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of outstanding interest, This theoretical paper makes two important contributions to our knowledge about neural signals. The authors analyzed single unit data from monkey visual cortex and found that ISIS are highly irregular. This is a tricky analysis and the authors perform it commendably. The bulk of the paper focuses on models of synaptic integration. The authors conclude that neurons cannot behave as integrate-and-fire devices, as is classically thought, but that they act as coincidence detectors. We believe they have underestimated the importance of inhibition (see text).
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of special interest, This is a theoretical paper exploiting active dendritic conductances to predict effective time constants of less than a millisecond. The paper is most interesting for the demands it places on the neurobiology in order to achieve coincidence detection. It represents a contrasting view to the one expressed in this article.
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Mason1
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50
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Kim1
Connors2
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51
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of special interest, Single-axon EPSPs were studied by intracellular recording from pairs of layer 5 pyramidal neurons less than 150 microns apart. Very few pairs showed any EPSPs (4 of 270 pairs), but the few EPSPs resulting from single synaptic events ranged from 0.7–1.2 mV. The authors suggest that intralaminar connections are sparse but strong within layer 5.
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Nicoll1
Blakemore2
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54
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Ferster1
Jagadeesh2
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55
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Komatsu1
Nakajima2
Toyama3
Fetz4
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56
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Thomson1
Girdlestone2
West3
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57
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58
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of special interest, The authors made intracellular recordings from cell pairs in rat sensorimotor cortex slices. Single-axon EPSPs from synapses of pyramidal to smooth stellate neurons had highly variable amplitudes. Synaptic failure rates were also substantial, but improved slightly with paired pulse facilitation. These single-axon studies provide vital information to guide models of cortical circuitry.
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Neuroscience
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Thomson1
Deuchars2
West3
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59
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of special interest, Simultaneous intracellular recordings from pairs of pyramidal cells in rat neocortical slice reveals large EPSPs and paired pulse depression. The size of some of the EPSPs in this paper are enormous, raising the possibility that more than one input is activating the postsynaptic neuron.
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(1993)
J Neurophysiol
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Thomson1
Deuchars2
West3
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60
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Regenerative Activity in Apical Dendrites of Pyramidal Cells in Neocortex
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+ channels described here complements the finding of Stuart and Sakmann [61••] that such spikes may actually be initiated in the soma.
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Amitai1
Friedman2
Connors3
Gutnick4
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61
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Stuart1
Sakmann2
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62
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0028010004
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Synaptic Physiology of Horizontal Afferents to Layer 1 in Slices of Rat S1 Neocortex
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of special interest, By slicing a cortical slice, the authors isolated layer 1 horizontal input to apical dendrites. These synapses are predominantly excitatory. Although they are electrotonically distant, layer 1 inputs exert substantial impact on somatic membrane potential. EPSPs are unaffected by changes in somatic membrane potential, but their impact is reduced or abolished by proximal inhibitory input. These findings suggest that the entire dendritic tree may be capable of transmitting EPSPs to the soma, presumably through active conductances.
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Cauller1
Connors2
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63
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Quantitative Distribution of GABA Immunoreactive Neurons in the Visual Cortex (Area 17) of the Cat
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Exp Brain Res
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Gabbott1
Somogyi2
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65
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0022377429
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Vertical Organization of g-Aminobutyric Acid-Accumulating intrinsic Neuronal Systems in Monkey Cerebral Cortex
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J Neurosci
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DeFelipe1
Jones2
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67
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0027468042
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Organization of Long-Range Inhibitory Connections Within Rat Visual Cortex
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of special interest, This double-labeling study combines GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) immunocytochemistry with retrograde tracing to examine the organization of inhibitory connections in rat visual cortex. Although most inhibitory neurons lie within 400 microns of the injection site, a subset of neurons at the border of layers 5 and 6 provided long-range (〉 1 mm) inhibitory projections. In addition, the authors provide the first convincing demonstration of long-range inhibitory connections between visual cortical areas.
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J Neurosci
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McDonald1
Burkhalter2
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68
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Network of GABAergic Large Basket Cells in Cat Visual Cortex (Area 18): Implication for Lateral Disinhibition
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of special interest, Anatomical characterization of synapses from inhibitory basket cells reveals multiple contacts to other inhibitory basket cells. The pattern and location of these synapses is similar to the contacts made between these same basket cells and pyramidal neurons.
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J Comp Neurol
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Kisvarday1
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69
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J Physiol (fond)
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Sillito1
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70
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Inhibitory Processes Underlying the Directional Specificity of Simple, Complex and Hypercomplex Cells in Cat's Visual Cortex
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J Physiol (Lond)
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Sillito1
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74
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Eysel1
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76
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Koch1
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77
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J Neurosci
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Ferster1
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80
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Simons1
Carvell2
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84
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0027427564
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Nonuniform Probability of Glutamate Release at a Hippocampal Synapse
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of special interest, This study provides measurements of neurotransmitter release probability from a single axon terminal in cultured hippocampal neurons. Release probability ranged from 0.09–0.54 for terminals of the same axon, i.e. synaptic failure rates from 0.55–0.9.
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(1993)
Science
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Rosenmund1
Clements2
Westbrook3
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86
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0027745979
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Hip pocampal Pyramidal Cells Excite Inhibitory Neurons Through a Single Release Site
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of special interest, This study combines morphological and physiological techniques to reveal that excitatory connections from single hippocampal pyramidal neurons to inhibitory interneurons are mediated through a single synapse. Failure rates were about 25% on average (but the authors believe that this may have been artifactually low). EPSP amplitude was 0.2–1.5 mV, and quantal size varied substantially.
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(1993)
Nature
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Gulyas1
Miles2
Sik3
Toth4
Tamamaki5
Freund6
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87
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0027294681
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Fluctuations in Pyramid-Pyramid Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Modified by Presynaptic Firing Pattern and Postsynaptic Membrane Potential Using Paired In tracellular Recordings in Rat Neocortex
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of special interest, Simultaneous intracellular recordings from pairs of pyramidal neurons in rat neocortical slice reveal large fluctuations in the amplitude of individual EPSPs. These amplitudes exhibit paired pulse depression for ISIs of less than 10 ms. These synapses seem to exhibit relatively low failure rates.
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(1993)
Neuroscience
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Thomson1
West2
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88
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0027430030
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Spatiotemporal Firing Patterns in the Frontal Cortex of Behaving Monkeys
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of special interest, Recurring patterns of spikes were identified in multiunit recordings from the frontal lobes of behaving monkeys. These patterns include a few spikes from one to several cells, spanning several hundred milliseconds; they are usually present when a neuron's discharge rate increases. Although the monkeys performed a localization/memory task, the authors have made no attempt to correlate the identified spike patterns or spike rates to a particular behavior.
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(1993)
J Neurophysiol
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Abeles1
Bergman2
Margalit3
Vaadia4
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89
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0023784456
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Detecting Spatiotemporal Firing Patterns Among Simultaneously Recorded Single Neurons
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J Neurophysiol
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Abeles1
Gerstein2
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90
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0027257202
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Cortical Hierarchy Reflected in the Organization of Intrinsic Connections in Macaque Monkey Visual Cortex
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of special interest, This is an elegant anatomical study of horizontal connections within four areas of the macaque visual cortex (V1, V2, V4, and 7a), which directly addresses the question of whether patchy connectivity is maintained through hierarchical stages of visual cortex and visual association cortex. There is an increase in number, extent and spacing of patches with processing hierarchy. Within each area, however, clusters of horizontal connections were found to have similar diameter and synaptic bouton density.
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J Comp Neurol
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Amir1
Harel2
Malach3
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91
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0027362440
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Specific and Columnar Projection from Area TEO to TE in the Macaque Inferotemporal Cortex
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of special interest, This is an anatomical demonstration of patchy projections between areas of IT cortex of Japanese macaque monkeys. The patches provide further evidence for columnar organization in this higher-order cortical area.
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(1993)
Cereb Cortex
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Saleem1
Rockland2
Tanaka3
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92
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Columnar Distribution of Cortico-Cortical Fibers in the Frontal Association, Limbic, and Motor Cortex of the Developing Rhesus Monkey
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(1977)
Brain Res
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Goldman1
Nauta2
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93
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0027538393
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Comparison of Intrinsic Connectivity in Different Areas of Macaque Monkey Cerebral Cortex
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of special interest, The authors used biocytin injections to study the intrinsic patchy connectivity of visual, somatosensory and motor cortex. The results of this work show that there appears to be a fundamental architecture of patchy connections in these areas, which may be constrained by dendritic field size and basket cell connections.
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Cereb Cortex
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Lund1
Yoshioka2
Levitt3
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95
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Neuronal Mechanisms of Object Recognition
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Science
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Tanaka1
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97
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0027263732
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How Independent are the Messages Carried by Adjacent Inferior Temporal Cortical Neurons?
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of special interest, The authors examined the degree of redundancy among pairs of neurons in the IT cortex in their response to Walsh patterns. The data demonstrate considerably less redundancy in the representation of these patterns than, say, V1 pairs would exhibit for orientation. More interestingly, however, pairs of neurons were weakly correlated in their noise fluctuations, suggesting that they receive common input. The degree of correlation resembles that observed in other visual areas.
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J Neurosci
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Gawne1
Richmond2
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98
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0028290996
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Correlated neuronal discharge rate and its implications for psychophysical performance
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Nature
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Zohary1
Shadlen2
Newsome3
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100
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0023137042
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Temporal Encoding of Two-Dimensional Patterns by Single Units in Primate Inferior Temporal Cortex. III. Information Theoretic Analysis
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(1987)
J Neurophysiol
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Optican1
Richmond2
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101
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0027182580
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Information Encoding and the Responses of Single Neurons in the Primate Temporal Visual Cortex
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of outstanding interest, This is an interesting analysis of spike trains from face-selective neurons in monkey IT cortex. The authors compared a rate code based on principle components of the neural spike train to a simple rate code. They found that most of the ‘temporal code’ specified by the principle components could be accounted for by simple rate measurements with some variation resulting from transients and response latency. More importantly, information in the rate code is available in 20–50ms and is comparable to the information obtained from three principle components extracted over a 400 ms epoch.
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J Neurophysiol
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Tovee1
Rolls2
Treves3
Bellis4
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103
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0028363996
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Neuronal and Psychophysical Sensitivity to Motion Signals in Extrastriate Area MST of the Macaque Monkey
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of outstanding interest, in press, The discharge of neurons in area MST were recorded while monkeys performed a motion discrimination task. Like area MT, the sensitivity of single MST neurons rivals the monkey's psychophysical performance. Moreover, the authors observe a trial-by-trial covariation between neural response and the monkey's decision near psychophysical threshold.
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(1994)
J Neurosci
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Celebrini1
Newsome2
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105
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0013983362
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Classification of Response Patterns of Spike Discharges for Units in the Cochlear Nucleus: Tone-Burst Stimulation
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Exp Brain Res
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Pfeiffer1
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106
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Tanaka1
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108
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Receptive-Field Maps of Correlated Discharge Between Pairs of Neurons in the Cat's Visual Cortex
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of special interest, The authors combined the reverse correlation technique for mapping visual receptive fields, with cross-correlation analysis to determine the ‘receptive field’ properties of synchronous spikes from pairs of neurons in cat striate cortex. Interestingly, synchronous spikes seem to convey an impoverished intersection of the two neuronal receptive fields. This might be contrasted with theories that attribute deep significance to synchronous spikes.
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J Neurophysiol
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Ghose1
Ohzawa2
Freeman3
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111
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0027411129
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Neuronal Organization in Area 17 of Cat Visual Cortex
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of special interest, The authors used antibody to microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) to study microarchitecture of cat striate cortex. This is a natural extension of earlier work from this same lab on monkey striate cortex and leads to an interesting comparison of the number and size of cortical modules. Interestingly, in cat there are more neurons within a cylindrical column described by a layer 5 pyramid's dendritic tree (203 compared to 143).
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(1993)
Cereb Cortex
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Peters1
Yilmaz2
|