Treatment of radiation-induced nervous system injury with heparin and warfarin

Neurology

Volumn 44, Issue 11, 1994, Pages 2020-2027

  Glantz, Michael J ^a   Burger, P C ^b   Friedman, A H ^c   Radtke, R A ^c   Massey, E W ^c   Schold, S C ^d  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARMUSTINE; DEXAMETHASONE; DIAZIQUONE; FLUOROURACIL; HEPARIN; PREDNISONE; WARFARIN;

ADULT; AGED; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARTICLE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENDOTHELIUM INJURY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MALE; NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION INJURY; RADIATION NECROSIS; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ADULT; AGED; BRAIN; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; GLIOBLASTOMA; HEPARIN; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NECROSIS; RADIATION INJURIES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; WARFARIN;

EID: 0028100021     PISSN: 00283878     EISSN: 1526632X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.44.11.2020     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Leibel SA, Sheline GE. Tolerance of the central and peripheral nervous system to therapeutic irradiation. Advances in Radiation and Biology 1987;12:257–288.
2. Glantz MJ, Rottenberg DA. Harmful effects of radiation on the nervous system. In: Asbury AK, McKhann GM, McDonald WI, eds. Diseases of the nervous system: clinical neurobiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1991:1130–1143.
3. Sheline GE, Wara WM, Smith V. Therapeutic irradiation and brain injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1980;6:1215–1228.
4. Young DF, Posner JB, Chu F, Nisce L. Rapid-course radiation therapy of cerebral métastasés: results and complications. Cancer 1974;34:1069–1076.
5. Lampert PW, Davis RL. Delayed effects of radiation on the human central nervous system: “early” and “late” delayed reactions. Neurology 1964;14:912–917.
6. Jones A. Transient radiation myelopathy (with reference to Lhermitte's sign of electrical paresthesia). Br J Radiol 1964;37:727–744.
7. Carmel RJ, Kaplan HS. Mantle irradiation in Hodgkin's disease: an analysis of technique, tumor eradication and complications. Cancer 1976;37:2813–2825.
8. Word JA, Kalokhe UP, Aron BS, Elson HR. Transient radiation myelopathy (Lhermitte's sign) in patients with Hodgkin's disease treated by mantle irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1980;6:P1731–P1733.
9. Tsairis P, Dyck PJ, Mulder DW. Natural history of brachial plexus neuropathy. Arch Neurol 1972;27:109–117.
10. Gerard JM, Franck N, Moussa Z, Hildebrand J. Acute ischemic brachial plexus neuropathy following radiation therapy. Neurology 1989;39:450–451.
11. Glass JP, Hwang T-L, Leavens ME, Libshitz HI. Cerebral radiation necrosis following treatment of extracranial malignancies. Cancer 1984;54:1966–1972.
12. Lee AWM, Ng SH, Ho JHC, et al. Clinical diagnosis of late temporal lobe necrosis following radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1988;61:1535–1542.
13. Rottenberg DA, Chernik NL, Deck MDF, Ellis F, Posner JB. Cerebral necrosis following radiotherapy of extracranial neoplasms. Ann Neurol 1977;1:339–357.
14. Mikhael MA. Radiation necrosis of the brain: correlation between patterns on computed tomography and dose of radiation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1979;3:241–249.
15. Dooms GC, Hecht S, Brant-Zawadzki M, Berthiaume Y, Norman D, Newton TH. Brain radiation lesions: MR imaging. Radiology 1986;158:149–155.
16. Tsuruda JS, Kortman KE, Bradley WG, Wheeler DC, Dalsem WV, Bradley TP. Radiation effects on cerebral white matter: MR evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 987;149:165–171.
17. Patronas NJ, Di Chiro G, Brooks PA, et al. Work in progress: [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography in the evaluation of radiation necrosis of the brain. Radiology 1982;144:885–889
18. Di Chiro G, Patronas NJ, Oldfield EH. PET, CT, and NMR of cerebral necrosis following radiotherapy or intra-arterial chemotherapy for cerebral tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1985;6:473–474.
19. DeAngelis LM, Delattre J-Y, Posner JB. Radiation-induced dementia in patients cured of brain métastasés. Neurology 1989;39:789–796.
20. Asai A, Matsutani M, Kohno T, et al. Subacute brain atrophy after radiation therapy for malignant brain tumor. Cancer 1989;63:1962–1974.
21. Pallis CA, Louis S, Morgan RL. Radiation myelopathy. Brain 1961;84:460–479.
22. Schultheiss TE, Higgins EM, El-Mahdi AM. The latent period in clinical radiation myelopathy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1984;10:1109–1115.
23. Schultheiss TE, Stephens LC, Peters LJ. Survival in radiation myelopathy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1986;12:1765–1769.
24. Goldwein JW. Radiation myelopathy: a review. Med Pediatr Oncol 1987;15:89–95.
25. Cascino TL. Radiation myelopathy. In: Rottenberg DA, ed. Neurological complications of cancer treatment. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991:69–78.
26. Kori SH, Foley KM, Posner JB. Brachial plexus lesions in patients with cancer: 100 cases. Neurology 1981;31:45–50.
27. Lederman RJ, Wilbourn AJ. Brachial plexopathy: recurrent cancer or radiation? Neurology 1984;34:1331–1335.
28. Jaeckle KA, Young DF, Foley KM. The natural history of lumbosacral plexopathy in cancer. Neurology 1985;35:8–15.
29. Thomas JE, Cascino TL, Earle JD. Differential diagnosis between radiation and tumor plexopathy of the pelvis. Neurology 1985;35:1–7.
30. Westling P, Svensson H, Hele P. Cervical plexus lesions following post-operative radiation therapy of mammary carcinoma. Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol 1972;11:209–216.
31. Basso-Ricci S, Della Costa C, Viganotti G. Report on 42 cases of postirradiation lesions of the brachial plexus and their treatment. Tumori 1980;66:117–122.
32. Marks JE, Wong J. The risk of cerebral radionecrosis in relation to dose, time and fractionation: a follow-up study. Prog Exp Tumor Res 1985;29:210–218.
33. Safdari H, Fuentes J-M, Dubois J-B, Alirezai M, Castan P, Vlahovitch B. Radiation necrosis of the brain: time of onset and incidence related to total dose and fractionation of radiation. Neuroradiology 1985;27:44–47.
34. Cooke J, Powell S, Parsons C. The diagnosis by computed tomography of brachial plexus lesions following radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast. Clin Radiol 1988;39:602–606.
35. Catterall M, Blake PR, Rampling RP. Fast neutrons treatment as an alternative to radical surgery for malignant tumours of the facial area. BMJ 1984;289:1653–1655.
36. Halperin EC, Burger PC. Conventional external beam radiotherapy for central nervous system malignancies. In: Vick NA, Bigner DD. Neurologic clinics symposium on neuro-oncology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1985:867–882.
37. Delattre JY, Fuks Z, Krol G, Rottenberg DA, Posner JB. Cerebral necrosis following neutron radiation of an extracranial tumor. J Neurooncol 1988;6:113–117.
38. Phillips PC, Delattre J-Y, Berger CA, Rottenberg DA. Early and progressive increases in regional brain capillary permeability following single-and fractionated-dose cranial radiation in the rat [abstract]. Neurology 1987;37(suppl 1):301.
39. Hohwieler ML, Lo TCM, Silverman ML, Freidberg SR. Brain necrosis after radiotherapy for primary intracerebral tumor. Neurosurgery 1986;18:67–74.
40. Stoll BA, Andrews JT. Radiation-induced peripheral neuropathy. BMJ 1966;1:834–837.
41. Jellinger K, Sturm KW. Delayed radiation myelopathy in man: report of 12 necropsy cases. J Neurol Sci 1971;14:389–408.
42. Delattre JY, Rosenblum MK, Thaler HT, Mandell L, Shapiro WR, Posner JB. A model of radiation myelopathy in the rat: pathology, regional capillary permeability changes and treatment with dexamethasone. Brain 1988;111:1319–1336.
43. Schultheiss TE, Stephens LC, Maor MH. Analysis of the histopathology of radiation myelopathy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1988;14:27–32.
44. Dunn MM, Drab EA, Rubin DB. Effects of irradiation on endothelial cell-polymorphonuclear leukocyte interactions. J Appl Physiol 1986;60:1932–1941.
45. Baker DG, Krochak RJ. The response of the microvascular system to radiation: a review. Cancer Invest 1989;7:287–294.
46. Eldor A, Fuks Z, Matzner Y, Witte LD, Vlodavsky I. Perturbation of endothelial functions by ionizing irradiation: effects on prostaglandins, chemoattractants and mitogens. Semin Thromb Hemost 1989;15:215–225.
47. Burger PC, Mahaley MS Jr, Dudka L, Vogel FS. The morphologic effects of radiation administered therapeutically for intracranial gliomas: a postmortem study of 25 cases. Cancer 1979;44:1256–1272.
48. Remler MP, Marcussen WH, Tiller-Borsich J. The late effects of radiation of the blood-brain barrier. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1987;12:1965–1969.
49. Fajardo LF, Berthrong M. Vascular lesions following radiation. Pathol Annu 1988;23:297–330.
50. Godwin-Austen RB, Howell DA, Worthington B. Observations on radiation myelopathy. Brain 1975;98:557–568.
51. Edwards MS, Wilson CB. Treatment of radiation necrosis. In: Gilbert HA, Kagan AR, eds. Radiation damage to the nervous system: a delayed therapeutic hazard. New York: Raven Press, 1980:129–143.
52. Walker MD, Green SB, Byar DP, et al. Randomized comparison of radiotherapy and nitrosoureas for the treatment of malignant glioma after surgery. N Engl J Med 1980;303:1323–1329.
53. Shaw PJ, Bates D. Conservative treatment of delayed cerebral radiation necrosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:1338–1341.
54. Bederson JB, Harsh GR IV, Walker JA, Wilson CB. Radiation-induced bilateral cystic temporal lobe necrosis: reversal of memory deficit after fenestration and internal shunting. J Neurosurg 1990;72:503–505.
55. Match RM. Radiation-induced brachial plexus paralysis. Arch Surg 1975;110:384–386.
56. Rottenberg DA, Horten B, Kim J-H, Posner JB. Progressive white matter destruction following irradiation of an extracranial neoplasm. Ann Neurol 1980:8:76–78.
57. Fontana M, Mastrostefano R, Bernabei A, et al. Bilateral temporal lobectomy for late radionecrosis after radiotherapy for acromegaly: a case report. J Neurosurg Sci 1984:28:107–112.
58. Narakas AO. Operative treatment for radiation-induced and metastatic brachial plexopathy in 45 cases, 15 having omentoplasty. Bull Hosp Jt Dis 1984;44:354–375.
59. Brunelli G, Brunelli F. Surgical treatment of actinic brachial plexus lesions: free microvascular transfer of the greater omentum. J Reconstr Microsurg 1985;1:197–200.
60. LeQuang C. Postirradiation lesions of the brachial plexus: results of surgical treatment. In: Tubiana R, ed. Hand clinics: reconstructive surgery after extensive paralysis of the upper limb. II. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1989;5:23–32.
61. Hart GB, Mainous EG. The treatment of radiation necrosis with hyperbaric oxygen (OHP). Cancer 1976;37:2580–2585.
62. Poulton TJ, Witcofski RL. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation myelitis. Undersea Biomed Res 1985;12:453–458.
63. Guy J, Schatz NJ. Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of radiation-induced optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 1986;93:1083–1088.
64. Woo E, Lam K, Yu YL, Lee PWH, Huang CY. Cerebral radionecrosis: is surgery necessary? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987;50:1407–1414.
65. Rizzoli HV, Pagnanelli DM. Treatment of delayed radiation necrosis of the brain: a clinical observation. J Neurosurg 1984;60:589–594.
66. Berlit P. Anticoagulant therapy for radiation necrosis. J Neurosurg 1985;62:625–626.
67. Ellis F. Nominal standard dose and the ret. Br J Radiol 1971;44:101–108.
68. Karnofsky DA, Abelmann WH, Craver LF, Burchenal JH. The use of the nitrogen mustards in the palliative treatment of carcinoma with particular reference to bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer 1948;1:634–656.
69. Wessler S, Giten SN. Pharmacology of heparin and warfarin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:10B–20B.
70. Park BK. Warfarin: metabolism and mode of action. Biochem Pharmacol 1988;37:19–27.
71. Choay J. Structure and activity of heparin and its fragments: an overview. Semin Thromb Hemost 1989;15:359–364.
72. Moore FD, Warner KG, Assousa S, Valeri CR, Khuri SF. The effects of complement activation during cardiopulmonary bypass: attenuation by hypothermia, heparin, and hemodilution. Ann Surg 1988;208:95–103.
73. Tschopp J, Masson D, Schafer S, Peitsch M, Preissner KT. The heparin binding domain of S-proteinAntronectin binds to complement components C7, C8, and C9 and perforin from cytolytic T-cells and inhibits their lytic activities. Biochemistry 1988;27:4103–4109.
74. Dougherty TF, Dolowitz DA. Physiologic actions of heparin not related to blood clotting. Am J Cardiol 1964;14:18–24.
75. Jaques LB. Heparin: an old drug with a new paradigm. Science 1979;206:528–533.
76. Engelberg H. Heparin and the atherosclerotic process. Pharmacol Rev 1984;36:91–110.
77. Hanahoe THP, Jones DR. Heparin and acute inflammation in the rat. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1988;86:243–244.
78. Redini F, Tixier J-M, Petitou M, Choay J, Robert L, Hornebeck W. Inhibition of leucocyte elastase by heparin and its derivatives. Biochemistry 1988;252:515–519.
79. Wilson J, Reilly K, Salter D, et al. Nasal histamine and heparin in chronic rhinitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1988;97:389–392.
80. Wolpe SD, Davatelis G, Sherry B. Macrophages secrete a novel heparin-binding protein with inflammatory and neutrophil chemokinetic properties. J Exp Med 1988;167:570–581.
81. Castellot JJ Jr, Wright TC, Karnovsky MJ. Regulation of vascular smooth-muscle cell growth by heparin and heparin sulfates. Semin Thromb Hemost 1987;13:489–503.
82. Lankes W, Griesmacher A, Grunwald J, Schwartz-Albiez R, Keller R. A heparin-binding protein involved in inhibition of smooth-muscle cell proliferation. Biochem J 1988;251:831–842.
83. Reilly CF, Fritze LMS, Rosenberg RD. Heparin-like molecules regulate the number of epidermal growth factor receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 1988;136:23–32.
84. Berth-Jones J, Hutchinson PE, Wicks ACB, Mitchell VE. Chronic urticaria with angio-oedema controlled by warfarin. BMJ 1988;297:1382–1383.
85. Chahinian AP, Propert KJ, Ware JH, et al. A randomized trial of anticoagulation with warfarin and of alternating chemotherapy in extensive small-cell lung cancer by the cancer and leukemia group B. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:993–1002.
86. Silberberg JM, Zucker S. Warfarin anticoagulation for small-cell lung cancer: evidence against a cytotoxic or anticoagulation mechanism. J Clin Oncol 1990;8:182–184.
87. Zacharski LR, Costantini V, Wojtukiewicz MZ, Memoli VA, Kudryk BJ. Anticoagulants as cancer therapy. Semin Oncol 1990;17:217–227.
88. Chan A, Wong A, Arthur K. Concomitant 5-fluorouracil infusion, mitomycin C and radical radiation therapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;16:59–65.
89. Vokes EE, Panje WR, Schilsky RL, et al. Hydroxyurea, fluorouracil, and concomitant radiotherapy in poor-prognosis head and neck cancer: a phase I-II study. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:761–768.
90. Mandybur TI. Intracranial hemorrhage caused by metastatic tumors. Neurology 1977;27:650–655.
91. Choucair AK, Silver P, Levin VA. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage in glioma patients receiving anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism. J Neurosurg 1987;66:357–358.
92. Olin JW, Young JR, Graor RA, Ruschhaupt WF, Beven EG, Bay JW. Treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli in patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:2177–2179.
93. Petty GW, Lennihan L, Mohr JP, et al. Complications of long-term anticoagulation. Ann Neurol 1988;23:570–574.
94. Wolfe MW. Intracranial hemorrhage during systemic anticoagulation in patients with cerebral metastasis. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:1878–1879.
95. Altschuler E, Moosa H, Selker RG, Vertosick FT. The risk and efficacy of anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of thromboembolic complications in patients with primary malignant brain tumors. Neurosurgery 1990;27:74–77.
96. Barnett HG, Clifford JR, Llewellyn RC. Safety of mini-dose heparin administration for neurosurgical patients. J Neurosurg 1977:47:27–30.
97. Powers SK, Edwards MSB. Prophylaxis of thromboembolism in the neurosurgical patient: a review. Neurosurgery 1982;10:509–513.
98. Tapaninaho A. Deep vein thrombosis after aneurysm surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1985;74:18–20.
99. Chimowitz MI, Pessin MS. Is there a role for heparin in the management of complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage? Stroke 1987;18:1169–1172.
100. Bostrom S, Holmgren E, Jonsson O, et al. Post-operative thromboembolism in neurosurgery: a study on the prophylactic effect of calf muscle stimulation plus dextran compared to low-dose heparin. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1986;80:83–89.
101. Dion MW, Hussey DH, Doornbos JF, Vigliotti AP, Wen B-C, Anderson B. Preliminary results of a pilot study of pentoxifylline in the treatment of late radiation soft tissue necrosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990;19:401–407.