Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment

Disease-a-Month

Volumn 39, Issue 11, 1993, Pages 794-867

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; ANABOLIC AGENT; ANDROGEN; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; CLODRONIC ACID; CYCLOSPORIN; ESTROGEN; ETIDRONIC ACID; FLUORIDE SODIUM; HEPARIN; HYDROCORTISONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PHOSPHATE; RISEDRONIC ACID; THYROID HORMONE; TILUDRONIC ACID; VITAMIN D;

ANOREXIA NERVOSA; BONE DENSITY; BONE MASS; BONE METABOLISM; BONE REMODELING; BREAST CANCER; CALCIUM INTAKE; CUSHING SYNDROME; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENDOMETRIUM HYPERPLASIA; ENTERITIS; EXERCISE; FRACTURE; HOMOCYSTINURIA; HUMAN; HYPERCALCIURIA; HYPERCORTISOLISM; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPOGONADISM; IMMOBILIZATION; LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SPACE FLIGHT; SYSTEMIC MASTOCYTOSIS; THYROTOXICOSIS; WALDENSTROEM MACROGLOBULINEMIA; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FEMALE; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

BONE DENSITY; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM, DIETARY; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ETIDRONIC ACID; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; OSTEOPOROSIS;

EID: 0027696634     PISSN: 00115029     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0011-5029(93)90021-T     Document Type: Note

References (369)

1. Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures
2. The future of hip fractures in the United States. Numbers, costs, and potential effects of postmenopausal estrogen.
3. Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1985–1989
4. The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
5. The direct medical costs of osteoporosis for American women aged 45 and older, 1986
6. Osteoporosis and hip fractures: challenges to investigators and clinicians, editorial
7. Osteoporosis and its treatment, editorial
8. The female osteoporotic syndrome(s)
9. Primary osteoporosis
10. Secondary forms of osteoporosis
11. Properties and origin of osteoblasts.
12. Modulation of osteoclast differentiation
13. The cellular biology and molecular biology of bone formation
14. Concurrent assays of circulating bone Gla-protein and bone alkaline phosphatase: effects of sex, age, and metabolic bone disease
15. Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein: vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone
16. Osteocalcin and bone remodelling in Paget's disease of bone, primary hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcaemia of malignancy and involutional osteoporosis
17. Attainment of peak bone mass, editorial
18. Osteopenia in men with a history of delayed puberty
19. Changes in vertebral bone density in black girls and white girls during childhood and puberty
20. Calcium supplementation and increases in bone mineral density in children
21. Dietary calcium intake and rates of bone loss in women
22. A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women
23. Calcium supplementation reduces vertebral bone loss in perimenopausal women: a controlled trial in 248 women between 46 and 55 years of age
24. Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
25. Effects of resistance and endurance exercise on bone mineral status of young women: a randomized exercise intervention trial
26. Inhibition of cortical and trabecular bone formation in the long bones of immobilized monkeys
27. Inhibition of bone formation during space flight
28. Serum ionized calcium during bed rest in fracture patients and normal men
29. Vertebral bone loss: an unheeded side effect of therapeutic bed rest
30. Longitudinal monitoring of bone mass accumulation in healthy adolescents
31. Differential changes in bone mineral density of the appendicular and axial skeleton with aging
32. Age and bone mass as predictors of fracture in a prospective study
33. Which fractures are associated with low appendicular bone mass in elderly women?
34. Clinical indications for bone mass measurements
35. Clinically useful and readily available techniques for measurements of bone mineral and body composition by photon or x-ray absorptiometry
36. Clinical use of bone densitometry
37. Falls and fractures in patients with Alzheimer-type dementia
38. Psychotropic drug use and the risk of hip fracture
39. Radiologic Methods to Evaluate Bone Mineral Content
40. Quantitative digital radiography versus dual photon absorptiometry of the lumpar spine
41. Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and dual photon absorptiometry for bone mineral measurements of the lumbar spine
42. Measurements of bone mass and bone density
43. Metacarpal cortical area as an index of bone mass
44. Measurement of trabecular bone mineral by dual energy computed tomography
45. In vivo bone-mineral measurement
46. Cost effectiveness of screening perimenopausal white women for osteoporosis: bone densitometry and hormone replacement therapy
47. Postmenopausal osteoporosis
48. Osteoporosis after Oophorectomy for Non-malignant Disease in Premenopausal Women
49. Menopausal changes in bone remodeling
50. Menopausal changes in calcium balance performance
51. Bone formation and resorption as the determinants of trabecular bone volume in postmenopausal osteoporosis
52. A comparison of hydroxypyridinium collagen cross-links with other biochemical markers in different clinical situations
53. A longitudinal study of pre- and postmenopausal changes in calcium metabolism
54. Effect of anorexia nervosa on bone morphometry in young women
55. Decreased bone density in hyperprolactinemic women
56. Vertebral body bone mineral content in hyperprolactinemic women
57. Bone mineral content of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes
58. Exercise-Induced Amenorrhea and Bone Density
59. Decreased spinal mineral content in amenorrheic women
60. Changes in plasma steroids and bone density in Klinefelter's syndrome
61. L'osteoporose au cours du syndrome de Klinefelter
62. Testosterone and bone loss in Klinefelter syndrome
63. Bone histomorphometry in hypogonadal and eugonadal men with spinal osteoporosis
64. Osteoporosis and Klinefelter's syndrome
65. Castrated men exhibit bone loss: effect of calcitonin treatment on biochemical indices of bone remodeling
66. Osteoporosis in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
67. Osteoporosis in men with hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism
68. Chronic alcoholism
69. Osteoporosis in men: diagnosis, pathophysiology, and prevention
70. Steroid-induced fractures and bone loss in patients with asthma
71. Corticosteroid-induced bone loss
72. Cushing's syndrome—killing disease discrimanatory value of signs and symptoms aiding early diagnosis
73. Quantitative microradiographic study of bone remodeling in Cushing's syndrome
74. Bone formation in hypercortisonism
75. Hydrocortisone-induced inhibition of protein synthesis and uridine incorporation in isolated bone cells in vitro
76. Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion induced by synthetic LRH by long-term treatment with glucocorticoids in human subjects
77. Reversible gonadotropin deficiency in male Cushing's disease
78. Glucocorticoid inhibition of FSH-induced estrogen production in cultured rat granulosa cells
79. Cortisol induced suppression of plasma testosterone in normal adult males
80. Effects of glucocorticoids on plasma testosterone in men
81. Reduction of serum testosterone levels during chronic glucocorticoid therapy
82. Calcium absorption in corticoid treated subjects: effects of a single oral dose of calcitriol
83. Intestinal calcium absorption in exogenous hypercortisonism
84. 47Ca kinetics in normal subjects
85. 45Ca across intestinal wall in vitro in relation to action of vitamin D and cortisol
86. 3 in patients on corticosteroid treatment and in patients with senile osteoporosis
87. Effects of hydrochlorothiazide and dietary sodium restriction on calcium metabolism in corticosteroid treated patients
88. Vitamin D metabolites and parathyroid hormone in Cushing's syndrome: relationship to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis
89. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis and management
90. Importance of increased urinary calcium excretion in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism of patients under glucocorticoid therapy
91. The effect of high-dose glucocorticoid administration on serum bone gamma carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein, serum alkaline phosphatase and vitamin D metabolites in normal subjects
92. Cases showing osteoporosis due to decalcification in exophthalmic goiter
93. Osteoporosis and fractures following thyrotoxicosis
94. Effect of thyrotoxicosis and its treatment on bone mineral and muscle mass
95. Comparison of microradioscopic and morphometric findings in the hand bones with densitometric findings in the proximal radius in thyrotoxicosis and in renal osteodystrophy
96. Bony manifestations of thyrotoxicosis
97. Morphometric and dynamic studies on bone changes in hyperthyroidism
98. Thyroid hormones and bone mass, editorial
99. Ionized and total serum calcium and parathyroid hormone in hyperthyroidism
100. Thyroid supplements: effect on bone mass
101. Exogenous Hyperthyroidism With Osteoporosis
102. Bone loss in hypothyroidism with hormone replacement: a histomorphometric study
103. Bone mineral density and thyroid hormone therapy
104. Accelerated bone loss in hypothyroid patients overtreated with l-thyroxine
105. Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women treated with l-thyroxine
106. Bone mineral density in premenopausal women receiving long-term physiological doses of levothyroxine
107. A therapeutic dilemma: suppressive doses of thyroxine significantly reduce bone mineral measurements in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women with thyroid carcinoma
108. Effect of thyroxine therapy on bone metabolism in substituted hypothyroid patients with normal or suppressed levels of TSH
109. Skeletal integrity in premenopausal and postmenopausal women receiving long-term l-thyroxine therapy
110. Measurement of bone collagen degradation in hyperthyroidism and during thyroxine replacement therapy using pyridinium cross-links as specific urinary markers
111. Trabecular bone remodelling and balance in primary hyperparathyroidism
112. Bone mineral content in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism without radiological evidence of skeletal changes
113. Photon adsorptiometric analysis of bone density in primary hyperparathyroidism
114. Differential effects of endocrine dysfunction on the axial and the appendicular skeleton
115. Bone mineral content in idiopathic renal stone disease and in primary hyperparathyroidism
116. Cortical bone mineral content in primary hyperparathyroidism
117. Bone mineral changes in primary hyperparathyroidism
118. Skeletal disease in primary hyperparathyroidism
119. The histomorphometry of bone in primary hyperparathyroidism: preservation of cancellous bone structure
120. Sequential changes in bone density before and after parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism
121. Partially reversible osteopenia after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism
122. Back pain and vertebral crush fractures: an unemphasized mode of presentation for primary hyperparathyroidism
123. What is the clinical significance of bone loss in primary hyperparathyroidism?
124. Mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is not a risk factor for vertebral fractures
125. Risk of age-related fractures in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
126. Hyperthyroidism increases the risk of his fractures
127. Clinical review 9: management of asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism
128. Contact-mediated bone resorption by human monocytes in vitro
129. Hypercalcaemia in chronic lymphatic leukaemia
130. Bone-resorbing activity in supernatants from lymphoid cell lines
131. Evidence for the secretion of an osteoclast stimulating factor in myeloma
132. Stimulation of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation in vitro by human tumour necrosis factors
133. An interleukin 1 like factor stimulates bone resorption in vitro
134. Purification and partial sequence of human osteoclast-activating factor: identity with interleukin 1 beta
135. Production of lymphotoxin, a bone-resorbing cytokine, by cultured human myeloma cells
136. Tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta induce osteoblastic cells to stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption
137. Methods of scoring the progression of radiologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis
138. The American Rheumatism Association, 1987
139. Bone turnover in early rheumatoid arthritis II: longitudinal bone density studies
140. Total and peripheral bone mass in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
141. The effect of glucocorticoids on bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis patients
142. Determinants of axial bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis
143. Quantitative histologic studies on the pathogenesis of periarticular osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis
144. Bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis compared with postmenopausal osteoporosis
145. Bone remodeling in osteoporosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis
146. Urinary hydroxypyridinium crosslinks provide indices of cartilage and bone involvement in arthritic diseases
147. Prostaglandin-stimulated bone resorption by rheumatoid synovia: a possible mechanism for bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis
148. Stimulation of rheumatoid synovial cell collagenase and prostaglandin production by partially purified lymphocyteactivating factor (interleukin 1)
149. Inhibitory effect of TNF antibodies on synovial cell interleukin 1 production in rheumatoid arthritis
150. Immune interferon to serum and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders
151. Vertebral and peripheral bone mineral content and fracture incidence in postmenopausal patients with rheumatoid arthritis: effect of low dose corticosteroids.
152. Osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis: safety of low dose corticosteroids
153. Effects of low dose corticosteroids on bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis: a longitudinal study
154. Vertebral osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients: effect of low dose prednisone therapy
155. Increased metacarpal bone mass following 18 months of slow-acting antirheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis
156. Arthritic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease
157. The musculo-skeletal complications of Crohn's disease
158. The arthritis of ulcerative colitis
159. The clinical course of arthritis associated with ulcerative colitis and regional ileitis
160. Rheumatic symptoms in Crohn's disease and the HLA system
161. Ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel disease. II. Prevalence of peripheral arthritis, sacroiliitis, and ankylosing spondylitis in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease.
162. The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients
163. Osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
164. Total body calcium in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a longitudinal study
165. Deranged bone mineral metabolism in chronic alcoholism
166. Bone and mineral metabolism and chronic alcohol abuse
167. Bone histomorphometry, bone mass, and related parameters in alcoholic males
168. Bone changes in alcoholic liver cirrhosis
169. Hepatic osteodystrophy
170. Bone changes in alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver
171. Vertebral bone density and its correlation with various factors related to bone metabolism in alcoholics: a quantitative study by computed tomography
172. Bone disease in chronic alcoholism: the value of plasma osteocalcin measurement
173. Effects of social drinking of bone mineral metabolism in healthy men
174. An international study of the relationship between alcohol consumption and postmenopausal estradiol
175. The effect of alcohol ingestion on hepatic aromatase activity and plasma steroid hormones in the rat
176. Lack of osteomalacia in chronic cholestatic liver disease
177. Metabolic bone disease in primary biliary cirrhosis at presentation, erratum
178. Factors influencing the development of metabolic bone disease in primary biliary cirrhosis
179. Bone mass in women with primary biliary cirrhosis: the relation with histological stage and use of glucocorticoids
180. Rates of vertebral bone loss before and after liver transplantation in women with primary biliary cirrhosis
181. Osteogenesis imperfecta
182. Copolymerization of normal type I collagen with three mutated type I collagens containing substitutions of cysteine at different glycine positions in the alpha 1 (I) chain
183. The molecular defect in a family with mild atypical osteogenesis imperfecta and extreme joint hypermobility: exon skipping caused by an 11-bp deletion from an intron in one COL1A2 allele
184. An osteopenic nonfracture syndrome with features of mild osteogenesis imperfecta associated with the substitution of a cysteine for glycine at triple helix position 43 in the pro alpha 1 (I) chain of type I collagen
185. The substitution of arginine for glycine 85 of the alpha 1 (I) procollagen chain results in mild ostegenesis imperfecta
186. Disorders of transultration
187. Osteoporosis: pathogenesis and therapy
188. Osteoporosis in cystic fibrosis
189. Effects of diabetes mellitus on bone mass in juvenile and adult-onset diabetes
190. Bone demineralization and impaired mineral metabolism in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
191. Osteopenia in juvenile diabetes
192. Diminution of bone mass in childhood diabetes
193. Bone mineral loss in insulin-treated diabetes mellitus: studies on pathogenesis
194. Evaluation of bone mass and growth in young diabetics
195. Skelettveränderungen bei Diabetes mellitus der Erwachsenen
196. Osteoporosis in type II diabetes
197. Diabetes mellitus and risk of skeletal fracture
198. Bone mineral density in women with type II diabetes mellitus
199. The effect of insulin on bone resorption
200. Insulin effect on amino acid transport in bone: dependence on protein synthesis and Na+
201. Actions of insulin and growth hormone on collagen and chondroitin sulfate synthesis in bone organ cultures
202. Effect of hormones and growth factors on alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis in cultured rat calvaria
203. Demonstration of insulin receptors and modulation of alkaline phosphatase activity by insulin in rat osteoblastic cells
204. Effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 on DNA and protein synthesis in cultured rat calvaria
205. Anorexia nervosa
206. The epidemiology of anorexia nervosa
207. How common is anorexia nervosa?
208. Sociocultural factors in anorexia nervosa
209. Anorexia nervosa
210. The diet composition and nutritional knowledge of patients with anorexia nervosa
211. Osteoporosis in women with anorexia nervosa
212. A simple testfor the diagnosis of absorptive, resorptive and renal hypercalciurias
213. Familial idiopathic hypercalciuria
214. Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria
215. Idiopathic Hypercalciuria and Hereditary Hypophosphatemic Rickets
216. A consideration of the hormonal basis and phosphate leak hypothesis of absorptive hypercalciuria
217. Influence of phosphate depletion on the biosynthesis and circulating level of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D
218. 2-vitamin D levels in humans: studies in healthy subjects, in calcium-stone formers and in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
219. Increased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in idiopathic hypercalciuria
220. Orthophosphate therapy decreases urinary calcium excretion and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in idiopathic hypercalciuria
221. Hypercalciuric rickets: metabolic studies and pathophysiological considerations
222. Abnormal bone histology in idiopathic hypercalciuria
223. Calcitonin treatment of immobilization osteoporosis in rats
224. Characterization and pharmacological control of immobilization-induced bone resorption
225. Can the adult skeleton recover lost bone?
226. Immobilization-related hypercalcaemia—a possible novel mechanism and response to pamidronate
227. Development of osteopenia in the fourth lumbar vertebra during prolonged bed rest after operation for scoliosis
228. Heparin osteoporosis
229. Multiple fractures associated with long-term heparin therapy
230. Prolonged heparin therapy in pregnancy causes bone demineralization
231. Heparin effect on bone density
232. Effects of low molecular weight heparin and unfragmented heparin on induction of osteoporosis in rats
233. Structural determinants of the capacity of heparin to inhibit collagen synthesis in 21-day fetal rat calvaria
234. Systemic mastocytosis associated with generalized osteopenia
235. The osteoporosis of heparinotherapy and systemic mastocytosis
236. Osteopenia in systemic mastocytosis: natural history and responses to treatment with inhibitors of bone resorption
237. Cyclosporine: a double-edged sword
238. Cyclosphorine A inhibits calcemic hormone-induced bone resorption in vitro
239. Cyclosporines: correlation of immunosuppressive activity and inhibition of bone resorption
240. Modulation of interleukin-1 effects on bone by cyclosporine, abstract
241. Cyclosporin-Ain VivoProduces Severe Osteopenia in the Rat: Effect of Dose and Duration of Administration*
242. Rapid loss of vertebral mineral density after renal transplantation
243. Salmon calcitonin prevents cyclosporin-A-induced high turnover bone loss
244. Contribution of vertebral deformities to chronic back pain and disability
245. Postmenopausal spinal osteoporosis
246. Relationship between bone mineral density of spine and strength of back extensors in healthy postmenopausal women
247. Calcium nutrition and bone health in the elderly
248. The relationship of dietary calcium to the maintenance of skeletal integrity in man—an interface of endocrinology and nutrition
249. The effect of milk supplements on calcium metabolism, bone metabolism and calcium balance
250. Dietary modification with dairy products for preventing vertebral bone loss in premenopausal women: a three-year prospective study
251. Does exercise prevent osteoporosis?
252. Short- and long-term effects of estrogen and synthetic anabolic hormone in postmenopausal osteoporosis
253. Long-term prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis by oestrogen
254. Bone mass in postmenopausal women after withdrawal of estrogen/gestogen replacement therapy
255. Estrogen replacement therapy. I. A 10 year prospective study in the relationship to osteoporosis
256. Effect of dietary calcium and age on jejunal calcium absorption in humans studied by intestinal perfusion
257. Hip fracture and the use of estrogens in postmenopausal women
258. Menopause and coronary heart disease: the Framingham study
259. Noncontraceptive estrogens and nonfatal myocardial infarction
260. Postmenopausal estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular morbidity in women over 50: the Framingham study
261. Myocardial infarction and estrogen therapy in post-menopausal women
262. Risk of vascular disease in women: smoking, oral contraceptives, noncontraceptive estrogens, and other factors
263. Noncontraceptive estrogens and myocardial infarction in young women
264. Coronary risk and estrogen use in postmenopausal women
265. MENOPAUSAL OESTROGEN THERAPY AND PROTECTION FROM DEATH FROM ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
266. Use of postmenopausal hormones and risk of myocardial infarction
267. Cardiovascular disease and hormone replacement treatment: a pilot case-control study
268. Estrogen use and myocardial infarction risk: A case-control study
269. A prospective study of postmenopausal estrogen therapy and coronary heart disease
270. Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women
271. Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study
272. Postmenopausal estrogen use and mortality: results from a prospective study in a defined, homogeneous community
273. Estrogen replacement therapy and protection from acute myocardial infarction
274. Reduction of cardiovascular disease-related mortality among postmenopausal women who use hormones
275. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease
276. Biologic effects of transdermal estradiol
277. Effects of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on the concentrations and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins
278. The effects of hormone replacement therapy in normal postmenopausal women: measurement of Doppler-derived parameters of aortic flow
279. Association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma
280. Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens
281. Estrogens and endometrial cancer in a retirement community
282. Exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma: case-control and incidence study
283. Estrogens and endometrial cancer
284. Endometrial cancer and estrogen use: report of a large case-control study
285. Recent and past use of conjugated estrogens in relation to adenocarcinoma of the endometrium
286. Effects of long-term estrogen replacement therapy. II. Neoplasia
287. Risk of localized and widespread endometrial cancer in relation to recent discontinued use of conjugated estrogens
288. Endometrial cancer and patterns of use of oestrogen replacement therapy: a cohort study
289. Prevention and treatment of endometrial disease in climacteric women receiving oestrogen therapy
290. Effects of estrogens and progestin on the biochemistry and morphology of the postmenopausal endometrium
291. Role of estrogens and progesterone in the etiology and prevention of endometrial cancer: review
292. Risk of endometrial cancer after treatment with oestrogens alone or in conjunction with progestogens: results of a prospective study
293. Effect of long-term therapy with estrogen and progesterone on the endometrium of post-menopausal women
294. Comparison of four continuously administered progestogen plus oestradiol combinations for climacteric complaints
295. Prolonged estrogen therapy in postmenopausal woman
296. The roles of estrogen and progesterone in breast and genital cancer
297. Brief communication: exogenous estrogens and breast cancer in women with natural menopause
298. Exogenous hormones, reproductive history, and breast cancer
299. The epidemiology of breast cancer in 785 United States Caucasian women
300. An epidemiologic study of breast cancer and benign breast neoplasias in relation to the oral contraceptive and estrogen use
301. Estrogen replacement therapy, II: a prospective study in the relationship to carcinoma and cardiovascular and metabolic problems
302. The effects of exogenous estrogen replacement therapy on the breast: breast cancer risk and mammographic parenchymal patterns
303. Exogenous estrogens and other factors in the epidemiology of breast cancer
304. Estrogen use and breast cancer
305. Decreased incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal estrogen-progestogen users
306. Effect of clinical features on the association of estrogens and breast cancer
307. Noncontraceptive estrogen use and risk of breast cancer
308. Menopausal estrogen use and the risk of breast cancer
309. A prospective cohort study of postmenopausal hormone use and risk of breast cancer in US women
310. Influence of exogenous estrogens, proliferative breast disease, and other variables on breast cancer risk
311. Breast cancer and estrogen replacement therapy
312. The association of replacement estrogens with breast cancer
313. Menopausal oestrogens and breast cancer risk: an expanded case-control study
314. Replacement estrogens and breast cancer
315. Conjugated estrogens and breast cancer risk in women
316. A case-control study of menopausal estrogen therapy and breast cancer
317. The risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women who have used estrogen replacement therapy
318. Exogenous estrogen and breast cancer after bilateral oophorectomy
319. Menopausal estrogens and breast cancer
320. The risk of breast cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement
321. Non-contraceptive oestrogens and the risk of breast cancer in women
322. A meta-analysis of the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer
323. Oral contraceptives: renin, aldosterone, and high blood pressure
324. Haemodynamic changes in women taking oral contraceptives
325. HAEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF COMBINED OESTROGEN/PROGESTOGEN ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
326. Massive hyperlipidemia during oral contraceptive and postmenopausal estrogen therapy
327. Risk factors for the development of cholelithiasis in man
328. Surgically confirmed gallbladder disease, venous thromboembolism, and breast tumors in relation to postmenopausal estrogen therapy
329. Increases in bone density during treatment of men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
330. Clinical review 34: androgen treatment of hypogonadal men
331. Studies of the mechanism by which androgens enhance mitogenesis and differentiation in bone cells
332. Stanozolol in postmenopausal osteoporosis: therapeutic efficacy and possible mechanisms of action
333. Medical progress
334. Effect of salmon calcitonin on skeletal mass in osteoporosis
335. Calcium and salmon calcitonin in treatment of osteoporosis
336. Effect of combined therapy with phosphate and calcitonin on bone volume in osteoporosis
337. Long-term calcitonin therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis
338. Treatment of osteoporosis with calcitonin, with and without growth hormone
339. Effects of salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a controlled double-blind clinical study
340. Calcitonin for prevention of postmenopausal bone loss
341. Bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis
342. Nasal calcitonin for treatment of established osteoporosis
343. Administration of salmon calcitonin nasal spray for long-term treatment of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis
344. The treatment of osteoporosis with disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate
345. Coherence therapy does not prevent axial bone loss in osteoporotic women: a preliminary comparative study
346. Effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy on bone mass and fracture rate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis
347. Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
348. Elevated secretion and action of serum parathyroid hormone in young adults consuming high phosphorus, low calcium diets assembled from common foods
349. Long-term treatment with intermittent, cyclical etidronate: effect on bone mass and fracture rate, abstract
350. Etidronate cyclical therapy for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: 4 year experience, abstract
351. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women
352. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with high doses of synthetic calcitriol
353. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitriol or calcium
354. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: no effect of three years treatment with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
355. 3 in the management of senile osteoporosis: a pilot study
356. 3 accelerate spinal bone loss?
357. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the bone apposition rate independently of its resorptive action: differential effects of intermittent and continuous administration
358. Restoration of spinal bone in osteoporotic men by treatment with human parathyroid hormone (1–34) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
359. The relationship between changes in femoral bone density and calcium balance in patients with involutional osteoporosis treated with human parathyroid hormone fragment (hPTH 1–34)
360. Effect of the fluoride/calcium regimen on vertebral fracture occurrence in postmenopausal osteoporosis
361. Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis
362. Long-term fluoride therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis
363. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fluoride and Bone
364. Fluoride therapy for the vertebral crush fracture syndrome