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Volumn 31, Issue 2, 1993, Pages 277-299

Social Origins of National Conferences in Benin and Togo

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIVIL SOCIETY; NATIONAL CONFERENCE; POLITICAL CHANGE;

EID: 0027798681     PISSN: 0022278X     EISSN: 14697777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X00011939     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (93)

References (25)
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    • Developmental Democracy
    • See (Cambridge), October 1987, pp. On popular protests, see Albert Bourgi and Christian Castem, Le Printemps de l'Afrigue (Paris, 1992); Michael Bratton and Nicholas van de Walle, 'Towards Governance in Africa: popular demands and state responses’, in Goran Hyden and Bratton (eds. ),Governance and Politics in Africa (Boulder, 1992), pp. 27–55, and 'Popular Protest and Political Reform in Africa’, in Comparative Politics (New York), 24, 4, July 1992, pp. 419–42.
    • See Richard L. Sklar, ' Developmental Democracy’, in Comparative Studies in Society and History (Cambridge), 29, 4, October 1987, pp. 686–714. On popular protests, see Albert Bourgi and Christian Castem, Le Printemps de l'Afrigue (Paris, 1992); Michael Bratton and Nicholas van de Walle, 'Towards Governance in Africa: popular demands and state responses’, in Goran Hyden and Bratton (eds.), Governance and Politics in Africa (Boulder, 1992), pp. 27–55, and 'Popular Protest and Political Reform in Africa’, in Comparative Politics (New York), 24, 4, July 1992, pp. 419–42.
    • Comparative Studies in Society and History , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 686-714
    • Sklar, R.L.1
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    • Voluntary associations were analysed extensively during the period of colonial protest
    • London, Immanuel Wallerstein, 'Voluntary Associations’, in James S. Coleman and Carl G. Rosberg, Jr. (eds.), Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), pp. 318-39; Kenneth Little, West African Urbanization: a study of voluntary associations in social change (Cambridge, 1965); and Claude Meillassoux, Urbanization of an African Community: voluntary associations in Bamako (Seattle and London, 1968).
    • Voluntary associations were analysed extensively during the period of colonial protest. See Thomas Hodgkin, Nationalism in Colonial Africa (London, 1956), pt. n; Immanuel Wallerstein, 'Voluntary Associations’, in James S. Coleman and Carl G. Rosberg, Jr. (eds.), Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), pp. 318-39; Kenneth Little, West African Urbanization: a study of voluntary associations in social change (Cambridge, 1965); and Claude Meillassoux, Urbanization of an African Community: voluntary associations in Bamako (Seattle and London, 1968).
    • (1956) Nationalism in Colonial Africa
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    • Political Parties: a sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy
    • (New York
    • Robert Michels, Political Parties: a sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy (New York, 1962), p. 343.
    • (1962) , pp. 343
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    • Democracy as a Contingent Outcome of Conflicts
    • in Jon Elster and Rune Slagstad (eds.) Cambridge
    • Adam Przeworski, 'Democracy as a Contingent Outcome of Conflicts’, in Jon Elster and Rune Slagstad (eds.), Constitutionalism and Democracy (Cambridge, 1985), p. 61.
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    • Les Dirigeants africains s’engagent à “associer plus etroitement les populations a la construction de leur avenir”
    • Le Monde (Paris), 23 June
    • Jacques de Barrin, 'Les Dirigeants africains s’engagent à “associer plus etroitement les populations a la construction de leur avenir”’, in Le Monde (Paris), 23 June 1990, p. 30.
    • (1990) , pp. 30
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  • 8
    • 84972373567 scopus 로고
    • Eyadéma had been undoubtedly influenced by Mobutu Sese Seko’s successful use of animateurs to create a charismatic cult in Zaire.
    • Le Togo sous Eyadema (Paris and Michael G. Schatzberg, The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire (Bloomington, 1991), pp. 78-9.
    • Eyadéma had been undoubtedly influenced by Mobutu Sese Seko’s successful use of animateurs to create a charismatic cult in Zaire. See Comi M. Toulabor, Le Togo sous Eyadema (Paris, 1986), pp. 193–229, and Michael G. Schatzberg, The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire (Bloomington, 1991), pp. 78-9.
    • (1986) , pp. 193-229
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  • 9
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    • Marches tropicaux et méditerraneéns
    • (Paris), 8 December
    • Marches tropicaux et méditerraneéns (Paris), 1413, 8 December 1972, p. 3483.
    • (1972) , vol.1413 , pp. 3483
  • 10
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    • Institutional Development and Technical Assistance in Macroeconomic Policy Formulation: a case study of Togo
    • (Washington, DC), World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 786, rdp. 4.
    • Sven B. Kjellstrbm and Ayite-Fily d’Almeida, Institutional Development and Technical Assistance in Macroeconomic Policy Formulation: a case study of Togo (Washington, DC, 1986), World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 786, rdp. 4.
    • (1986)
    • Kjellstrbm, S.B.1    d’Almeida, A.-F.2
  • 12
    • 84972431263 scopus 로고
    • The production of phosphates increased from 119,501 to 3,355,540 tons between 1961 and 1989 according to Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Economic et societe togolaises: chijfres, tendances et perspectives.
    • Cahier iggi (Lome Unfortunately, Togolese phosphate rock contains large quantities of cadmium, which has come under increasing restrictions in Europe. Germany has been the most dramatic case: it imported 241,000 tons (5,062 million C.F.A. francs) in 1985, but only 114,150 tons in 1986 and 15,750 tons in 1987, and none after 1988. Chambre de commerce d’agriculture et d’industrie du Togo, Bulletin mensuel (Lome, March 1990), p. 30.
    • The production of phosphates increased from 119,501 to 3,355,540 tons between 1961 and 1989 according to Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Economic et societe togolaises: chijfres, tendances et perspectives. Cahier iggi (Lome, 1991), p. 99. Unfortunately, Togolese phosphate rock contains large quantities of cadmium, which has come under increasing restrictions in Europe. Germany has been the most dramatic case: it imported 241,000 tons (5,062 million C.F.A. francs) in 1985, but only 114,150 tons in 1986 and 15,750 tons in 1987, and none after 1988. Chambre de commerce d’agriculture et d’industrie du Togo, Bulletin mensuel (Lome, March 1990), p. 30.
    • (1991) , pp. 99
  • 13
    • 84972254339 scopus 로고
    • Plus de 120 millions de pertes pour le tresor national
    • 6–12 February
    • 'Plus de 120 millions de pertes pour le tresor national’, in Le Forum de la semaine (Cotonou), 43, 6–12 February 1991, p. 3.
    • (1991) Le Forum de la semaine (Cotonou) , vol.43 , pp. 3
  • 14
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    • Secretary-General, Syndicat national des travailleurs des postes et telecommunications (Synapostel), Cotonou
    • Benin, 8 November
    • Interview with Zakari Ibrahima, Secretary-General, Syndicat national des travailleurs des postes et telecommunications (Synapostel), Cotonou, Benin, 8 November 1991.
    • (1991)
    • Ibrahima, Z.1
  • 16
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    • En Marche vers la liberte: preludes du renouveau democratique au Benin, un document historique, crise de 1989 au Benin
    • (Syndicat national des enseignements secondaire, technique, et professionel, Cotonou
    • Beatrice Gbado, En Marche vers la liberte: preludes du renouveau democratique au Benin, un document historique, crise de 1989 au Benin (Syndicat national des enseignements secondaire, technique, et professionel, Cotonou, 1990), p. 10.
    • (1990) , pp. 10
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    • Le Benin: du monolithisme politique a la democratic pluraliste
    • Paris I (Sorbonne), December. Also, Francis Kpatinde, 'Mathieu Kerekou au pied du mur’, in Jeune Afrique (Paris), 1521, 26 February 1990, p. 14.
    • Interview, Dossou, 30 September 1992. See Robert Dossou, 'Le Benin: du monolithisme politique a la democratic pluraliste’, Conference on Democracy in Africa, Paris I (Sorbonne), December 1990. Also, Francis Kpatinde, 'Mathieu Kerekou au pied du mur’, in Jeune Afrique (Paris), 1521, 26 February 1990, p. 14.
    • (1990) Conference on Democracy in Africa
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    • Eyadema reflic hit
    • 11 June
    • Atsutse Kokouvi Agbobli, ' Eyadema reflic hit’, in Jeune Afrique 1536, 11 June 1990, p. 19.
    • (1990) Jeune Afrique , vol.1536 , pp. 19
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  • 19
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    • Status quo a Lome
    • 23–29 January
    • Francis Kpatinde, 'Status quo a Lome’, in Jeune Afrique, 1569, 23–29 January 1991, p. 10.
    • (1991) Jeune Afrique , vol.1569 , pp. 10
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    • 84972431237 scopus 로고
    • 19 June
    • Le Monde, 19 June 1992.
    • (1992)
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    • Les Moavements estudiantins adressent une petition au chef de I’etat
    • 22 February
    • 'Les Moavements estudiantins adressent une petition au chef de I’etat’, in Forum-Hebdo (Lome), 22 February 1991, p. 8.
    • (1991) Forum-Hebdo (Lome) , pp. 8
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    • Benin: referendum constitutionnel victoire du “Oui”, ou signe de maturite des beninois?
    • 1–15 December
    • Jean-Claude Enagnon, 'Benin: referendum constitutionnel victoire du “Oui”, ou signe de maturite des beninois?’, in La Gazette du Golfe: edition intemationale, 62, 1–15 December 1990, p. 4.
    • (1990) La Gazette du Golfe: edition intemationale , vol.62 , pp. 4
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    • A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society
    • (Berkeley, Lyos Angeles, and Oxford
    • Donald L. Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley, Lyos Angeles, and Oxford, 1991), p. 175.
    • (1991) , pp. 175
    • Horowitz, D.L.1
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    • In particular, the coalition between the party of Hubert Maga from the north and that of the southern politician Adrien Houngbedji.
    • 25 February
    • In particular, the coalition between the party of Hubert Maga from the north and that of the southern politician Adrien Houngbedji. Report in 24 Heures (Cotonou), 26, 25 February 1991, P. 4.
    • (1991) Report in 24 Heures (Cotonou) , vol.26 , pp. 4


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