Deep-Vein Thrombosis

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 331, Issue 24, 1994, Pages 1630-1641

  Weinmann, Eran E ^a   Salzman, Edwin W ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALTEPLASE; ANISTREPLASE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBIN III; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ANTIVITAMIN K; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A; DEXTRAN; FIBRINOGEN; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; HEPARIN; HIRUDIN; IODINE 125; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PROUROKINASE; RECOMBINANT BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A; STREPTOKINASE; TINZAPARIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WARFARIN;

B SCAN; BLEEDING; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; HUMAN; IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LEG COMPRESSION; LUNG EMBOLISM; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PHLEBOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REAL TIME ECHOGRAPHY; REVIEW; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; THROMBECTOMY; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOEMBOLISM; VENA CAVA FILTER;

HUMAN; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.; THROMBOPHLEBITIS;

EID: 0027971298     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199412153312407     Document Type: Review

References (215)

1. Bauer G A venographic study of thrombo-embolic problems. Acta Chir Scand 1940; 84: Suppl 61: 1-75
2. Sevitt S, Gallagher NG Prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in injured patients: a trial of anticoagulant prophylaxis with phenindione in middle-aged and elderly patients with fractured necks of femur. Lancet 1959; 2:981-989
3. Sevitt S, Gallagher N Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a clinico-pathological study in injured and burned patients. Br J Surg 1961; 48:475-489
4. Harris WH, Salzman EW, Athanasoulis C, Comparison of 125I fibrinogen count scanning with phlebography for detection of venous thrombi after elective hip surgery. N Engl J Med 1975; 292:665-667
5. Wells PS, Lensing AWA, Anderson DR, Hirsh J The distribution of deep vein thrombosis in asymptomatic post-operative patients and the implications for screening. Blood 1992; 80: Suppl 1: 316a-316a abstract.
6. Lensing AWA, Hirsh J, Buller HR. Diagnosis of venous thrombosis. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW, eds. Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic principles and clinical practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1994:1297-321.
7. Haeger K Problems of acute deep venous thrombosis. I. The interpretation of signs and symptoms. Angiology 1969; 20:219-223
8. Kakkar VV, Howe CT, Nicolaides AN, Renney JTG, Clarke MB Deep vein thrombosis of the leg: is there a “high risk” group? Am J Surg 1970; 120:527-530
9. Hull R, Hirsh J, Sackett DL, Replacement of venography in suspected venous thrombosis by impedance plethysmography and 125I-fibrinogen leg scanning: a less invasive approach. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94:12-15
10. Kakkar VV, Howe CT, Flanc C, Clarke MB Natural history of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1969; 2:230-232
11. Hull R, Hirsh J, Sackett DL, Clinical validity of a negative venogram in patients with clinically suspected venous thrombosis. Circulation 1981; 64:622-625
12. Anderson DR, Lensing AW, Wells PS, Levine MN, Weitz JI, Hirsh J Limitations of impedance plethysmography in the diagnosis of clinically suspected deep-vein thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118:25-30
13. Heijboer H, Buller HR, Lensing AWA, Turpie AGG, Colly LP, ten Cate JW A comparison of real-time compression ultrasonography with impedance plethysmography for the diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis in symptomatic outpatients. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1365-1369
14. Lensing AW, Hirsh J 125I-fibrinogen leg scanning: reassessment of its role for the diagnosis of venous thrombosis in post-operative patients. Thromb Haemost 1993; 69:2-7
15. Rabinov K, Paulin S Roentgen diagnosis of venous thrombosis in the leg. Arch Surg 1972; 104:134-144
16. Bettmann MA, Salzman EW, Rosenthal D, Reduction of venous thrombosis complicating phlebography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1980; 134:1169-1172
17. Bettmann MA, Robbins A, Braun SD, Wetzner S, Dunnick NR, Finkelstein J Contrast venography of the leg: diagnostic efficacy, tolerance, and complication rates with ionic and nonionic contrast media. Radiology 1987; 165:113-116
18. Lensing AW, Prandoni P, Buller HR, Casara D, Cogo A, ten Cate JW Lower extremity venography with iohexol: results and complications. Radiology 1990; 177:503-505
19. Hull R, Hirsh J, Sackett DL, Stoddart G Cost effectiveness of clinical diagnosis, venography, and noninvasive testing in patients with symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1981; 304:1561-1567
20. Paiement G, Wessinger SJ, Waltman AC, Harris WH Surveillance of deep vein thrombosis in asymptomatic total hip replacement patients: impedance phlebography and fibrinogen scanning versus roentgenographic phlebography. Am J Surg 1988; 155:400-404
21. Wheeler HB Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis: review of clinical evaluation and impedance plethysmography. Am J Surg 1985; 150:7-13
22. Lensing AWA, Prandoni P, Brandjes D, Detection of deep-vein thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:342-345
23. Hull R, van Aken WG, Hirsh J, Impedance plethysmography using the occlusive cuff technique in the diagnosis of venous thrombosis. Circulation 1976; 53:696-700
24. Hull RD, Hirsh J, Carter CJ, Diagnostic efficacy of impedance plethysmography for clinically suspected deep-vein thrombosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102:21-28
25. Huisman MV, Buller HR, ten Cate JW, Heijermans HS, van der Laan J, van Maanen DJ Management of clinically suspected acute venous thrombosis in outpatients with serial impedance plethysmography in a community hospital setting. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:511-513
26. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Carter CJ Serial impedance plethysmography in pregnant patients with clinically suspected deep-vein thrombosis: clinical validity of negative findings. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112:663-667
27. Elias A, Le Corff G, Bouvier JL, Benichou M, Serradimigni A Value of real time B mode ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs. Int Angiol 1987; 6:175-182
28. Stewart JH, Grubb M Understanding vascular ultrasonography. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67:1186-1196
29. Polak JF Doppler ultrasound of the deep leg veins: a revolution in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and monitoring of thrombolysis. Chest 1991; 99:165S-172S
30. Cogo A, Lensing AW, Prandoni P, Hirsh J Distribution of thrombosis in patients with symptomatic deep vein thrombosis: implications for simplifying the diagnostic process with compression ultrasound. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153:2777-2780
31. White RH, McGahan JP, Daschbach MM, Hartling RP Diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis using duplex ultrasound. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111:297-304
32. Baxter GM, Duffy P, Partridge E Colour flow imaging of calf vein thrombosis. Clin Radiol 1992; 46:198-201
33. Verstraete M The diagnosis and treatment of deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1418-1420
34. Davidson BL, Elliott CG, Lensing AWA Low accuracy of color Doppler ultrasound in the detection of proximal leg vein thrombosis in asymptomatic high-risk patients. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117:735-738
35. Bauer AR Jr, Flynn RR Computed tomography diagnosis of venous thrombosis of the lower extremities and pelvis with contrast material. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1988; 167:12-15
36. Vogelzang RL. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of venous disorders. In: Bergan JJ, Yao JST, eds. Venous disorders. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1991:91-122.
37. Orron DE, Gornish M, Bar-Ziv J. Computed tomography. In: Kim D, Orron DE, eds. Peripheral vascular imaging and intervention. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1992:183-200.
38. Carpenter JP, Holland GA, Baum RA, Owen RS, Carpenter JT, Cope C Magnetic resonance venography for the detection of deep venous thrombosis: comparison with contrast venography and duplex Doppler ultrasonography. J Vasc Surg 1993; 18:734-741
39. Evans AJ, Sostman HD, Knelson MH, Detection of deep venous thrombosis: prospective comparison of MR imaging with contrast venography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 161:131-139
40. Spritzer CE, Norconk JJ Jr, Sostman HD, Coleman RE Detection of deep venous thrombosis by magnetic resonance imaging. Chest 1993; 104:54-60
41. Bentley PG, Kakkar VV Radionuclide venography for the demonstration of the proximal deep venous system. Br J Surg 1979; 66:687-690
42. Pollak EW, Webber MM, Victery W, Wolfman EF Jr Radioisotope detection of venous thrombosis: venous scan vs fibrinogen uptake test. Arch Surg 1975; 110:613-616
43. Fenech A, Dendy PP, Hussey JK, Bennett B, Douglas AS Indium-111 labelled platelets in diagnosis of leg-vein thrombosis: preliminary findings. BMJ 1980; 280:1571-1573
44. Leclerc JR, Wolfson C, Arzoumanian A, Blake GP, Rosenthall L Technetium-99m red blood cell venography in patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis: a prospective study. J Nucl Med 1988; 29:1498-1506
45. Haber E, Quertermous T, Matsueda GR, Runge MS Innovative approaches to plasminogen activator therapy. Science 1989; 243:51-56
46. Bounameaux H, Khabiri E, Huber O, Value of liquid crystal contact thermography and plasma levels of D-dimer for screening of deep venous thrombosis following general abdominal surgery. Thromb Haemost 1992; 67:603-606
47. Bounameaux H, Cirafici P, de Moerloose P, Measurement of D-dimer in plasma as diagnostic aid in suspected pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1991; 337:196-200
48. Bounameaux H, de Moerloose P, Perrier A, Reber G Plasma measurement of D-dimer as diagnostic aid in suspected venous thromboembolism: an overview. Thromb Haemost 1994; 71:1-6
49. Goldhaber SZ, Morpurgo M Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pulmonary embolism: report of the WHO/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force. JAMA 1992; 268:1727-1733
50. Quinn DA, Thompson BT, Terrin ML, A prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism in women and men. JAMA 1992; 268:1689-1696
51. Hull RD, Hirsh J, Carter CJ, Diagnostic value of ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Chest 1985; 88:819-828
52. Gallus AS, Salzman EW, Hirsh J. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW, eds. Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic principles and clinical practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1994:1331-45.
53. Culver D, Crawford JS, Gardiner JH, Wiley AM Venous thrombosis after fractures of the upper end of the femur: a study of incidence and site. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1970; 52:61-69
54. Powers PJ, Gent M, Jay RM, A randomized trial of less intense postoperative warfarin or aspirin therapy in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after surgery for fractured hip. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:771-774
55. Kudsk KA, Fabian TC, Baum S, Gold RE, Mangiante E, Voeller G Silent deep vein thrombosis in immobilized multiple trauma patients. Am J Surg 1989; 158:515-519
56. Lagerstedt CI, Olsson CG, Fagher BO, Oqvist BW, Albrechtsson U Need for long-term anticoagulant treatment in symptomatic calf-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1985; 2:515-518
57. Philbrick JT, Becker DM Calf deep venous thrombosis: a wolf in sheep's clothing? Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:2131-2138
58. Moser KM, LeMoine JR Is embolic risk conditioned by location of deep venous thrombosis? Ann Intern Med 1981; 94:439-444
59. Collins R, Scrimgeour A, Yusuf S, Peto R Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin: overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:1162-1173
60. Huber O, Bounameaux H, Borst F, Rohner A Postoperative pulmonary embolism after hospital discharge: an underestimated risk. Arch Surg 1992; 127:310-313
61. Lindblad B, Eriksson A, Bergqvist D Autopsy-verified pulmonary embolism in a surgical department: analysis of the period from 1951 to 1988. Br J Surg 1991; 78:849-852
62. Huisman MV, Buller HR, ten Cate JW, Unexpected high prevalence of silent pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Chest 1989; 95:498-502
63. Moser KM, Fedullo PF, LitteJohn JK, Crawford R Frequent asymptomatic pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. JAMA 1994; 271:223-225 [Erratum, JAMA 1994;271:1908.]
64. Freiman DG, Suyemoto J, Wessler S Frequency of pulmonary thromboembolism in man. N Engl J Med 1965; 272:1278-1280
65. Sandler DA, Martin JF Autopsy proven pulmonary embolism in hospital patients: are we detecting enough deep vein thrombosis? J R Soc Med 1989; 82:203-205
66. Parmet JL, Berman AT, Horrow JC, Harding S, Rosenberg H Thromboembolism coincident with tourniquet deflation during total knee arthroplasty. Lancet 1993; 341:1057-1058
67. Dalen JE, Paraskos JA, Ockene IS, Alpert JS, Hirsh J Venous thromboembolism: scope of the problem. Chest 1986; 89:370S-373S
68. Dalen JE, Alpert JS. Natural history of pulmonary embolism. In: Sasahara AA, Sonnenblick EH, Lesch M, eds. Pulmonary emboli. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1974:77-88.
69. Anderson FA Jr, Wheeler HB, Goldberg RJ, A population-based perspective of the hospital incidence and case-fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: the Worcester DVT study. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:933-938
70. Warlow C, Ogston D, Douglas AS Deep venous thrombosis of the legs after strokes. Part I incidence and predisposing factors. BMJ 1976; 1:1178-1181
71. Bors E, Conrad CA, Massell TB Venous occlusion of lower extremities in paraplegic patients. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1954; 99:451-454
72. Nicolaides AN, Irving D. Clinical factors and the risk of deep venous thrombosis. In: Nicolaides AN, ed. Thromboembolism: etiology, advances in prevention and management. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1975:193-204.
73. Poikolainen E, Hendolin H Effects of lumbar epidural analgesia and general anaesthesia on flow velocity in the femoral vein and postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Acta Chir Scand 1983; 149:361-364
74. McKenzie PJ, Wishart HY, Gray I, Smith G Effects of anaesthetic technique on deep vein thrombosis: a comparison of subarachnoid and general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1985; 57:853-857
75. Walsh JJ, Bonnar J, Wright FW A study of pulmonary embolism and deep leg vein thrombosis after major gynaecological surgery using labelled fibrinogen-phlebography and lung scanning. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1974; 81:311-316
76. Sue-Ling HM, Johnston D, McMahon MJ, Philips PR, Davies JA Preoperative identification of patients at high risk of deep venous thrombosis after elective major abdominal surgery. Lancet 1986; 1:1173-1176
77. Olin JW, Graor RA, O'Hara P, Young JR The incidence of deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm resection. J Vasc Surg 1993; 18:1037-1041
78. Salzman EW, Ploetz J, Bettmann M, Skillman J, Klein L Intraoperative external pneumatic calf compression to afford long-term prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis in urological patients. Surgery 1980; 87:239-242
79. Haake DA, Berkman SA Venous thromboembolic disease after hip surgery: risk factors, prophylaxis, and diagnosis. Clin Orthop 1989; 242:212-231
80. Weingarden SI Deep venous thrombosis in spinal cord injury: overview of the problem. Chest 1992; 102: Suppl: 636S-639S
81. Mebust WK, Holtgrewe HL, Cockett ATK, Peters PC Transurethral prostatectomy: immediate and postoperative complications: a cooperative study of 13 participating institutions evaluating 3,885 patients. J Urol 1989; 141:243-247
82. Stringer MD, Steadman CA, Hedges AR, Thomas EM, Morley TR, Kakkar VV Deep vein thrombosis after elective knee surgery: an incidence study in 312 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1989; 71:492-497
83. Friend JR, Kakkar VV The diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in the puerperium. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1970; 77:820-823
84. Drill VA, Calhoun DW Oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. JAMA 1968; 206:77-84
85. Trousseau A. Phlegmasia alba dolens. Clinique medicale de l'Hotel-Dieu de Paris. Vol. 3. London: The New Sydenham Society, 1865:84.
86. Dvorak HF. Abnormalities of hemostasis in malignant disease. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW, eds. Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic principles and clinical practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1994:1238-54.
87. Goldberg RJ, Seneff M, Gore JM, Occult malignant neoplasm in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147:251-253
88. Griffin MR, Stanson AW, Brown ML, Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: risk of subsequent malignant neoplasms. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147:1907-1911
89. Levine MN, Gent M, Hirsh J, The thrombogenic effect of anticancer drug therapy in women with stage II breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:404-407
90. Thaler E, Lechner K Antithrombin III deficiency and thromboembolism. Clin Haematol 1981; 10:369-390
91. Egeberg O Inherited antithrombin deficiency causing thrombophilia. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1965; 13:516-530
92. Gitel SN, Salvati EA, Wessler S, Robinson HJ Jr, Worth MH Jr The effect of total hip replacement and general surgery on antithrombin III in relation to venous thrombosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1979; 61:653-656
93. Griffin JH, Evatt B, Zimmerman TS, Kleiss AJ, Wideman C Deficiency of protein C in congenital thrombotic disease. J Clin Invest 1981; 68:1370-1373
94. Broze GJ Jr, Miletich JP. Biochemistry and physiology of protein C, protein S, and thrombomodulin. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW, eds. Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic principles and clinical practice. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1994:259-76.
95. Comp PC, Nixon RR, Cooper MR, Esmon CT Familial protein S deficiency is associated with recurrent thrombosis. J Clin Invest 1984; 74:2082-2088
96. D'Angelo A, Vigano-D'Angelo S, Esmon CT, Comp PC Acquired deficiencies of protein S: protein S activity during oral anticoagulation, in liver disease, and in disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Clin Invest 1988; 81:1445-1454
97. Dahlback B, Carlsson M, Svensson PJ Familial thrombophilia due to a previously unrecognized mechanism characterized by poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C: prediction of a cofactor to activated protein C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:1004-1008
98. Koster T, Rosendaal FR, de Ronde H, Briet E, Vandenbroucke JP, Bertina RM Venous thrombosis due to poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C. Lancet 1993; 342:1503-1506
99. Svensson PJ, Dahlback B Resistance to activated protein C as a basis for venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:517-522
100. Dahlback B, Hildebrand B Inherited resistance to activated protein C is corrected by anticoagulant cofactor activity found to be a property of factor V. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:1396-1400
101. Lockshin MD Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. JAMA 1992; 268:1451-1453
102. Vianna JL, Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J, Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: a European Multicenter Study of 114 patients. Am J Med 1994; 96:3-9
103. Paramo JA, Alfaro MJ, Rocha E Postoperative changes in the plasmatic levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator and its fast-acting inhibitor relationship to deep vein thrombosis and influence of prophylaxis. Thromb Haemost 1985; 54:713-716
104. Tabernero MD, Estelles A, Vicente V, Alberca I, Aznar J Incidence of increased plasminogen activator inhibitor in patients with deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 1989; 56:565-570
105. Berk PD, Goldberg JD, Donovan PB, Fruchtman SM, Berlin NI, Wasserman LR Therapeutic recommendations in polycythemia vera based on Polycythemia Vera Study Group protocols. Semin Hematol 1986; 23:132-143
106. Lowe GD, Forbes CD Blood rheology and thrombosis. Clin Haematol 1981; 10:343-367
107. Hirsh J, Salzman EW, Marder VJ, Colman RW. Overview of the thrombotic process and its therapy. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW, eds. Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic principles and clinical practice. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1994:1151-63.
108. Sorensen JV, Rahr HB, Jensen HP, Borris LC, Lassen MR, Ejstrud P Markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis after fractures of the lower extremities. Thromb Res 1992; 65:479-486
109. Lowe GD, Osborne DH, McArdle BM, Prediction and selective prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in elective gastrointestinal surgery. Lancet 1982; 1:409-412
110. Crandon AJ, Peel KR, Anderson JA, Thompson V, McNicol GP Prophylaxis of postoperative deep vein thrombosis: selective use of low-dose heparin in high-risk patients. BMJ 1980; 281:345-347
111. Clagett GP, Anderson FA Jr, Levine MN, Salzman EW, Wheeler HB Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest 1992; 102:391S-407S
112. Barritt DW, Jordan SC Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism: a controlled trial. Lancet 1960; 1:1309-1312
113. Brandjes DPM, Heijboer H, Buller HR, de Rijk M, Jagt H, ten Cate JW Acenocoumarol and heparin compared with acenocoumarol alone in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1485-1489
114. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Hirsh J, Continuous intravenous heparin compared with intermittent subcutaneous heparin in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:1109-1114
115. Doyle DJ, Turpie AGG, Hirsh J, Adjusted subcutaneous heparin or continuous intravenous heparin in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107:441-445
116. Pini M, Pattachini C, Quintavalla R, Subcutaneous vs intravenous heparin in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis a randomized clinical trial. Thromb Haemost 1990; 64:222-226
117. Glazier RL, Crowell EB Randomized prospective trial of continuous vs intermittent heparin therapy. JAMA 1976; 236:1365-1367
118. Salzman EW, Deykin D, Shapiro RM, Rosenberg R Management of heparin therapy: controlled prospective trial. N Engl J Med 1975; 292:1046-1050
119. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Buller HR, Comparison of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin with intravenous standard heparin in proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1992; 339:441-445
120. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF, Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous heparin in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:975-982
121. Simonneau G, Charbonnier B, Decousus H, Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153:1541-1546
122. Thery C, Simonneau G, Meyer G, Randomized trial of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin CY 216 (Fraxiparine) compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin in the curative treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism: a dose-ranging study. Circulation 1992; 85:1380-1389
123. Hyers TM, Hull RD, Weg JG Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. Chest 1992; 102: Suppl: 408S-425S [Erratum, Chest 1993;103:1636.]
124. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Rosenbloom D, Heparin for 5 days as compared with 10 days in the initial treatment of proximal venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:1260-1264
125. Gallus A, Jackaman J, Tillett J, Mills W, Wycherley A Safety and efficacy of warfarin started early after submassive venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1986; 2:1293-1296
126. King DJ, Kelton JG Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100:535-540
127. Loeliger EA ICSH/ICTH recommendations for reporting prothrombin time in oral anticoagulant control. Thromb Haemost 1985; 53:155-156
128. Hirsh J, Poller L, Deykin D, Levine M, Dalen JE Optimal therapeutic range for oral anticoagulants. Chest 1989; 95: Suppl: 5S-11S [Erratum, Chest 1989;96:962.]
129. Berdeaux DH, Klein KL, Milhollen JD, Lower dose oral anticoagulation is as effective as standard dose oral anticoagulation. Blood 1992; 80: Suppl: 310a-310a abstract.
130. Hull R, Delmore T, Genton E, Warfarin sodium versus low-dose heparin in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1979; 301:855-858
131. Petitti DB, Strom BL, Melmon KL Duration of warfarin anticoagulant therapy and the probabilities of recurrent thromboembolism and hemorrhage. Am J Med 1986; 81:255-259
132. Optimum duration of anticoagulation for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolismLancet 1992; 340:873-876
133. Landefeld CS, Goldman L Major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: incidence and prediction by factors known at the start of outpatient therapy. Am J Med 1989; 87:144-152
134. Hull R, Hirsh J, Jay R, Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximal-venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982; 307:1676-1681
135. Mavor GE, Galloway JMD Iliofemoral venous thrombosis: pathological considerations and surgical management. Br J Surg 1969; 56:45-59
136. Lansing AM, Davis WM Five-year follow-up study of iliofemoral venous thrombectomy. Ann Surg 1968; 168:620-628
137. Mahorner H, Castleberry JW, Coleman WO Attempts to restore function in major veins which are the site of massive thrombosis. Ann Surg 1957; 146:510-522
138. Hirsh J, Salzman EW, Marder VJ. Treatment of venous thromboembolism. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW, eds. Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic principles and clinical practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1994:1346-66.
139. Plate G, Einarsson E, Ohlin P, Jensen R, Qvarfordt P, Eklof B Thrombectomy with temporary arteriovenous fistula: the treatment of choice in acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 1984; 1:867-876
140. Swedenborg J, Hagglof R, Jacobsson H, Results of surgical treatment for iliofemoral venous thrombosis. Br J Surg 1986; 73:871-874
141. Comerota AJ Venous thrombectomy and arteriovenous fistula versus anticoagulation in the treatment of iliofemoral venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 1992; 15:887-889
142. Wakefield TW, Greenfield LJ Diagnostic approaches and surgical treatment of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1993; 7:1251-1267
143. Goldhaber SZ, Buring JE, Lipnick RJ, Hennekens CH Pooled analyses of randomized trials of streptokinase and heparin in phlebographically documented acute deep venous thrombosis. Am J Med 1984; 76:393-397
144. Goldhaber SZ, Meyerovitz MF, Green D, Randomized controlled trial of tissue plasminogen activator in proximal deep venous thrombosis. Am J Med 1990; 88:235-240
145. Moore DJ, Himmel PD, Sumner DS Distribution of venous valvular incompetence in patients with the postphlebitic syndrome. J Vasc Surg 1986; 3:49-57
146. Comerota AJ. An overview of thrombolytic therapy for venous thromboembolism. In: Comerota AJ, ed. Thrombolytic therapy. Orlando, Fla.: Grune & Stratton, 1988:65-89.
147. Rogers LQ, Lutcher CL Streptokinase therapy for deep vein thrombosis: a comprehensive review of the English literature. Am J Med 1990; 88:389-395
148. Kakkar VV, Lawrence D Hemodynamic and clinical assessment after therapy for acute deep vein thrombosis: a prospective study. Am J Surg 1985; 150:54-63
149. Ott P, Eldrup E, Oxholm P, Vestergard A, Knudsen JB Streptokinase therapy in the routine management of deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremities: a retrospective study of phlebographic results and therapeutic complications. Acta Med Scand 1986; 219:295-300
150. Levine MN, Goldhaber SZ, Califf RM, Gore JM, Hirsch J Hemorrhagic complications of thrombolytic therapy in the treatment of myocardial infarction and venous thromboembolism. Chest 1992; 102: Suppl: 364S-373S
151. Neuhaus KL, von Essen R, Tebbe U, Improved thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction with front-loaded administration of alteplase: results of the rt-PA-APSAC Patency Study (TAPS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19:885-891
152. PRIMI Trial Study Group. Randomised double-blind trial of recombinant pro-urokinase against streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1989; 1:863-868
153. Donaldson GA, Williams C, Scannell JG, Shaw RS A reappraisal of the application of the Trendelenburg operation to massive fatal embolism: report of a successful pulmonary-artery thrombectomy using a cardiopulmonary bypass. N Engl J Med 1963; 268:171-174
154. Salzman EW, Davies GC Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism: analysis of cost effectiveness. Ann Surg 1980; 191:207-218
155. Hull RD, Hirsch J, Sackett DL, Stoddart GL Cost-effectiveness of primary and secondary prevention of fatal pulmonary embolism in high-risk surgical patients. Can Med Assoc J 1982; 127:990-995
156. Bergqvist D, Matzsch T, Jendteg S, Lindgren B, Persson U The cost-effectiveness of prevention of post-operative thromboembolism. Acta Chir Scand 1990; 556: Suppl: 36-41
157. Paiement GD, Wessinger SJ, Harris WH Cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis in total hip replacement. Am J Surg 1991; 161:519-524
158. Kakkar VV, Stringer MD Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. World J Surg 1990; 14:670-678
159. Barnes RW, Brand RA, Clarke W, Hartley N, Hoak JC Efficacy of graded-compression antiembolism stockings in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1978; 132:61-67
160. Colditz GA, Tuden RL, Oster G Rates of venous thrombosis after general surgery: combined results of randomised clinical trials. Lancet 1986; 2:143-146
161. Stamatakis JD, Kakkar VV, Sagar S, Lawrence D, Nairn D, Bentley PG Femoral vein thrombosis and total hip replacement. BMJ 1977; 2:223-225
162. Francis CW, Marder VJ, Evarts CM Lower risk of thromboembolic disease after total hip replacement with non-cemented than with cemented prostheses. Lancet 1986; 1:769-771
163. Wittmann PH, Wittmann FW, Ring PA Venous thromboembolic disease in uncemented total hip replacement surgery a one-year follow-up of 490 patients. J Soc Med 1991; 84:536-539
164. Goldhaber SZ, Buring JE, Hennekens CH Cancer and venous thromboembolism. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147:216-216
165. Field ES, Nicolaides AN, Kakkar VV, Crellin RQ Deep-vein thrombosis in patients with fractures of the femoral neck. Br J Surg 1972; 59:377-379
166. Nicolaides AN, Field ES, Kakkar VV, Yates-Bell AJ, Taylor S, Clarke MB Prostatectomy and deep-vein thrombosis. Br J Surg 1972; 59:487-488
167. Mayo ME, Halil T, Browse NL The incidence of deep vein thrombosis after prostatectomy. Br J Urol 1971; 43:738-742
168. Hirsh J, Dalen JE, Deykin D, Poller L Oral anticoagulants: mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimal therapeutic range. Chest 1992; 102: Suppl: 312S-326S
169. Hirsh J, Levine M Confusion over the therapeutic range for monitoring oral anticoagulant therapy in North America. Thromb Haemost 1988; 59:129-132
170. Clagett GP, Reisch JS Prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgical patients: results of meta-analysis. Ann Surg 1988; 208:227-240
171. Leyvraz PF, Richard J, Bachmann F, Adjusted versus fixed-dose subcutaneous heparin in the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. N Engl J Med 1983; 309:954-958
172. Leyvraz PF, Bachmann F, Hoek J, Prevention of deep vein thrombosis after hip replacement: randomized comparison between unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin. BMJ 1991; 303:543-548
173. White GC II, Marder VJ, Colman RW, Hirsch J, Salzman EW. Approach to the bleeding patient. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW, eds. Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic principles and clinical practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1994:1134-47.
174. Boshkov LK, Warkentin TE, Hayward CP, Andrew M, Kelton JG Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: clinical and laboratory studies. Br J Haematol 1993; 84:322-328
175. Schmitt BP, Adelman B Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: a critical review and pooled analysis. Am J Med Sci 1993; 305:208-215
176. Francis CW, Pellegrini VD Jr, Harris CM, Marder VJ Antithrombin III prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic disease after total hip or total knee replacement. Am J Med 1989; 87: Suppl 3B: 3B-61S
177. Carter CJ, Kelton JG, Hirsh J, Cerskus A, Santos AV, Gent M The relationship between the hemorrhagic and antithrombotic properties of low molecular weight heparin in rabbits. Blood 1982; 59:1239-1245
178. Salzman EW, Rosenberg RD, Smith MH, Lindon JN, Favreau L Effect of heparin and heparin fractions on platelet aggregation. J Clin Invest 1980; 65:64-73
179. Hirsh J, Levine MN Low molecular weight heparin. Blood 1992; 79:1-17
180. Leizorovicz A, Haugh MC, Chapuis FR, Samama MM, Boissel JP Low molecular weight heparin in prevention of perioperative thrombosis. BMJ 1992; 305:913-920
181. Levine MN, Hirsh J, Gent M, Prevention of deep vein thrombosis after elective hip surgery: a randomized trial comparing low molecular weight heparin with standard unfractionated heparin. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114:545-551
182. Kakkar VV, Cohen AT, Edmonson RA, Low molecular weight versus standard heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after major abdominal surgery. Lancet 1993; 341:259-265
183. Anderson DR, O'Brien BJ, Levine MN, Roberts R, Wells PS, Hirsh J Efficacy and cost of low-molecular-weight heparin compared with standard heparin for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119:1105-1112
184. Hull R, Raskob G, Pineo G, A comparison of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin with warfarin soldium prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis after hip or knee implantation. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1370-1376
185. Bounameaux H, Huber O, Khabiri E, Schneider PA, Didier D, Rohner A Unexpectedly high rate of phlebographic deep venous thrombosis following elective general abdominal surgery among patients given prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin. Arch Surg 1993; 128:326-328
186. Bratt G, Aberg W, Johansson M, Tornebohm E, Granqvist S, Lockner D Two daily subcutaneous injections of fragmin as compared with intravenous standard heparin in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Thromb Haemost 1990; 64:506-510
187. A randomised trial of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (CY 216) compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis: a collaborative European multicentre studyThromb Haemost 1991; 65:251-256
188. Hirsh J Heparin. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:1565-1574
189. Hirsh J Oral anticoagulant drugs. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:1865-1875
190. Sevitt S The structure and growth of valve-pocket thrombi in femoral veins. J Clin Pathol 1974; 27:517-528
191. Patrono C Aspirin as an antiplatelet drug. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1287-1294
192. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy III. Reduction in venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism by antiplatelet prophylaxis among surgical and medical patients. BMJ 1994; 308:235-246
193. Data JL, Nies AS Drugs five years later: dextran 40. Ann Intern Med 1974; 81:500-504
194. Atik M Dextran 40 and dextran 70: a review. Arch Surg 1967; 94:664-672
195. Bonnar J, Walsh J Prevention of thrombosis after pelvic surgery by British dextran 70. Lancet 1972; 1:614-616
196. Hirudins: return of the leech? Lancet 1992; 340:579-580
197. Eriksson BI, Kalebo P, Ekman S, Lindbratt S, Kerry R, Close P Direct thrombin inhibition with rec-hirudin CGP 39393 as prophylaxis of thromboembolic complications after total hip replacement. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72:227-231
198. Coller BS, Scudder LE, Beer J, Monoclonal antibodies to platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa as antithrombotic agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 614:193-213
199. Hollenbach S, Needham K, Frey L, Recombinant human factor Xa(Asn322Ala419) is a potent antithrombotic agent in a rabbit model of venous thrombosis. Circulation 1992; 86: Suppl I: I-410 abstract.
200. Wells PS, Lensing AW, Hirsh J Graduated compression stockings in the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154:67-72
201. Skillman JJ, Collins RE, Coe NP, Prevention of deep vein thrombosis in neurosurgical patients: a controlled, randomized trial of external pneumatic compression boots. Surgery 1978; 83:354-358
202. Turpie AG, Hirsh J, Gent M, Julian D, Johnson J Prevention of deep vein thrombosis in potential neurosurgical patients: a randomized trial comparing graduated compression stockings alone or graduated compression stockings plus intermittent pneumatic compression with control. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:679-681
203. Pidala MJ, Donovan DL, Kepley RF A prospective study on intermittent pneumatic compression in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing total hip or total knee replacement. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992; 175:47-51
204. Gallus A, Raman K, Darby T Venous thrombosis after elective hip replacement the influence of preventive intermittent calf compression and of surgical technique. Br J Surg 1983; 70:17-19
205. Francis CW, Pellegrini VD Jr, Marder VJ, Comparison of warfarin and external pneumatic compression in prevention of venous thrombosis after total hip replacement. JAMA 1992; 267:2911-2915
206. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Gent M, Effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic leg compression for preventing deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. JAMA 1990; 263:2313-2317
207. Comerota AJ, Katz ML, White JV Why does prophylaxis with external pneumatic compression for deep vein thrombosis fail? Am J Surg 1992; 164:265-268
208. Nicolaides AN, Fernandes e Fernandes J, Pollock AV Intermittent sequential pneumatic compression of the legs in the prevention of venous stasis and postoperative deep venous thrombosis. Surgery 1980; 87:69-76
209. Salzman EW, McManama GP, Shapiro AH, Effect of optimization of hemodynamics on fibrinolytic activity and antithrombotic efficacy of external pneumatic calf compression. Ann Surg 1987; 206:636-641
210. Hume M, Turner RH, Kuriakose TX, Surprenant J Venous thrombosis after total hip replacement: combined monitoring as a guide for prophylaxis and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1976; 58:933-939
211. Burns GA, Cohn SM, Frumento RJ, Degutis LC, Hammers L Prospective ultrasound evaluation of venous thrombosis in high-risk trauma patients. J Trauma 1993; 35:405-408
212. Bernstein EF. Caval interruption procedures. In: Rutherford RB, ed. Vascular surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1989:1575-83.
213. Greenfield LJ, Michna BA Twelve-year clinical experience with the Greenfield vena caval filter. Surgery 1988; 104:706-712
214. Rogers FB, Shackford SR, Wilson J, Ricci MA, Morris CS Prophylactic vena cava filter insertion in severely injured trauma patients: indications and preliminary results. J Trauma 1993; 35:637-641
215. Magnant JG, Walsh DB, Juravsky LI, Cronenwett JL Current use of inferior vena cava filters. J Vasc Surg 1992; 16:701-706