Zapf J, Schoenle E, Waldvogel M, Sand I, Froesch ER. Effect of trypsin treatment on rat adipocytes on biological effect and binding of insulin and insulin-like growth factors. Eur J Biochem. 1981;13: 605-9.
78. Massague J, Czech MP. The subunit structures of two distinct receptors for insulin-like growth factors I and II and their relationship to the insulin receptor. J Biol Chem. 1982;257:5038-45.
79. Van Wyk JJ, Graves DC, Casella SJ, Jacobs S. Evidence from monoclonal antibody studies that insulin stimulates deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis through the type I somatomedin receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;61:639-43.
80. Sinha MK, Buchanan C, Leggett N, Martin R, Khazanie PG, Dimarchi R, et al. Mechanism of IGF-1-stimulated glucose transport in adipocytes. Demonstration of specific IGF-1 receptors not involved in stimulation of glucose transport. Diabetes. 1989;38:1217-25.
81. Kern PA, Svoboda ME, Eckel RH, Van Vyk JJ. Insulinlike growth factor action and production in adipocytes and endothelial cells from human adipose tissue. Diabetes. 1989;38:710-7.
82. Hayes GR, Lockwood DH. Role of insulin receptor phosphorylation in the insulinomimetic effect of hydrogen peroxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987;84:8115-9.
83. Caro JF, Poulos J, Ittoop O, Pories WJ, Flickinger EG, Sinha MK. Insulin-like growth factor I binding in hepatocytes from human liver, human hepatoma, and normal regenerating, and fetal rat liver. J Clin Invest. 1988;81:976-81.
84. Venkatesan N, Davidson MB. Insulin-like growth factor I receptors in adult rat liver: Characterization and in vivo regulation. Am J Physiol. 1990;258:E329-37.
85. Lamas E, Zindy F, Seurin D, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Brechet C. Expression on insulin like growth factor II and receptors for insulin-like growth factor II, insulin-like growth factor I and insulin in isolated and cultured rat hepatocytes. Hepatology. 1991;13:936-40.
86. Burguera B, Frank BH, DiMarchi R, Long S, Caro JF. The interaction of proinsulin with the insulin-like growth factor-I receptorin human liver, muscle and adipose tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;72:1238-41.
87. Davis SN, Monti L, Piatti PM. Dose response characteristics of human proinsulin and insulin in non-insulin-dependent diabetic man. Am J Physiol. 1992;26:E28-E35.
88. Jacob R, Barrett E, Plewe G, Fagin KD, Sherwin RS. Acute effects of insulin-like growth factor I on glucose and amino acid metabolism in the awake fasted rat. Comparison with insulin. J Clin Invest. 1989;83:1717-23.
89. Schmitz F, Hartmann H, Stumpel F, Creutzfeldt W. In vivo metabolic action of insulin-like growth factor I in adult rat. Diabetologia. 1991;34:144-9.
90. Giacca A, Gupta R, Effendic S, Hall K, Skottner A, Lickley L, et al. Differential effects of IGF-I and insulin on glucoregulation and fat metabolism in depancreatomized dogs. Diabetes. 1990;39:340-7.
91. Rossetti L, Frontoni S, DiMarchi R, DeFronzo RA, Giaccari A. Metabolic effects of IGF-I in diabetic rats. Diabetes. 1991;40:444-8.
92. Jacob RJ, Sherwin RS, Bowen L, Fryburg D, Fagin KD, Tamborlane WV, et al. Metabolic effects of IGF-I and insulin in the spontaneously diabetic BB/w rat. Am J Physiol. 1991;260:E262-8.
93. Jacob RJ, Sherwin RS, Greenawalt K, Shulman GI. Simultaneous insulin-like growth factor I and insulin resistance in obese Zucker rats. Diabetes. 1992;41:691-7.
94. Poggi C, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Zapf J, Froesch ER, Freychet P. Effects and binding of insulin-like growth factor IGF-I in the isolated soleus muscle of lean and obese mice: comparison with insulin. Endocrinology. 1979;105:723-30.
95. Cascieri MA, Slater EE, Vicario PP, Green BG, Bayne ML, Saperstein R. Impaired insulin-like growth factor I-mediated stimulation of glucose incorporation into glycogen in vivo in the ob/ob mouse, Diabetologia. 1989;32:342-7.
96. Gelato MC, Alexander D, Marsh K. Differential tissue regulation of insulinlike growth factor binding proteins in experimental diabetes mellitus in the rat. Diabetes. 1992;41:1511-9.
97. Ooi GT, Orlowski CC, Brown AL, Becher RE, Unterman TG, Rechler MM. Different tissue distribution and hormonal regulation of messenger RNAs encoding rat insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 1 and 2. Mol Endocrinol. 1990;4:321-8.
98. Guler HP, Zapf J, Froesch ER. Short-term metabolic effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in healthy adults. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:137-40.
99. Walker JL, Ginalska-Malinowska M, Romer TE, Pucilowska JB, Underwood LE. Effects of the infusion of insulin-like growth factor I in a child with growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (Laron dwarfism). N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1483-8.
100. Turkajl I, Keller U, Ninnis R, Vosmeer S, Stauffacher W. Effect of increasing doses of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I on glucose, lipid and leucine metabolism in man. J Clin Endocrinl Metab. 1992;75:1186-91.
101. Boulware SD, Tamborlane WV, Matthews LS, Sherwin RS. Diverse effects on insulin-like growth factor I on glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Am J Physiol.1992;262:E130-3.
102. Kerr D, Tamborlane WV, Rife F, Sherwin RS. Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on the responses to and recognition of hypoglycemia in humans. A comparison with insulin. J Clin Invest. 1993;91: 141-7.
103. Kadowaki T, Kadowaki H, Rechler MM, Serrano-Rios M, Roth J, Gorden P, et al. Five mutant alleles of the insulin receptor gene in patients with genetic forms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:254-64.
104. Yki-Jarvinen H, Kauppila M, Kujansuu E, Lahti J, Marjanen T, Niskanen L, et al. Comparison of insulin regimens in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1992;327: 1426-33.
105. Taskinen R-R, Kuusi T, Helve E, Nikkila EA, Yki-Jarvinen H. Insulin therapy induces antiatherogenic changes of serum lipoproteins in noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Arteriosclerosis. 1988;8: 168-77.
106. Lindstrom T, Arngvist HJ, Olsson AG. Effect of different insulin regimens on plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 1990;81:137-44.
107. Baserga R, Jameson BA, Surmacz E. The central role of the IGF-1 receptor in the control of cellular proliferation. In: Cittadini A, Korda D, Baserga R, Pinedo H, Galeotti T, eds. Molecular Oncology and Clinical Applications. Basel: Birkhauser; 1993;(In press).
108. Pietrzkowski Z, Wernicke D, Porcu P, Jameson RA, Baserga R. Inhibition of cellular proliferation by peptide analogues of insulin-like growth factor. Cancer Res. 1992;52:6447-51.
109. Froesch ER, Guler H-P, Schmid C, Binz K, Zapf J. Therapeutic potential of insulinlike growth factor I. Trends in Endocrinology Metabolism. 1990;254-60.
110. King GL, Goodman DA, Buzney S, Moses A, Kahn CR. Receptors and growth-promoting effects of insulin and insulinlike growth factors on cells from bovine retinal capillaries and aorta. J Clin Invest. 1985;75:1028-36.
111. Guler HP, Eckardt KU, Zapf J, Bauer C, Froesch R. Insulin-lik growth factor I increases glomelular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in man. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1989;121:101-6.
112. Mogensen CE. Perspectives in diabetes: Prediction of Clinical Diabetic Nephropathy in IDDDM patients. Alternatives to microalbuminuria? Diabetes. 1990;39:761-7.
113. Conti FG, Striker LJ, Lesniak MA, MacKay K, Roth J, Striker GE. Studies on binding and mitogenic effect of insulin and insulin-like grwoth factor I in glomerular mesangial cells. Endocrinology. 1988; 122:2788-95.
114. Doi T, Striker LJ, Elliot SJ, Conti FG, Striker GE. Insulinlike growth factor-1 is a progression factor for human mesangial cells. Am J Pathol. 1989;134:395-404.
115. Mauer SM, Steffes MW, Ellis EN, Sutherland DE, Brown DM, Goetz FC. Structural-functional relationships in diabetic nephropathy. J Clin Invest. 1984;74:1143-55.
116. Hyer SL, Sharp PS, Brooks RA, Burrin JM, Kohner EM. Serum IGF-1 concentration in diabetic retinopathy. Diabet Med.1988;5(4): 356-60.
117. Isaksson GOP, Lindhal A, Nilsson A. In: Isaksson O, Binder C, Hall K, eds. Growth hormone: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1987:307.
118. Merimee JJ, Zapf J, Froesch FR. Insulin-like growth factors; Studies on diabetes with and without retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 1983;309:527-30.
119. Nakao-Hayashi J, Ito H, Kanayasu T, Morita J, Murota S. Stimulatory effect of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I on migration and tube formation by vascular endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 1992;92:141-9.