Desiccation tolerance of prokaryotes

Microbiological Reviews

Volumn 58, Issue 4, 1994, Pages 755-805

  Potts, Malcolm ^a  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLONY FORMATION; DRUG TOLERANCE; ENZYME MECHANISM; HYDROPHOBICITY; NONHUMAN; OSMOLALITY; OSMOTIC PRESSURE; PROKARYOTE; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; WATER METABOLISM; WATER VAPOR;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CYANOBACTERIA; NOSTOC COMMUNE; PROKARYOTA;

EID: 0027948550     PISSN: 01460749     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.58.4.755-805.1994     Document Type: Review

References (433)

1. Ablett, S., M. J. Izzard, P. J. Lillford, I. Arvanitoyannis, and J. M. V. Blanshard. 1993. Calorimetric study of the glass transition occurring in fructose solutions. Carbohydr. Res. 246:13-22.
2. Abyzov, S. S. 1993. Microorganisms in Antarctic ice, p. 265-295. In E. I. Friedmann (ed.), Antarctic microbiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
3. Adams, D. 1980. The restaurant at the end of the Universe. Pan Books, London.
4. Agarwal, S., and R. S. Sohal. 1993. Relationship between aging and susceptibility to protein oxidative damage. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194:1203-1206.
5. Algie, J. E., and I. C. Wyatt. 1984. Calculation of mass and water content between the core, cortex, and coat of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. Curr. Microbiol. 10:249-254.
6. Allen, M. M. 1984. Cyanobacterial cell inclusions. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 38:1-25.
7. Angeloni, S. V., and M. Potts. 1986. Polysome turnover in immobilized cells of Nostoc commune (cyanobacteria) exposed to water stress. J. Bacteriol. 168:1036-1039.
8. Anonymous. 1973. Algae discoloration of roofs. Technical bulletin 102-R-73. Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association, Rockville, Md.
9. Anonymous. 1987. Study of algal discoloration of asphalt roofing shingles. Executive summary, p. 1-20. 3M Industrial Mineral Products division, St. Paul, Minn.
10. Anonymous. 1989. Algae discoloration of roofs. Technical bulletin 102-RR-89. Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association, Rockville, Md.
11. Antheunisse, J., and L. Arkesteijn-Dijksman. 1979. Rate of drying and the survival of microorganisms. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 45:177-184.
12. Antheunisse, J., J. W. de Bruin-Tol, and M. E. van der Pol-van Soest. 1981. Survival of microorganisms after drying and storage. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 47:539-545.
13. Arakawa, T., J. F. Carpenter, Y. A. Kita, and J. H. Crowe. 1990. The basis for toxicity of certain cryprotectants: a hypothesis. Cryobiology 27:401-415.
14. Argall, M. E., and G. D. Smith. 1993. The use of trehalose-stabilized lyophilized methanol dehydrogenase from Hyphomicrobium X for the detection of methanol. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 30:491-497.
15. Asada, S., M. Takano, and I. Shibasaki. 1980. Mutation induced by drying of Escherichia coli on a hydrophobic filter membrane. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:274-281.
16. Ashwood-Smith, J. 1979. Mutation induction in bacteria Escherichia coli produced by freeze drying and by desiccation. Cryobiology 16:6.
17. Avery, S. A., G. A. Codd, and G. M. Gadd. 1991. Caesium accumulation and interactions with other monovalent cations in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137:405-413.
18. Bakaltcheva, I., W. P. Williams, J. M. Schmitt, and D. K. Hincha. 1994. The solute permeability of thylakoid membranes is reduced by low concentrations of trehalose as a co-solute. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1189:38-44.
19. Barbosa, H. R., and A. Alterthum. 1992. The role of extracellular polysaccharide in cell viability and nitrogenase activity of Bcijerinckia demi. Can. J. Microbiol. 38:986-988.
20. Bar-Or, Y. 1990. Hydrophobicity in the aquatic environment, p. 211-228. In R. J. Doyle and M. Rosenberg (ed.), Microbial cell surface hydrophobicity. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
21. Bartels, D., and D. Nelson. 1994. Approaches to improve stress tolerance using molecular genetics. Plant Cell Environ. 17:659-667.
22. Bartlett, D. H., M. E. Wright, and M. Silverman. 1988. Variable expression of extracellular polysaccharide in the marine bacterium Pseudomonas atlantica is controlled by genome rearrangement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3923-3927.
23. Bazzichelli, G., N. Abdelahad, and F. Ventola. 1989. Structural modifications in the extracellular investment of Nostoc commune Vauch. during the life cycle. III. Macrocolonies. Arch. Hydrobiol. 82:365-370.
24. Becking, J. H. 1981. The family Azotobacteriaceae, p. 795-817. In M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Trüper, A. Balows, and H. G. Schlegel (ed.), The prokaryotes, vol. 1, 1st ed. Springer-Verlag KG, Heidelberg, Germany.
25. Bergman, B., P. Lindblad, A. Pettersson, E. Renström, and E. Tiberg. 1985. Immuno-gold localization of glutamine synthetase in a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium (Anabaena cylindrica). Planta 166:329-334.
26. Berry, A. M., O. T. Harriot, R. A. Moreau, S. F. Osman, D. R. Benson, and A. D. Jones. 1993. Hopanoid lipids compose the Frankia vesicle envelope, presumptive barrier of oxygen diffusion to nitrogenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6091-6094.
27. Besra, G. S., R. C. Bolton, M. R. McNeil, M. Ridell, K. E. Simpson, J. Glushka, H. van Halbeek, P. J. Brennan, and D. E. Minnikin. 1992. Structural elucidation of a novel family of acyltrehaloses from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemistry 31:9832-9837.
28. Bieger-Dose, A., K. Dose, R. Meffert, M. Mehler, and S. Risi. 1992. Extreme dryness and DNA-protein cross-links. Adv. Space Res. 12:265-270.
29. Blumwald, E., and E. Tel-Or. 1982. Osmoregulation and cell composition in salt-adaptation of Nostoc muscorum. Arch. Microbiol. 132:168-172.
30. Böhm, G. 1993. Isolierung und Strukturaufklärung eines UV-A/B-absorbierenden pigmentes aus dem Cyanobakterium Nostoc commune. Ph.D. thesis. Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
31. Bonani, G., E. I. Friedmann, R. Ocampo-Friedmann, C. P. McKay, and W. Woelfli. 1988. 2.11 Preliminary report on radiocarbon dating of cryptoendolithic microorganisms. Polarforschung 58:199-200.
32. Bongianni, J., S. Mori, D. McLaughlin, T. J. Close, and P. J. Lammers. 1994. Dehydrin-like proteins in cyanobacteria are expressed in response to osmotic stress, salt stress, and matric water stress. Abstr. 94th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Plant Physiol. 105:25.
33. Boos, W., U. Ehmann, E. Bremer, A. Middendorf, and P. Postma. 1987. Trehalase of Escherichia coli. Mapping and cloning of its structural gene and identification of the enzyme as a periplasmic protein induced under high osmolarity growth conditions. J. Biol. Chem. 262:13212-13218.
34. Braithwaite, C. J. R., and B. A. Whitton. 1987. Gypsum and halite associated with the cyanobacterium Entophysalis. Geomicrobiol. J. 5:43-55.
35. Braune, W. 1980. Structural aspects of akinete germination in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. Arch. Microbiol. 126:257-261.
36. Braune, W., and H. Sanke. 1979. Interferometrische untersuchungen zur dynamik von hydratur und trockenmassegehalt während der lichtabhängigen keimung der akineten von Anabaena variabilis. Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 19:535-546.
37. Brawn, K., and I. Fridovich. 1981. DNA strand scission by enzymatically generated oxygen radicals. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 206:414-419.
38. Breedveld, M. W., L. P. T. M. Zevenhuizen, and A. J. B. Zehnder. 1991. Osmotically-regulated trehalose accumulation and cyclic β-(1,2)-glucan excretion by Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii TA-1. Arch. Microbiol. 156:501-506.
39. Breedveld, M. W., L. P. T. M. Zevenhuizen, and A. J. B. Zehnder. 1992. Synthesis of cyclic β-(1,2)-glucans by Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii TA-1: factors influencing excretion. J. Bacteriol. 174:6336-6342.
40. Bremer, H., and P. P. Dennis. 1987. Modulation of chemical composition and other parameters of the cell by growth rate, p. 1527-1542. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechtcr, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
41. Brock, T. D. 1975. Effect of water potential on a Microcoleus (Cyanophyceae) from a desert crust. J. Phycol. 11:316-320.
42. Bronner, D., V. Sieberth, C. Pazzani, I. S. Roberts, G. J. Boulnois, B. Jann, and K. Jann. 1993. Expression of the capsular K5 polysaccharide of Escherichia coli: biochemical and electron microscopic analyses of mutants with defects in region 1 of the K5 gene cluster. J. Bacteriol. 175:5984-5992.
43. Brouers, M., and D. O. Hall. 1985. Drying enhances the photosynthetic stability of alginate immobilised Phormidium laminosum. Biotechnol. Lett. 7:567-572.
44. Burke, M. J. 1986. The glassy state and survival of anhydrous biological systems, p. 358-363. In A. C. Leopold (ed.). Membranes, metabolism and dry organisms, 1st ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.
45. Burlacu, E., C. David, and T. Vasilescu. 1989. Comparative evaluation of three in vacuo desiccation procedures on bacterial cultures. Arch. Roum Pathol. Exp. Microbiol. 48:65-78.
46. Bushby, H. V. A., and K. C. Marshall. 1977. Water status of Rhizobia in relation to their susceptibility to desiccation and to their protection by montmorillonite. J. Gen. Microbiol. 99:19-28.
47. Bushby, H. V. A., and K. C. Marshall. 1977. Desiccation induced damage to the cell envelope of root nodule bacteria. Soil Biol. Biochem. 9:149-152.
48. Caffrey, M. 1986. The influence of water on the phase properties of membrane lipids: relevance to anhydrobiosis, p. 242-258. In A. C. Leopold (ed.), Membranes, metabolism and dry organisms, 1st ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.
49. Cameron, R. E. 1962. Species of Nostoc Vaucher occurring in the Sonoran Desert in Arizona. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 81:379-384.
50. Camphausen, R. T., M. McNeil, I. Jardine, and P. J. Brennan. 1987. Location of acyl groups of trehalose-containing lipooligo-saccharides of mycobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 169:5473-5480.
51. Canini, A., P. Civitareale, S. Marini, M. Grilli Caiola, and G. Rotilo. 1992. Purification of iron superoxide dismutase from the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica Lemm. and localization of the enzyme in heterocysts by immunogold labelling. Planta 187:438-444.
52. Carducci, C., L. Ellul, I. Antonozzi, and A. Pontecorvi. 1992. DNA elution and amplification by polymerase chain reaction from dried blood spots. BioTechniques 13:735-737.
53. Carpenter, J. F. 1993. Stabilization of proteins during freezing and dehydration:application of lessons from nature. Cryobiology 30:220-221.
54. Carpenter, J. F., and J. H. Crowe. 1989. An infrared spectroscopic study of the interactions of carbohydrates with dried proteins. Biochemistry 28:3916-3922.
55. Carpenter, J. F., J. H. Crowe, and T. Arakawa. 1990. Comparison of solute-induced protein stabilization in aqueous solution and in the frozen and dried states. J. Dairy Sci. 73:3627-3636.
56. Carpenter, J. F., B. Martin, L. M. Crowe, and J. H. Crowe. 1987. Stabilization of phosphofructokinase during air-drying with sugars and sugar/transition metal mixtures. Cryobiology 24:455-464.
57. Cayley, S., B. A. Lewis, H. J. Guttman, and M. T. Record, Jr. 1991. Characterization of the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli K-12 as a function of external osmolarity. Implications for protein-DNA interactions in vivo. J. Mol. Biol. 222:281-300.
58. Cayley, S., B. A. Lewis, and M. T. Record, Jr. 1992. Origins of the osmoprotective properties of betaine and proline in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 174:1586-1595.
59. Chapman, D. 1975. Fluidity and phase transitions of cell membranes, p. 1-9. In H. Eisenberg, E. Katchalski-Katzir, and L. A. Manson (ed.), Biomembranes. Plenum Press, New York.
60. Chauvat, F., and F. Joset-Espardellier. 1981. A freezing method for purification and storage of akinete suspensions of the cyanobacterium Nostoc PCC 7524. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 10:319-321.
61. Chen, M., and M. Alexander. 1973. Survival of soil bacteria during prolonged desiccation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 5:213-221.
62. Chuang, S.-E., D. L. Daniels, and F. R. Blattner. 1993. Global regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 175:2026-2036.
63. Ciferri, O. 1983. Spirulina, the edible microorganism. Microbiol. Rev. 47:551-578.
64. Clegg, J. S. 1978. Hydration-dependent metabolic transitions and the state of cellular water in Artemia cysts, p. 117-153. In J. H. Crowe and J. S. Clegg (ed.), Dry biological systems, 1st ed. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
65. Clegg, J. S. 1984. Properties and metabolism of the aqueous cytoplasm and its boundaries. Am. J. Physiol. 246:R133-R151.
66. Clegg, J. S. 1984. Intracellular water and the cytomatrix: some methods of study and current views. J. Cell Biol. 99:167s-171s.
67. Clegg, J. S. 1986. The physical properties and metabolic status of Artemia cysts at low water contents: the "water replacement hypothesis," p. 169-187. In A. C. Leopold (ed.), Membranes, metabolism and dry organisms, 1st ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
68. Clegg, J. S. (University of California, Davis). 1993. Personal communication.
69. Close, T. J., and P. J. Lammers. 1993. An osmotic stress protein of cyanobacteria is immunologically related to plant dehydrins. Plant Physiol. (Bethesda) 101:773-779.
70. Columbo, M. F., D. C. Rau, and V. A. Parsegian. 1992. Protein solvation in allosteric regulation: a water effect on hemoglobin. Science 256:655-659.
71. Compan, I., and D. Touati. 1993. Interaction of six global transcription regulators in expression of manganese superoxide dismutase in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 175:1687-1696.
72. Cox, C. S., J. Baxter, and B. J. Maidment. 1973. A mathematical expression for oxygen-induced death in dehydrated bacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 75:179-185.
73. Cronan, J. E., Jr., and C. O. Rock. 1987. Biosynthesis of membrane lipids, p. 474-497. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
74. Crowe, J. H., and J. S. Clegg. 1973. Anhydrobiosis. Dowden, Hutchison & Ross, Inc., Stroudsberg, Pa.
75. Crowe, J. H., and J. S. Clegg. 1978. Dry biological systems. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
76. Crowe, J. H., and L. M. Crowe. 1986. Stabilization of membranes in anhydrobiotic organisms, p. 188-209. In A. C. Leopold (ed.), Membranes, metabolism and dry organisms, 1st ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
77. Crowe, J. H., and L. M. Crowe. 1992. Membrane integrity in anhydrobiotic organisms: toward a mechanism for stabilizing dry cells, p. 87-103. In G. N. Somero, C. B. Osmond, and C. L. Bolis (ed.), Water and life, 1st ed. Springer-Verlag KG, Berlin.
78. Crowe, J. H., and L. M. Crowe. 1993. Evidence for direct interaction between disaccharides and dry phospholipids. Cryobiology 30:226-227.
79. Crowe, J. H., L. M. Crowe, J. F. Carpenter, A. S. Rudolph, C. A. Wistrom, B. J. Spargo, and T. J. Anchordoguy. 1988. Interactions of sugars with membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 947:367-384.
80. Crowe, J. H., L. M. Crowe, J. F. Carpenter, and C. A. Wistrom. 1987. Stabilization of dry phospholipid bilayers and proteins by sugars. Biochem. J. 242:1-10.
81. Crowe, J. H., F. A. Hoekstra, and L. M. Crowe. 1992. Anhydrobiosis. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 54:579-599.
82. Crowe, J. H., B. J. Spargo, and L. M. Crowe. 1987. Preservation of dry liposomes does not require retention of residual water. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:157-1540.
83. Crowe, L. M., and J. H. Crowe. 1992. Anhydrobiosis: a strategy for survival. Adv. Space Res. 12:239-247.
84. Crowe, L. M., C. A. Wistrom, and J. H. Crowe. 1993. Does the preferential exclusion hypothesis apply to hydrated phospholipid bilayers? Cryobiology 30:224-225.
85. Csonka, L. N. 1989. Physiological and genetic responses of bacteria to osmotic stress. Microbiol. Rev. 53:121-147.
86. Csonka, L. N., and A. D. Hanson. 1991. Prokaryotic osmoregulation: genetics and physiology. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 45:569-606.
87. Dahlbäck, B., M. Hermansson, S. Kjelleberg, and B. Norkrans. 1981. The hydrophobicity of bacteria - an important factor in their initial adhesion at the air-water interface. Arch. Microbiol. 128:267-270.
88. Damodaran, S. 1985. Possible role of water on the structural stability of ribosomes. Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 26:598-604.
89. de Araujo, P. S., and A. D. Panek. 1993. The interaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae trehalase with membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1148:303-307.
90. de Chazal, N. M., S. Smaglinski, and G. D. Smith. 1992. Methods involving light variation for isolation of cyanobacteria: characterization of isolates from central Australia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3561-3566.
91. de Primo, C., S. G. Sugar, G. H. B. Hoa, and P. Douzou. 1992. A critical role of protein-bound water in the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P-450 camphor. FEBS Lett. 312:252-254.
92. de Winder, B. 1990. Ph.D. thesis. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
93. de Winder, B., H. C. P. Matthijs, and L. R. Mur. 1989. The role of water retaining substrata on the photosynthetic response of three drought tolerant phototrophic micro-organisms isolated from a terrestial habitat. Arch. Microbiol. 152:458-462.
94. de Winder, B., L. J. Stahl, and L. R. Mur. 1990. Crinalium epipsammum sp. nov.: a filamentous cyanobacterium with trichomes composed of elliptical cells and containing poly-β-(1,4) glucan (cellulose). J. Gen. Microbiol. 136:1645-1653.
95. Dickson, J. S. 1990. Surface moisture and osmotic stress as factors that affect the sanitizing of beef tissue surfaces. J. Food Prot. 53:674-679.
96. Donachie, W. D., and A. C. Robinson. 1987. Cell division: parameter values and the process, p. 1578-1593. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
97. Donlon, B., and E. Colleran. 1993. A comparison of different methods to determine the hydrophobicity of acetogenic bacteria. J. Microbiol. Methods 17:27-37.
98. Doolittle, W. F. 1992. What are the archaebacteria and why are they important? p. 1-6. In M. J. Danson, D. W. Hough, and G. G. Lunt (ed.), The archaebacteria: biochemistry and biotechnology, 1st ed. The Biochemical Society, London.
99. Dor, I. 1984. Epiphytic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) of the Sinai mangal: considerations on vertical zonation and morphological adaptations, p. 35-54. In F. D. For and I. Dor (ed.), Hydrobiology of the mangal, 1st ed. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands.
100. Dor, I., and N. Paz. 1989. Temporal and spatial distribution of mat microalgae in the experimental solar ponds, Dead Sea area, Israel, p. 114-122. In Y. Cohen and E. Rosenberg (ed.), Microbial mats: physiological ecology of benthic microbial communities. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
101. Dose, K., A. Bieger-Dose, M. Labusch, and M. Gill. 1992. Survival in extreme dryness and DNA-single-strand breaks. Adv. Space Res. 12:221-229.
102. Doyle, R. J., and M. Rosenberg. 1990. Microbial cell surface hydrophobicity. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
103. Drake, C. R. 1990. Molecular cloning and expression of the genes encoding the Escherichia coli K4 capsular polysaccharide, a fructose-substituted chondroitin. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 66:227-230.
104. Drlica, K. 1987. The nucleoid, p. 91-103. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
105. Duncan-Hewitt, W. C. 1990. Nature of the hydrophobic effect, p. 39-73. In R. J. Doyle and M. Rosenberg (ed.), Microbial cell surface hydrophobicity. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
106. Eickmeier, W. G., C. Casper, and C. B. Osmond. 1993. Chlorophyll fluorescence in the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring during high-light and desiccation stress, and evidence for zeaxanthin-associated photoprotection. Planta 189:30-38.
107. Eisenberg, D., and A. D. McLachlan. 1986. Solvation energy in protein folding and binding. Nature (London) 319:199-203.
108. Eleutherio, E. C. A., P. S. de Araujo, and A. D. Panek. 1993. Role of the trehalose carrier in dehydration resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1156:263-266.
109. Ellerby, L. M., C. R. Nishida, F. Nishida, S. A. Yamanaka, B. Dunn, J. S. Valentine, and J. I. Zink. 1992. Encapsulation of proteins in transparent porous silicate glasses prepared by the sol-gel method. Science 255:1041-1180.
110. Ernst, A., T.-W. Chen, and P. Böger. 1987. Carbohydrate formation in rewetted terrestial cyanobacteria. Oecologia (Berlin) 72:574-576.
111. Errington, J. 1993. Bacillus subtilis sporulation: regulation of gene expression and control of morphogenesis. Microbiol. Rev. 57:1-33.
112. Fairhead, H., B. Setlow, and P. Setlow. 1993. Prevention of DNA damage in spores and in vitro by small, acid-soluble proteins from Bacillus species. J. Bacteriol. 175:1367-1374.
113. Fairhead, H., and P. Setlow. 1992. Binding of DNA to α/β-type small, acid-soluble proteins from spores of Bacillus or Clostridium species prevents formation of cytosine dimers, cytosine-thymine dimers, and bipyrimidine photoadducts after UV irradiation. J. Bacteriol. 174:2874-2880.
114. Farrington, M., N. Brenwald, D. Haines, and E. Walpole. 1992. Resistance to desiccation and skin fatty acids in outbreak strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Med. Microbiol. 36:56-60.
115. Fattom, A., and M. Shilo. 1984. Hydrophobicity as an adhesion mechanism of benthic cyanobacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:135-143.
116. Favinger, J., R. Stadwald, and H. Gest. 1989. Rhodospirillum centenum, sp. nov., a thermotolerant cyst-forming anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 55:291-296.
117. Finney, J. L. 1977. The organization and function of water in protein crystals. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 278:3-32.
118. Fogg, G. E. 1982. Marine plankton, p. 491-513. In N. G. Carr and B. A. Whitton (ed.), The biology of cyanobacteria, 1st ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford.
119. Frackowiak, D., A. Skibinski, B. Zelent, and R. M. Leblanc. 1992. Skew orientation of biological samples Anacystis nidulans cyanobacteria and their fragments in a polymer matrix. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 184:441-447.
120. Franks, F. 1977. Solvation interactions of proteins in solution. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 278:89-96.
121. Franks, F. 1988. Characterization of proteins. Humana Press, Clifton, N.J.
122. Friedmann, E. I. 1971. Light and scanning electron microscopy of the endolithic desert algal habitat. Phycologia 10:411-428.
123. Friedmann, E. I. 1982. Endolithic microorganisms in the Antarctic cold desert. Science 215:1045-1053.
124. Friedmann, E. I., L. Kappen, M. A. Meyer, and J. A. Nienow. 1993. Long-term productivity in the cryptoendolithic microbial community of the Ross Desert, Antarctica. Microb. Ecol. 25:51-69.
125. Friedmann, E. I., M. Hua, and R. Ocampo-Friedmann. 1988. 3.6 cryptoendolithic lichen and cyanobacterial communities of the Ross Desert, Antarctica. Polarforschung 58:251-159.
126. Friedmann, E. I., and R. Weed. 1987. Microbial trace-fossil formation, biogenous, and abiotic weathering in the Antarctic Cold Desert. Science 236:703-705.
127. Fujiwara, S., N. A. Zielinski, and A. M. Chakrabarty. 1993. Enhancer-like activity of AlgR1-binding site in alginate gene activation: positional, orientational, and sequence specificity. J. Bacteriol. 175:5452-5459.
128. Fulton, A. B. 1982. How crowded is the cytoplasm? Cell 30:345-347.
129. Gaber, B. P., I. Chandrasekhar, and N. Pattabiraman. 1986. The interaction of trehalose with the phospholipid bilayer: a molecular modeling study, p. 231-241. In A. C. Leopold (ed.), Membranes, metabolism and dry organisms, 1st ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
130. Garcia-Pichel, F., and R. W. Castenholz. 1991. Characterization and biological implications of scytonemin, a cyanobacterial sheath pigment. J. Phycol. 27:395-409.
131. Garcia-Pichel, F., and R. W. Castenholz. 1993. Occurrence of UV-absorbing, mycosporine-like compounds among cyanobacterial isolates and an estimate of their screening capacity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:163-169.
132. Garcia-Pichel, F., C. E. Wingard, and R. W. Castenholz. 1993. Evidence regarding the UV sunscreen role of a mycosporine-like compound in the cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa sp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:170-176.
133. Garza-Ramos, G., A. Darszon, M. Tuena de Gomez-Puyou, and A. Gomez-Poyou. 1990. Enzyme catalysis in organic solvents with low water content at high temperatures. The adenosinetriphosphatase of submitochondrial particles. Biochemistry 29:751-757.
134. Gautier, N., L. M. L. Marin, M.-A. Laneelle, and M. Daffe. 1992. Structure of mycoside F, a family of trehalose-containing glycolipids of Mycobacterium fortuitum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 98:81-88.
135. Geiger, O., F. D. Russo, T. J. Silhavy, and E. P. Kennedy. 1992. Membrane-derived oligosaccharides affect porin osmoregulation only in media of low ionic strength. J. Bacteriol. 174:1410-1413.
136. Geitler, L. 1932. Cyanophyceae, p. 1-1196. In L. Rabenhorst (ed.), Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m.b. H., Leipzig, Germany.
137. Giaever, H. M., O. B. Styrvold, I. Kaasen, and A. R. Strom. 1988. Biochemical and genetic characterization of osmoregulatory trehalose synthesis in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 170:2841-2849.
138. Gilichinsky, D. A., E. A. Vorobyova, L. G. Erokhina, D. G. Fyordorov-Dayvdov, and N. R. Chaikovskaya. 1992. Long-term preservation of microbial ecosystems in permafrost. Adv. Space Res. 12:255-263.
139. Glucksman, M. A., T. L. Reuber, and G. C. Walker. 1993. Family of glycosyl transferases needed for the synthesis of succinoglycan by Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 175:7033-7034.
140. Goodrich, R. P. August 1989. U.S. patent 4,874,690.
141. Goodrich, R. P. 1993. Lyophilization of human red blood cells: applications and implications for transfusion medicine. Cryobiology 30:240-241.
142. Goodrich, R. P., and J. D. Baldeschwieler. 1991. The cryoprotective action of synthetic glycolipids. Cryobiology 28:327-334.
143. Goodrich, R. P., J. H. Crowe, L. M. Crowe, and J. D. Baldeschwieler. 1991. Alterations in membrane surfaces induced by attachment of carbohydrates. Biochemistry 30:5313-5318.
144. Goodrich, R. P., S. O. Sowemimo-Coker, C. R. Zerez, and K. R. Tanaka. 1992. Preservation of metabolic activity in lyophilized human erythrocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:967-971.
145. Goodsell, D. S. 1991. Inside a living cell. Trends Biochem. Sci. 16: 203-206.
146. Goosen, M. F. A. 1992. Fundamentals of animal cell encapsulation and immobilization. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
147. Gottesman, S. 1987. Regulation by proteolysis, p. 1308-1312. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
148. Gouesbet, G., H. Abaibou, L. F. Wu, M.-A. Mandrand-Berhelot, and C. Blanco. 1993. Osmotic repression of anaerobic metabolic systems in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 175:214-221.
149. Gould, G. 1986. Water and the survival of bacterial spores, p. 143-156. In A. C. Leopold (ed.), Membranes, metabolism and dry organisms, 1st ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
150. Graham, P. H. 1992. Stress tolerance in Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, and nodulation under adverse soil conditions. Can. J. Microbiol. 38:475-484.
151. Green, J. L., and C. A. Angell. 1988. Phase relations and vitrification in saccharide-water solutions and the trehalose anomoly. J. Phys. Chem. 93:2880-2882.
152. Greenberg, J. T., P. Monach, J. H. Chou, P. D. Josephy, and B. Demple. 1990. Positive control of a global antioxidant defense regulon activated by superoxide-generating agents in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6181-6185.
153. Grilli Caiola, M., A. Canini, F. Galiazzo, and G. Rotilio. 1991. Superoxide dismutase in vegetative cells, heterocysts and akinetes of Anabaena cylindrica. Lemm. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 80:161-166.
154. Gunther, T., and H. W. Peter. 1979. Polyamines and osmoregulation in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 5:29-31.
155. Gupta, A., A. P. Morby, J. S. Turner, B. A. Whitton, and N. J. Robinson. 1993. Deletion within the metallothionein locus of cadmium-tolerant Synechococcus PCC 6301 involving a highly iterated palindrome (HIP1). Mol. Microbiol. 7:189-195.
156. Gutierrez, C., M. Ardourel, E. Bremer, A. Middendorf, W. Boos, and U. Ehmann. 1989. Analysis of DNA sequence of the osmoregulated treA gene encoding the periplasmic trehalase of Escherichia coli K12. Mol. Gen. Genet. 217:347-354.
157. Hagemann, M., D. Golldack, J. Biggins, and N. Erdmann. 1993. Salt-dependent protein phosphorylation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 113:205-210.
158. Halliwell, B. 1987. Oxidants and human disease. FASEB J. 1:358-364.
159. Harris, R. F. 1981. Effect of water potential on microbial growth and activity, p. 23-96. In J. F. Parr, W. R. Gardner, and L. F. Elliot (ed.), Water potential relations in soil microbiology. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis.
160. Harris, R. F., W. R. Gardner, A. A. Adebayo, and L. E. Somm. 1970. Agar dish isopiestic equilibration method for controlling the water potential of solsid substrates. Appl. Microbiol. 19:536-537.
161. Haselkorn, R., and W. J. Buikema. 1992. Nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria, p. 166-190. In G. Stacey, R. H. Burris, and H. J. Evans (ed.), Biological nitrogen fixation. Chapman & Hall, New York.
162. Hassan, H. M., and H.-C. H. Sun. 1992. Regulatory roles of Fnr, Fur, and Arc in expression of manganese containing superoxide dismutase in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3217-3221.
163. Hemmingsen, S. M., and L. P. Cloney. 1993. Molecular chaperones, particularly chaperonins, as compatible solutes. Cryobiology 30:230-231.
164. Hengge-Aronis, R., W. Klein, R. Lange, M. Rimmele, and W. Boos. 1991. Trehalose synthesis genes are controlled by the putative sigma factor encoded by rpoS and are involved in stationary-phase thermotolerance in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 173:7918-7924.
165. Hengge-Aronis, R., R. Lange, N. Henneberg, and D. Fischer. 1993. Osmotic regulation of poS-dependent genes in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 175:259-265.
166. Herdman, M., M. Janvier, R. Rippka, and R. Y. Stanier. 1979. Genome size of cyanobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 111:73-85.
167. Hershkovitz, N., A. Oren, and Y. Cohen. 1991. Accumulation of trehalose and sucrose in cyanobacteria exposed to matric water stress. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:645-648.
168. Hill, D. R., S. L. Hladun, S. Scherer, and M. Potts. 1994. Water stress proteins of Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria) are secreted with UV-A/B-absorbing pigments and associate with 1,4-β-D-xylanxylanohydrolase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 269:7726-7734.
169. Hill, D. R., A. Peat, and M. Potts. Biochemistry and structure of the glycan secreted by desiccation-tolerant Nostoc commune (cyanobacteria). Protoplasma, in press.
170. Hill, D. R., and M. Potts. Unpublished data.
171. Hochachka, P. W., and M. Guppy. 1987. Metabolic arrest and the control of biological time. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
172. Hoekstra, F. A. 1993. Membrane protection in desiccation-tolerant organs of higher plants. Cryobiology 30:228-229.
173. Hoekstra, F. A., J. H. Crowe, and L. M. Crowe. 1991. Effect of sucrose on phase behavior of membranes intact pollen of Typha latifolia L., as measured with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Plant Physiol. 97:1073-1079.
174. Hoekstra, F. A., J. H. Crowe, and L. M. Crowe. 1992. Germination and ion leakage are linked with phase transitions of membrane lipids during imbibition of Typha latifolia pollen. Physiol. Plant. 84:29-34.
175. Hoekstra, F. A., J. H. Crowe, L. M. Crowe, T. van Roekel, and E. Vermeer. 1992. Do phospholipids and sucrose determine membrane phase transitions in dehydrating pollen species. Plant Cell Environ. 15:601-606.
176. Hoekstra, F. A., L. M. Crowe, and J. H. Crowe. 1989. Differential desiccation sensitivity of corn and Pennisetum pollen linked to their sucrose contents. Plant Cell Environ. 12:83-92.
177. Hoelzle, I., and J. G. Streeter. 1990. Increased accumulation of trehalose in rhizobia cultured under 1% oxygen. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:3213-3215.
178. Houssin, C., N. Eynard, E. Schechter, and A. Ghazi. 1991. Effect of osmotic pressure on membrane energy-linked functions in Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1056:76-84.
179. Imlav, J. A., and S. Linn. 1988. DNA damage and oxygen radical toxicity. Science 240:1302-1309.
180. Imshenetsky, A. A., N. F. Pisarenko, L. A. Kuziurina, and V. M. Yakshina. 1977. Physiology of xerophytic micro-organisms growing under martian conditions, p. 47-52. In R. Holmquist and A. C. Strickland (ed.), Life sciences and space research. 1st ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
181. Ingraham, J. 1987. Effect of temperature, pH, water activity, and pressure on growth, p. 1543-1554. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
182. Irvin, R. T. 1990. Hydrophobicity of proteins and bacterial fimbriae, p. 137-177. In R. J. Doyle and M. Rosenberg (ed.), Microbial cell surface hydrophobicity. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
183. Israeli, E., E. Giberman, and A. Kohn. 1974. Membrane malfunctions in freeze-dried Escherichia coli. Cryobiology 11:473-477.
184. Israeli, E., A. Kohn, and J. Gitelman. 1975. The molecular nature of damage by oxygen to freeze-dried Escherichia coli. Cryobiology 12:15-25.
185. Israeli, E., B. T. Shaffer, J. A. Hoyt, B. Lighthart, and L. M. Ganio. 1993. Survival differences among freeze-dried genetically engineered and wild-type bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:594-598.
186. Ito, T. 1992. The effects of vacuum-UV radiation (20-190nm) on microorganisms and DNA. Adv. Space Res. 12:249-253.
187. Jaenicke, R. 1987. Folding and association of proteins. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 49:117-237.
188. Jaenicke, R. 1991. Protein stability and protein folding. Ciba Found. Symp. 161:206-221.
189. Jaenicke, R. 1991. Protein stability and molecular adaptation to extreme conditions. Eur. J. Biochem. 202:715-728.
190. Jaenicke, R. 1991. Protein folding: local structures, domains, subunits, and assemblies. Biochemistry 30:3147-3161.
191. Jaenicke, R. 1993. Molecular adaptation of proteins to extremes of physical conditions. Cryobiology 30:211-212.
192. Jäger, K., and M. Potts. 1988. In vitro translation of mRNA from Nostoc commune (cyanobacteria). Arch. Microbiol. 149:225-231.
193. Jäger, K., and M. Potts. 1988. Distinct fractions of genomic DNA from cyanobacterium Nostoc commune that differ in the degree of methylation. Gene 74:197-201.
194. Janick, J., S. L. Kitton, and Y.-H. Kim. 1989. Production of synthetic seed by desiccation and encapsulation. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 25:1167-1172.
195. Jenkins, D. E., S. A. Chaisson, and A. Matin. 1990. Starvation-induced cross protection against osmotic challenge in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 172:2779-2781.
196. Jernigan, R. L., A. Sarai, K.-L. Ting, and R. Nussinov. 1986. Hydrophobic interactions in the major groove can influence DNA local structure. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 4:41-48.
197. Johnston, C. G., and J. R. Vestal. 1991. Photosynthetic carbon incorporation and turnover in Antarctic cryptoendolithic microbial communities: are they the slowest-growing communities on Earth? Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:2308-2311.
198. Johnston, D. S., and F. Castelli. 1989. The influence of sugars on the properties of freeze-dried lysozyme and haemoglobin. Thermochim. Acta 144:195-208.
199. Jung, J. U., C. Gutierrez, and M. R. Villarejo. 1989. Sequence of an osmotically inducible lipoprotein gene. J. Bacteriol. 171:511-520.
200. Keenleyside, W. J., D. Bronner, K. Jann, B. Jann, and C. Whitfield. 1993. Coexpression of colanic acid and serotype-specific capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli strains with group II K antigens. J. Bacteriol. 175:6725-6730.
201. Kennedy, E. P. 1987. Membrane-derived oligosaccharides, p. 672-679. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low. B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella ryphimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
202. Kieft, T. L., E. Soroker, and M. K. Firestone. 1987. Microbial biomass response to a rapid increase in water potential when dry soil is wetted. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:119-126.
203. Kierstan, M. P. J., and M. P. Coughlan. 1985. Immobilisation of cells and enzymes by gel entrapment, p. 39-48. In J. Woodward (ed.), Immobilised cells and enzymes: a practical approach, 1st ed. IRL Press, Oxford.
204. Kilbertus, G., J. Proth, and B. Vervier. 1979. Effets de la dessiccation sur les bacteries gram-negatives d'un sol. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11:109-114.
205. Kim, Y.-H., and J. Janick. 1989. ABA and polyox-encapsulation or high humidity increases survival of desiccated somatic embryos of celery. Hortscience 24:674-676.
206. Kitto, S. L., and J. Janick. 1985. Hardening treatments increase survival of synthetically-coated asexual embryos of carrot. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:283-286.
207. Koch, A. L., and M. F. S. Pinette. 1987. Nephelometric determinations of turgor pressure in growing gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 169:3654-3663.
208. Kogut, M., and N. J. Russell. 1987. Life at the limits: considerations on how bacteria can grow at extremes of temperature and pressure, or with high concentrations of ions and solutes. Sci. Prog. 71:381-399.
209. Koike, J., T. Oshima, K. A. Koike, H. Taguchi, R. Tanaka, K. Nishimura, and M. Miyaji. 1992. Survival rates of some terrestial microorganisms under simulated space conditions. Adv. Space Res. 12:271-274.
210. Kondo, T., C. A. Strayer, R. D. Kulkarni, W. Taylor, M. Ishiura, S. S. Golden, and C. H. Johnson. 1993. Circadian rhythms in prokaryotes:luciferase as a reporter of circadian gene expression in cyanobacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5672-5676.
211. Kornblatt, J. A., and G. H. B. Hoa. 1990. A nontraditional role for water in the cytochrome c oxidase reaction. Biochemistry 29:9370-9376.
212. Kosanke, J. W., R. M. Osburn, G. I. Shuppe, and R. S. Smith. 1992. Slow rehydration improves the recovery of dried bacterial populations. Can. J. Microbiol. 38:520-525.
213. Koshi, G., K. Rajeshwari, and L. Philipose. 1977. Preservation of streptococci and other bacteria by sand desiccation and filter paper techniques. Indian J. Med. Res. 65:500-502.
214. Kuntz, I. D., and A. Zipp. 1977. Water in biological systems. N. Engl. J. Med. 297:262-266.
215. Kushner, S. R. 1987. DNA repair, p. 1044-1053. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington. D.C.
216. Lafleur, M. V. M., and J. Retel. 1993. Contrasting effects of SH-compounds on oxidative DNA damage: repair and increase of damage. Mutat. Res. 295:1-10.
217. Laudenbach, D. E., and A. Grossman. 1991. Characterization and mutagenesis of sulfur-regulated genes in a cyanobacterium: evidence for function in sulfate transport. J. Bacteriol. 173:2739-2750.
218. Le Campion-Alsumard, T. 1978. Les Cyanophycees endolithes marines. Systematique, ultrastructure, ecologie et biodestruction. Oceanol. Acta 2:143-156.
219. Lechner, J., and F. Wieland. 1989. Structure and biosynthesis of prokaryotic glycoproteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58:173-194.
220. λ phase in trehalose-stabilized dry membranes by solid-state NMR and X-ray diffraction. Biochemistry 28:5000-5009.
221. Lee, C. W. B., J. S. Waugh, and R. G. Griffin. 1986. Solid-state NMR study of trehalose/1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine interactions. Biochemistry 25:3737-3742.
222. Leistner, L., and W. Rödel. 1976. Inhibition of micro-organisms in food by water activity, p. 219-237. In F. A. Skinner and W. B. Hugo (ed.), Inhibition and inactivation of vegetative microbes, 1st ed. Academic Press Ltd., London.
223. Lemassu, A., M.-A. Laneelle, and M. Daffe. 1991. Revised structure of a trehalose-containing immunoreactive glycolipid of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 78:171-176.
224. Leslie, S. B., S. A. Teter, L. M. Crowe, and J. H. Crowe. 1994. Trehalose lowers membrane phase transitions in dry yeast cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1192:7-13.
225. Li, C., and J. Adler. 1993. Escherichia coli shows two types of behavioral responses to osmotic upshift. J. Bacteriol. 175:2564-2567.
226. Li, J., and D. K. Ross. 1993. Evidence for two kinds of hydrogen bond in ice. Nature (London) 365:327-329.
227. Lindahl, T., and B. Nyberg. 1972. Rate of depurination of native deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 11:3610-3618.
228. Lindberg, C., and G. Horneck. 1992. Thymine photoproduct formation and inactivation of intact spores of Bacillus subtilis irradiated with short wavelength UV (200-300nm) at atmospheric pressure and in vacuo. Adv. Space Res. 12:275-279.
229. Lindsay, J. A., and W. G. Murrell. 1983. A comparison of UV induced DNA photoproducts from isolated and non-isolated developing bacterial forespores. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 113:618-625.
230. Liochev, S. I., and I. Fridovich. 1992. Effects of overproduction of superoxide dismutases in Escherichia coli on inhibition of growth and on induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by paraquat. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 294:138-143.
231. Lohman, T. M. 1986. Kinetics of protein-nucleic acid interactions: use of salt effects to probe mechanisms of interaction. Crit. Rev. Biochem. 19:191-245.
232. Lounnas, V., B. Montgomery Pettitt, and G. N. Phillips, Jr. 1994. A global model of the protein-solvent interface. Biophys. J. 66:601-614.
233. Mackenzie, A. P. 1977. Non-equilibrium freezing behavior of aqueous systems. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 278:167-189.
234. Marshall, B., P. Flynn, D. Kamely, and S. B. Levy. 1988. Survival of Escherichia coli with and without ColE1::Tn5 after aerosol dispersal in a laboratory and a farm environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1776-1783.
235. Mathews, C. K. 1993. The cell-bag of enzymes or network of channels. J. Bacteriol. 175:6377-6381.
236. Mazur, P. 1980. Limits to life at low temperatures and at reduced water contents and water activities. Origins Life 10:137-159.
237. McCartney, B., and M. Potts. Unpublished data.
238. Meury, J., and M. Kohiyama. 1992. Potassium ions and changes in bacterial DNA supercoiling under osmotic stress. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 99:159-164.
239. Michel, D., A. Furini, F. Salamini, and D. Bartels. 1994. Structure and regulation of an ABA- and desiccation-responsive gene from the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum. Plant Mol. Biol. 24:549-560.
240. Miller, K. J., E. P. Kennedy, and V. N. Reinhold. 1986. Osmotic adaptation by Gram-negative bacteria: possible role for periplasmic oligosaccharides. Science 231:48-51.
241. Mitscherlich, E., and E. H. Marth. 1984. Microbial survival in the environment: bacteria and rickettsiae important in human and animal health, 1st ed. Springer-Verlag KG, Berlin.
242. Mittler, R., and E. Tel-Or. 1991. Oxidative stress responses and shock proteins in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus R2 (PCC-7942). Arch. Microbiol. 155:125-130.
243. Miyake, C., F. Michihata, and K. Asada. 1991. Scavenging of hydrogen peroxide in prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae: acquisition of ascorbate peroxidase during the evolution of cyanobacteria. Plant Cell Physiol. 32:33-43.
244. Moore, B. G., and R. G. Tischer. 1965. Biosynthesis of extracellular polysaccharides by the blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae. Can. J. Bot. 11:877-885.
245. Morikawa, M., H. Daido, T. Takao, S. Murata, Y. Shimonishi, and T. Imanaka. 1993. A new lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by Arthrobacter sp. strain MIS38. J. Bacteriol. 175:6459-6466.
246. 2+ autooxidation. Biochem. Int. 26:987-994.
247. Mugnier, J., and G. Jung. 1985. Survival of bacteria and fungi in relation to water activity and the solvent properties of water in biopolymer gels. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:108-114.
248. Nakagawa, M., Y. Takamura, and O. Yagi. 1987. Isolation and characterization of the slime from a cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa K-3A. Agric. Biol. Chem. 51:329-337.
249. Nei, T. 1969. Freezing and drying of microorganisms. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
250. Neidleman, S. L. 1989. Enzymes under stress. ASM News 55:67-70.
251. Newell, J. 1987. Putting nature into reverse. Biobulletin 5:1-2.
252. Nichols, J. M., and D. G. Adams. 1983. Akinetes, p. 387-412. In N. G. Carr and B. A. Whitton (ed.). The biology of cyanobacteria, 1st ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford.
253. Nicholson, P., R. W. Osborn, and C. J. Howe. 1987. Induction of protein synthesis in response to ultraviolet light, nalidixic acid and heat shock in the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum. FEBS Lett. 221:110-114.
254. Nicholson, P., J. P. A. Varley, and C. J. Howe. 1991. A comparison of stress responses in the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 78:109-114.
255. Niedhardt, F. C. 1987. Chemical composition of Escherichia coli, p. 3-6. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
256. Nienow, J. A., and E. I. Friedmann. 1993. Terrestial lithophytic (rock) communities, p. 343-412. In E. I. Friedmann and A. B. Thistle (ed.), Antarctic microbiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
257. Nikaido, H. M., and M. Vaara. 1987. Outer membrane, p. 7-22. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
258. Nilsson, B., and S. Anderson. 1991. Proper and improper folding of proteins in the cellular environment. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 45:607-635.
259. Nobel, P. S. 1983. Biophysical plant physiology and ecology, 3rd ed. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco.
260. Noone, M. J. 1991. Preserving the appearance of asphalt shingle roofs. Prof. Roofing R:14-16.
261. Norris, J. R., R. C. W. Berkeley, N. A. Logan, and A. G. O'Donnell. 1981. The genera Bacillus and Sporolactobacillus, p. 1712-1742. In M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Trüper, A. Balows, and H. G. Schlegel (ed.), The prokaryotes, vol. 1, 1st ed. Springer-Verlag KG, Heidelberg, Germany.
262. Nunoshiba, T., E. Hidalgo, Z. Li, and B. Demple. 1993. Negative autoregulation by the Escherichia coli SoxS protein: a dampening mechanism for the soxRS redox stress response. J. Bacteriol. 175:7492-7494.
263. O'Connor, L. T., and D. C. Savage. 1993. Characterization of an activity from the strict anaerobe Roseburia cecicola that degrades DNA when exposed to air. J. Bacteriol. 175:4681-4687.
264. Oksanen, C. A., and G. Zografi. 1993. Molecular mobility in mixtures of absorbed water and solid poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Pharm. Res. 10:791-799.
265. Olie, J. J., and M. Potts. 1986. Purification and biochemical analysis of the cytoplasmic membrane from the desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:706-710.
266. Oliver, M. 1992. Miracle moss. Science 257:322.
267. Oliver, M. J., and J. D. Bewley. 1984. Plant desiccation and protein synthesis. VI. Changes in protein synthesis elicited by desiccation of the moss Tortula ruralis are effected at the translational level. Plant Physiol. 74:923-927.
268. Orcutt, D. M., B. C. Parker, and W. R. Lusby. 1986. Lipids in blue-green algal mats (modern stromatolites) from Antarctic oasis lakes. J. Phycol. 22:523-530.
269. Osa-afiana, L. O., and M. Alexander. 1982. Differences among cowpea rhiobia in tolerance to high temperature and desiccation in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:435-439.
270. Otting, G., E. Liepinsh, and K. Wüthrich. 1991. Protein hydration in aqueous solution. Science 254:974-980.
271. Palmer, R. J., and E. I. Friedmann. 1990. Water relations and photosynthesis in the cryptoendolithic microbial habitat of hot and cold deserts. Microb. Ecol. 19:111-118.
272. Palmer, R. J., Jr., J. A. Nienow, and E. I. Friedmann. 1987. Control of matric water potential by temperature differential. J. Microbiol. Methods 6:323-326.
273. Papageorgiou, G. C., and T. Lagoyanni. 1986. Immobilization of photosynthetically active cyanobacteria in glutaraldehyde-crosslinked albumin matrix. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23:417-423.
274. Papendick, R. I., and G. S. Campbell. 1981. Theory and measurement of water potential, p. 1-22. In J. F. Parr, W. R. Gardner, and L. F. Elliot (ed.), Water potential relations in soil microbiology. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis.
275. Parker, J. G. 1993. On the inactivation of bacteria by singlet oxygen - another view. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1157:209-210.
276. Parr, J. F., W. R. Gardner, and L. F. Elliot. 1981. Water potential relations in soil microbiology. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis.
277. Patrice, M., D. Ochin, and R. Tailliez. 1985. Rates of drying and survival of Rhizobium meliloti strains during storage at different relative humidities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:207-211.
278. Peat, A., and M. Potts. 1987. The ultrastructure of immobilised desiccated cells of the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 43:223-227.
279. Peat, A., N. Powell, and M. Potts. 1988. Ultrastructural analysis of the rehydration of desiccated Nostoc commune HUN (Cyanobacteria) with particular reference to the immunolabelling of NifH. Protoplasma 146:72-80.
280. Pedersen, J. C. 1992. Survival of Enterobacter cloacae: field validation of a soil/plant microcosm. Microb. Releases 1:87-93.
281. Pedersen, J. C., and C. S. Jacobsen. 1993. Fate of Enterobacter cloacae JP120 and Alcaligenes eutrophus AEO106(pR0101) in soil during water stress: effects on culturability and viability. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1560-1564.
282. Pedersen, J. C., and T. D. Leser. 1992. Survival of Enterobacter cloacae on leaves and in soil detected by immunofluorescence microscopy in comparison with selective plating. Microb. Releases 1:95-102.
283. Pentecost, A. 1985. Relationships between light, temperature and photosynthesis in a temperate Microcoleus (cyanobacterium) mat. Microbios 43:141-148.
284. Perona, J. J., C. S. Craik, and R. J. Fletterick. 1993. Locating the catalytic water molecule in serine proteases. Science 261:620-621.
285. Phillips, T. A., V. Vaughn, P. L. Bloch, and F. C. Neidhardt. 1987. Gene-protein index of Escherichia coli K-12, edition 2, p. 919-966. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
286. Pinette, M. F. S., and A. L. Koch. 1987. Variability of the turgor pressure of individual cells of the gram-negative heterotroph Ancylobacter aquaticus. J. Bacteriol. 169:4737-4742.
287. Platt, M. W., K. J. Miller, W. S. Lane, and E. P. Kennedy. 1990. Isolation and characterization of the constitutive acyl carrier protein from Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 172:5440-5444.
288. Pollock, M. R., and M. H. Richmond. 1962. Low cyst(e)ine content of bacterial extracellular proteins: its possible physiological significance. Nature (London) 194:446-449.
289. Potthast, K. 1978. Influence of water activity on enzymic activity in biological systems, p. 323-342. In J. H. Crowe and J. S. Clegg (ed.), Dry biological systems, 1st ed. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
290. Potts, M. 1977. Ph.D. thesis. Durham University, Durham, England.
291. Potts, M. Unpublished data.
292. Potts, M. 1979. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) associated with communities of heterocystous and non-heterocystous blue-green algae in mangrove forests of Sinai. Oecologia (Berlin) 39:359-373.
293. Potts, M. 1980. Blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) in marine coastal environments of the Sinai Peninsula: distribution, zonation, stratification and taxonomic diversity. Phycologia 19:60-73.
294. Potts, M. 1985. Protein synthesis and proteolysis in immobilized cells of the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584 exposed to matric water stress. J. Bacteriol. 164:1025-1031.
295. Potts, M. 1986. The protein index of Nostoc commune UTEX 584 (cyanobacteria): changes induced in immobilized cells by water stress. Arch. Microbiol. 146:87-95.
296. Potts, M. 1993. Stabilities of macromolecules during water stress in cyanobacteria. Cryobiology 30:232-233.
297. Potts, M., S. V. Angeloni, R. E. Ebel, and D. Bassam. 1992. Myoglobin in a cyanobacterium. Science 256:1690-1692.
298. Potts, M., and M. A. Bowman. 1985. Sensitivity of Nostoc commune UTEX 584 (cyanobacteria) to water stress. Arch. Microbiol. 141:51-56.
299. Potts, M., and M. A. Bowman. Unpublished data.
300. m) in immobilised cultures of cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 24:193-196.
301. Potts, M., and E. I. Friedmann. 1981. Effects of water stress on cryptoendolithic cyanobacteria from hot desert rocks. Arch. Microbiol. 130:267-271.
302. Potts, M., and N. S. Morrison. 1986. Shifts in the intracellular ATP pools of immobilised Nostoc cells (Cyanobacteria) induced by water stress. Plant Soil 90:211-221.
303. Potts, M., R. Ocampo-Friedmann, M. A. Bowman, and B. Tüzün. 1983. Chroococcus S24 and Chroococcus N41 (cyanobacteria): morphological, biochemical and genetic characterization and effects of water stress on ultrastructure. Arch. Microbiol. 135:81-90.
304. Potts, M., J. J. Olie, J. S. Nickels, J. Parsons, and D. C. White. 1987. Variation in phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids and carotenoids of desiccated Nostoc commune (cyanobacteria) from different geographic locations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:4-9.
305. Potts, M., H. Sun, K. Mockaitis, P. J. Kennelly, D. Reed, and N. K. Tonks. 1993, A protein-tyrosine/serine phosphatase encoded by the genome of the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584. J. Biol. Chem. 268:7632-7635.
306. Potts, M., and B. A. Whitton. 1977. Nitrogen fixation by blue-green algal communities in the intertidal zone of the lagoon of Aldabra Atoll. Oecologia 27:275-283.
307. Potts, M., and B. A. Whitton. 1979. pH and Eh on Aldabra Atoll. 2. Intertidal photosynthetic microbial communities showing zonation. Hydrobiologia 67:99-105.
308. Potts, M., and B. A. Whitton. 1980. Vegetation of the intertidal zone of the lagoon of Aldabra, with particular reference to the photosynthetic prokaryotic communities. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 208:13-55.
309. Prestrelski, S. J. 1993. The structure of proteins in lyophilized formulations using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cryobiology 30:222-223.
310. Priestley, D. A. 1986. Seed aging. Implications for seed storage and persistence in the soil. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.
311. Pritzer, M., J. Weckesser, and U. J. Jürgens. 1989. Sheath and outer membrane components from the cyanobacterium Fischerella sp. PCC 7414. Arch. Microbiol. 153:7-11.
312. Proteau, P. J., W. H. Gerwick, F. Garcia-Pichel, and R. Castenholz. 1993. The structure of scytonemin, an ultraviolet sunscreen pigment from the sheaths of cyanobacteria. Experientia 49:825-829.
313. Purcell, L. C., and T. R. Sinclair. 1993. Soybean (Glycine max) nodule physical traits associated with permeability responses to oxygen. Plant Physiol. 103:149-156.
314. Quiocho, F. A., D. K. Wilson, and N. K. Vyas. 1989. Substrate specificity and affinity of a protein modulated by bound water molecules. Nature (London) 340:404-407.
315. Rand, R. P. 1992. Raising water to new heights. Science 256:618.
316. Rand, R. P. 1993. Don't forget the solvent - measuring water's contribution to molecular assembly and conformational change. Cryobiology 30:216-217.
317. Rattray, E. A. S., J. I. Prosser, L. A. Glover, and K. Killham. 1992. Matric potential in relation to survival and activity of a genetically modified microbial inoculum in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24:421-425.
318. Rau, D. C., B. Lee, and V. A. Parsegian. 1984. Measurement of the repulsive force between polyelectrolyte molecules in ionic solution: hydration forces between parallel DNA double helices. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:2621-2625.
319. Redenbaugh, K. 1992. Synseeds: applications of synthetic seeds to crop improvement. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
320. Reeck, G. R., and L. Fisher. 1973. A statistical analysis of the amino acid compositions of proteins. Int. J. Pept. Res. 5:109-117.
321. Reichenbach, H., and M. Dworkin. 1981. Introduction to gliding bacteria, p. 315-379. In M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Trüper, A. Balows, and H. G. Schlegel (ed.), The prokaryotes, vol. 1, 1st ed., Springer-Verlag KG, Heidelberg, Germany.
322. Reslow, M., P. Adlercreutz, and B. Mattiason. 1988. The influence of water on protease-catalyzed peptide synthesis in acetonitrile/water mixtures. Eur. J. Biochem. 177:313-318.
323. Richards, W. G., P. M. King, and C. A. Reynolds. 1989. Solvation effects. Protein Eng. 2:319-327.
324. Ritter, D., and J. H. Yopp. 1993. Plasma membrane lipid composition of the halophilic cyanobacterium Aphanothece hatophytica. Arch. Microbiol. 159:435-439.
325. Roberson, E. B., and M. K. Firestone. 1992. Relationship between desiccation and exopolysaccharide production in a soil Pseudomonas sp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1284-1291.
326. Rodgers, G. A. 1977. Nitrogenase activity in Nostoc muscorum: recovery from desiccation. Plant Soil 46:671-674.
327. Rodriguez-Valera, F. 1992. Biotechnological potential of halobacteria. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 58:135-147.
328. Romeo, T., J. Moore, and J. Smith. 1991. A simple method for cloning genes involved in glucan biosynthesis: isolation of structural and regulatory genes for glycogen synthesis in Escherichia coli. Gene 108:23-29.
329. Roser, B. 1991. Trehalose drying: a novel replacement for freeze-drying. BioPharm 8:47-53.
330. Roszak, D. B., and R. R. Colwell. 1987. Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment. Microbiol. Rev. 51:365-379.
331. Roth, I. L. 1977. Physical structures of surface carbohydrates, p. 5-26. In I. Sutherland (ed.), Surface carbohydrates of the prokaryotic cell. Academic Press Ltd., London.
332. Rudolph, A. S. 1988. The freeze-dried preservation of liposome encapsulated hemoglobin: a potential blood substitute. Cryobiology 25:277-284.
333. Rudolph, A. S., R. O. Cliff, and B. J. Spargo. 1993. The use of compatible solutes in the long-term preservation of lipid microstructures. Cryobiology 30:236-237.
334. Rudolph, B. R., I. Chadresekhar, B. P. Gaber, and M. Nagumo. 1990. Molecular modelling of saccharide-lipid interactions. Chem. Phys. Lipids 53:243-261.
335. Rumley, M. K., H. Therisod, A. C. Weissborn, and E. P. Kennedy. 1992. Mechanisms of regulation of the biosynthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 267:11806-11810.
336. Russell, N. J. 1990. Cold adaptation of microorganisms. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 326:595-611.
337. Russell, N. J., and N. Fukunaga. 1990. A comparison of thermal adaptation of membrane lipids in psychrophilic and thermophilic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 75:171-182.
338. Sadasivan, L., and C. A. Neyra. 1985. Flocculation in Azospirillum brasilense and Azospirillum lipoferum: exopolysaccharides and cyst formation. J. Bacteriol. 163:716-723.
339. Sakane, T., I. Fukuda, T. Itoh, and A. Yokota. 1992. Long-term preservation of halophilic archaebacteria and thermoacidophilic archaebacteria by liquid drying. J. Microbiol. Methods 16:281-287.
340. Santell, L., R. L. Rubin, and E. G. Levin. 1993. Enhanced phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of a histone-like protein in response to hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic conditions. J. Biol. Chem. 268:21443-21447.
341. Sar, N. 1987. Direction of spreading (DOS): a simple method for measuring the hydrophobicity of bacterial lawns. J. Microbiol. Methods 6:211-219.
342. Sartor, G., E. Mayer, and G. P. Johari. 1994. Calometric studies of the kinetic unfreezing of molecular motions in hydrated lysozyme, hemoglobin, and myoglobin. Biophys. J. 66:249-258.
343. Scherer, S. 1991. Mikroorganismen in extremen Lebensräumen: cyanobakterien in Wüstengebieten. Biol. Unserer Zeit 4:220-222.
344. Scherer, S., T. W. Chen, and P. Böger. 1988. A new UV-A/B protecting pigment in the terrestial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. Plant Physiol. 88:1055-1057.
345. Scherer, S., and M. Potts. 1989. Novel water stress protein from a desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium: purification and partial characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 264:12546-12553.
346. Scherer, S., and Z.-P. Zhong. 1991. Desiccation independence of terrestial Nostoc commune ecotypes (Cyanobacteria). Microb. Ecol. 22:271-283.
347. Schmid, E. N. 1981. Fate of the Escherichia coli capsule during embedding procedures for electron microscopical studies. Microsc. Acta 84:353-360.
348. Schneider, J. 1976. Biological and inorganic factors in the destruction of limestone coasts. Contrib. Sedimentol. 6:1-112.
349. Schneider, S., and U. J. Jürgens. 1991. Cell wall and sheath constituents of the cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus. Arch. Microbiol. 156:312-318.
350. Seckler, R., and R. Jaenicke. 1992. Protein folding and protein refolding. FASEB J. 6:2545-2552.
351. Setlow, P. 1992. I will survive: protecting and repairing spore DNA. J. Bacteriol. 174:2737-2741.
352. Setlow, B., and P. Setlow. 1977. Most of the coenzyme A in dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium is in disulfide linkage to protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 75:45-50.
353. Shehata, F. M., and B. A. Whitton. 1982. Zinc tolerance in strains of the blue green alga Anacystis nidulans. Br. Pttycol. J. 17:5-12.
354. Siegele, D. A., and R. Kolter. 1992. Life after log. J. Bacteriol. 174:345-348.
355. Simon, P. 1980. DNA content of heterocysts and spores of the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 8:241-245.
356. Skriver, K., and J. Mundy. 1990. Gene expression in response to abscisic acid and osmotic stress. Plant Cell 2:503-512.
357. Slade, L., and H. Levine. 1991. Beyond water activity: recent advances based on an alternative approach to the assessment of food quality and safety. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 30:115-360.
358. Sleesman, J. P., and C. Leben. 1976. Bacterial desiccation: effects of temperature, relative humidity, and culture age on survival. Phytopathology 66:1334-1338.
359. Smith, M. D., C. I. Masters, and B. E. B. Moseley. 1991. Molecular biology of radiation-resistant bacteria, p. 258-280. In R. A. Herbert and R. J. Sharp (ed.), Molecular biology and biotechnology of extremophiles. Blackie & Son, Ltd., Glasgow, Scotland.
360. Sneath, P. H. A. 1962. Longevity of micro-organisms. Nature (London) 195:643-646.
361. Sohal, R. S., S. Agarwal, A. Dubey, and W. C. Orr. 1993. Protein oxidative damage is associated with life expectancy of houseflies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7255-7259.
362. Somero, G. N. 1993. Conserving macromolecular stability and function: complementary roles of adaptive changes in proteins and the "micromolecules" of their milieu. Cryobiology 30:203-204.
363. Southam, G., and T. J. Beveridge. 1992. Characterization of novel, phenol-soluble polypeptides which confer rigidity to the sheath of Methanospirillum hungatei GP1. J. Bacteriol. 174:935-946.
364. Southam, G., and T. J. Beveridge. 1992. Detection of growth sites in and promoter pools for the sheath of Methanospirillum hungatei GP1 by use of constituent organosulfur and immunogold labeling. J. Bacteriol. 174:6460-6470.
365. Spaink, H. P., D. M. Sheeley, A. A. N. van Brussel, F. Glushka, W. S. York, T. Tak, O. Geiger, E. P. Kennedy, V. N. Reinhold, and B. J. J. Lugtenberg. 1991. A novel highly unsaturated fatty acid moiety of lipo-oligosaccharide signals determines host specificity of Rhizobium. Nature (London) 354:125-128.
366. Spargo, B. J., L. M. Crowe, T. Ioneda, B. L. Beaman, and J. H. Crowe. 1991. Cord factor (α,α-trehalose 6.6′-dimycolate) inhibits fusion between phospholipid vesicles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:737-740.
367. Stadtman, E. R., and C. N. Oliver. 1991. Metal-catalyzed oxidation of proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 266:2005-2008.
368. Stal, L. J., and R. H. Reed. 1987. Low-molecular mass carbohydrate accumulation in cyanobacteria from a marine microbial mat in response to salt. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 45:305-312.
369. Stanier, R. Y., and C. B. van Niel. 1962. The concept of a bacterium. Arch. Mikrobiol. 42:17-35.
370. Starr, M. P., and J. M. Schmidt. 1981. Prokaryote diversity, p. 3-42. In M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Trüper, A. Balows, and H. G. Schlegel (ed.), The prokaryotes, vol. 1, 1st ed. Springer-Verlag KG, Heidelberg, Germany.
371. Steiner, B. M., G. H. W. Wong, P. Sutrave, and S. Graves. 1984. Oxygen toxicity in Treponema pallidum: deoxyribonucleic acid single-stranded breakage induced by low doses of hydrogen peroxide. Can. J. Microbiol. 30:1467-1476.
372. Storz, G., M. F. Christman, H. Sies, and B. N. Ames. 1987. Spontaneous mutagenesis and oxidative damage to DNA in Salmonella typhimurium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:8917-8921.
373. Stout, V., A. Torres-Cabassa, M. R. Maurizi, D. Gutnick, and S. Gottesman. 1991. RcsA, an unstable positive regulator of capsular polysaccharide synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 173:1738-1747.
374. Streeter, J. G. 1985. Accumulation of α,α-trehalose by Rhizobium bacteria and bacteroids. J. Bacteriol. 164:78-84.
375. Stulp, B. K., and M. Potts. 1987. Stability of nucleic acids in immobilized and desiccated Nostoc commune UTEX 584 (cyanobacteria). FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 41:241-245.
376. Styrvold, O. B., and A. R. Strøm. 1991. Synthesis, accumulation, and excretion of trehalose in osmotically stressed Escherichia coli K-12 strains: influence of amber suppressors and function of the periplasmic trehalase. J. Bacteriol. 173:1187-1192.
377. Sutherland, J. M., M. Herdman, and W. D. P. Stewart. 1979. Akinetes of the cyanobacterium Nostoc PCC 7524: macromolecular composition, structure and control of differentiation. J. Gen. Microbiol. 115:273-287.
378. 38, is a second principal σ factor of RNA polymerase in stationary-phase Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3511-3515.
379. Taranto, P. A., T. W. Keenan, and M. Potts. 1993. Rehydration induces rapid onset of lipid biosynthesis in desiccated Nostoc commune (cyanobacteria). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1168:228-237.
380. Tartaglia, L. A., C. J. Gimeno, G. Storz, and B. N. Ames. 1992. Multidegenerate DNA recognition by the OxyR transcriptional regulator. J. Biol. Chem. 267:2038-2045.
381. Tease, B. E., and R. W. Walker. 1987. Comparative composition of the sheath of the cyanobacterium Gloeothece ATCC 27152 cultured with and without combined nitrogen. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133:3331-3339.
382. Therisod, H., A. C. Weissborn, and E. P. Kennedy. 1986. An essential function for acyl carrier protein in the biosynthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7236-7240.
383. Timasheff, S. N. 1992. A physiological basis for the selection of osmolytes by nature, p. 70-84. In G. N. Somero, C. B. Osmond, and C. L. Bolis (ed.), Water and life, 1st ed. Springer-Verlag KG, Berlin.
384. Timasheff, S. N. 1993. Stabilization of proteins by cosolvents in aqueous media. Cryobiology 30:218-219.
385. Tomaselli, L., and L. Giovanetti. 1993. Survival of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in soil. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 9:113-116.
386. Tripathi, S. N., and E. R. S. Talpasayi. 1980. Sulphydryls and survival of subaerial blue-green algae. Curr. Sci. 49:31-32.
387. Tsaneva, I. R., and B. Weiss. 1990. soxR, a locus governing a superoxide response regulon in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 172:4197-4205.
388. Tsvetkov, T. D., L. I. Tsonev, N. M. Tsvetkova, R. D. Koynova, and B. G. Tenchov. 1989. Effect of trehalose on the phase properties of hydrated and lyophilized dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine multilayers. 1989. Cryobiology 26:162-169.
389. Tudor, J., and F. Conti. 1977. Characterization of bdellocysts of Bdellovibrio sp. J. Bacteriol. 131:314-322.
390. Van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., J. Lyklema, W. Norde, and A. J. B. Zehnder. 1990. Influence of interfaces on microbial activity. Microbiol. Rev. 54:75-87.
391. Vergnaud, J. M. 1991. Liquid transport processes in polymeric materials: modeling and industrial applications, 1st ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
392. Vertucci, C. W., and A. C. Leopold. 1986. Physiological activities associated with hydration level in seeds, p. 35-49. In A. C. Leopold (ed.), Membranes, metabolism and dry organisms. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.
393. Vishniac, H. S. 1993. The microbiology of Antarctic soils, p. 297-341. In E. I. Friedmann (ed.), Antarctic microbiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
394. von Hippel, P. H., and O. G. Berg. 1989. Facilitated target location in biological systems. J. Biol. Chem. 264:675-678.
395. Wada, A., Y. Yamazaki, N. Fujita, and A. Ishihama. 1990. Structure and probable genetic location of a "ribosome modulation factor" associated with 100S ribosomes in stationary-phase Escherichia coli cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2657-2661.
396. Waks, M. 1986. Proteins and peptides in water-restricted environments. Proteins Struct. Funct. Genet. 1:4-15.
397. Walsby, A. E. 1969. The permeability of blue-green algal gasvacuoles' membranes to gas. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 173:233-255.
398. Walsby, A. E. 1982. Cell-water and cell-solute relations, p. 237-262. In N. G. Carr and B. A. Whitton (ed.), The biology of cyanobacteria. Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford.
399. Wanner, B. L. 1987. Phosphate regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli, p. 1326-1333. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
400. Ward, D. M., R. Weller, J. Shiea, R. W. Castenholz, and Y. Cohen. 1989. Hot spring microbial mats: anoxygenic and oxygenic mats of possible evolutionary significance, p. 3-15. In Y. Cohen and E. Rosenberg (ed.), Microbial mats: physiological ecology of benthic microbial communities. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
401. Webb, S. J. 1960. Factors affecting the viability of air-borne bacteria. II. The effect of chemical additives on the behavior of air-borne cells. Can. J. Microbiol. 6:71-87.
402. Webb, S. J. 1960. Factors affecting the viability of air-borne bacteria. III. The role of bonded water and protein structure in the death of air-borne cells. Can. J. Microbiol. 6:89-105.
403. Webb, S. J. 1965. Bound water in biological integrity. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill.
404. Webb, S. J. 1966. The influence of oxygen and inositol on the survival of semidried microorganisms. Can. J. Microbiol. 7:733-742.
405. Webb, S. J. 1967. Mutation of bacterial cells by controlled desiccation. Nature (London) 213:1137-1139.
406. Webb, S. J. 1968. Effect of dehydration on bacterial recombination. Nature (London) 217:1231-1234.
407. Webb, S. J. 1969. The effects of oxygen on the possible repair of dehydration damage by Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Microbiol. 58:317-326.
408. Webb, S. J., M. D. Dumasia, and J. S. Bhorjee. 1965. Bound water, inositol, and the biosynthesis of temperate and virulent bacteriophages by air-dried Escherichia coli. Can. J. Microbiol. 11:141-150.
409. Webb, S. J., and J. L. Walker. 1968. The influence of cell water content on the inactivation of RNA by partial desiccation and ultraviolet light. Can. J. Microbiol. 14:565-572.
410. Weckesser, J., K. Hofmann, U. J. Jürgens, B. A. Whitton, and B. Raffelsberger. 1988. Isolation and chemical analysis of the sheaths of the filamentous cyanobacteria Calothrix parietina and C. scopulorum. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134:629-634.
411. Weetall, H. H., B. Robertson, D. Cullin, J. Brown, and M. Walch. 1993. Bacteriorhodopsin immobilized in sol-gel glass. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1142:211-213.
412. Weissenborn, D. L., N. Wittekindt, and T. J. Larson. 1992. Structure and regulation of the glpFK operon encoding glycerol diffusion facilitator and glycerol kinase of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Biol. Chem. 267:6122-6131.
413. Welch, T. J., A. Farewell, F. C. Neidhardt, and D. H. Bartlett. 1993. Stress response of Escherichia coli to elevated hydrostatic pressure. J. Bacteriol. 175:7170-7177.
414. Whitley, P., and G. von Heijne. 1993. The DsbA-DsbB system affects the formation of disulfide bonds in periplasmic but not in intramembraneous protein domains. FEBS Lett. 332:49-51.
415. Whitton, B. A. 1987. Survival and dormancy of blue-green algae, p. 109-167. In Y. Henis (ed.), Survival and dormancy of microorganisms, 1st ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
416. Whitton, B. A. 1992. Diversity, ecology, and taxonomy of the cyanobacteria, p. 1-51. In N. H. Mann and N. G. Carr (ed.), Photosynthetic prokaryotes. Plenum Press, New York.
417. Whitton, B. A., A. Donaldson, and M. Potts. 1979. Nitrogen fixation by Nostoc colonies in terrestial environments of Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean. Phycologia 18:278-287.
418. Whitton, B. A., M. Potts, J. W. Simon, and S. L. J. Grainger. 1990. Phosphatase activity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Nostoc commune UTEX 584. Phycologia 29:139-145.
419. Whyte, W., and L. Niven. 1986. Airborne bacteria sampling: the effect of dehydration and sampling time. J. Parenter. Sci. Technol. 40:182-188.
420. Wiggins, P. 1990. Role of water in some biological processes. Microbiol. Rev. 54:432-449.
421. Wildhaber, I., U. Santarius, and W. Baumeister. 1987. Three-dimensional structure of the surface protein of Desulfurococcus mobilis. J. Bacteriol. 169:5563-5568.
422. Wilson, J. M., and D. M. Griffin. 1975. Water potential and the respiration of microorganisms in the soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 7:199-204.
423. Winston, P. W., and D. H. Bates. 1960. Saturated solutions for the control of humidity in biological research. Ecology 41:232-237.
424. Wolfe, J., M. F. Dowgert, B. Maier, and P. L. Steponkus. 1986. Hydration, dehydration, and the stresses and strains in membranes, p. 286-305. In A. C. Leopold (ed.), Membranes, metabolism and dry organisms, 1st ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.
425. Wolfenden, R. V., P. M. Cullis, and C. C. F. Southgate. 1979. Water, protein folding, and the genetic code. Science 206:575-577.
426. Wolk, C. P. 1983. Heterocysts, p. 359-386. In N. G. Carr and B. A. Whitton (ed.), The biology of cyanobacteria, 1st ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Ltd., Oxford.
427. Woodward, J. 1985. Immobilised cells and enzymes: a practical approach. IRL Press, Washington, D.C.
428. Wunderlich, M., R. Jaenicke, and R. Glockshuber. 1993. The redox properties of protein disulfide isomerase (DsbA) of Escherichia coli result from a tense conformation of its oxidized form. J. Mol. Biol. 233:559-566.
429. Wynn-Williams, D., C. Ellis-Evans, and R. Leakey. 1992. Microbial ecology in Antarctica. SGM Q. Nov:99-104.
430. Xie, W.-Q., and M. Potts. Unpublished data.
431. Xie, W.-Q., B. A. Whitton, J. W. Simon, K. Jäger, D. Reed, and M. Potts. 1989. Nostoc commune UTEX 584 gene expressing indole phosphate hydrolase activity in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 171:708-713.
432. Yager, T. D., and P. H. von Hippel. 1987. Transcript elongation and termination in Escherichia coli, p. 1241-1275. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
433. Zimmerberg, J., and V. A. Parsegian. 1986. Polymer inaccessible volume changes during opening and closing of a voltage-dependent ionic channel. Nature (London) 323:36-39.