Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial

Stroke

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 1993, Pages 35-41

  Love, Betsy B ^a   Bendixen, Birgitte H ^a  

^a The centers and investigators in TOAST ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD VESSEL OCCLUSION; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN EMBOLISM; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL ARTICLE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; HUMAN; INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY OCCLUSION; OCCLUSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STROKE;

ANTICOAGULANTS; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; EMBOLISM; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS; HEPARINOIDS; HUMAN; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.;

EID: 0027514354     PISSN: 00392499     EISSN: 15244628     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.24.1.35     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Weisberg LA: Diagnostic classification of stroke, especially lacunes. Stroke 1988;19:1071-1073
2. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Burn J, Warlow C: Classification and natural history of clinical subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet 1991;337:1521-1526
3. Sacco SE, Whisnant JP, Broderick JP, Philips SJ, O’ Fallon WM: Epidemiological characteristics of lacunar infarcts in a population. Stroke 1991;22:1236-1241
4. Koller RL: Recurrent embolic cerebral infarction and anticoagulation. Neurology 1982;32:283-285
5. Sage JI, van Uitert RL: Risk of recurrent stroke in atrial fibrillation and nonvalvular heart disease. Stroke 1983;14:668-676
6. Caplan LR, Hier DB, D’ Cruz I: Cerebral embolism in the Michael Reese Stroke Registry. Stroke 1983;14:530-536
7. Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G, Regli F: The Lausanne Stroke Registry: Analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke. Stroke 1988;19:1083-1092
8. NASCET Collaborators: Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:445-453
9. Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration: Secondary prevention of vascular disease by prolonged anti-platelet therapy. BMJ 1988;296: 320-321
10. Gent M, Blakeley JA, Easton JD, Ellis DJ, Hachinski VC, Harbison JW, Panak E, Roberts RS, Sicurella J, Turpie AGG, and the CATS Group: The Canadian-American Ticlopidine Study (CATS) in thromboembolic stroke. Lancet 1989;1:1215-1220
11. Marsh EE III, Adams HP Jr, Biller J, Wasek P, Banwart K, Mitchell V, Woolson R: Use of antithrombotic drugs in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: A survey of neurologists in practice in the United States. Neurology 1989;39:1631-1634
12. Mohr JP, Caplan LR, Melski JW, Goldstein R, Duncan GW, Kistler JP, Pessin MS, Bleich HL: The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: A prospective registry. Neurology 1978;28: 754-762
13. Kunitz SC, Gross CR, Heyman A, Kase CS, Mohr JP, Price TR, Wolf PA: The Pilot Stroke Data Bank: Definitions, design and data. Stroke 1984;15:740-746
14. Gross CR, Kase CA, Mohr JP, Cunningham SC, Baker WE: Stroke in south Alabama: Incidence and diagnostic features. A population based study. Stroke 1984;15:249-255
15. Spitzer K, Becker V, Thie A, Kunze K: The Hamburg Stroke Data Bank: Goals, design and preliminary results. J Neurol 1989;236: 139-144
16. Goldstein M, Barnett HJM, Orgogozo JM, Sartorius N, Symon L, Vereshchagin NV: Stroke-1989: Recommendations on stroke prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Report of the WHO Task Force on Stroke and Other Cerebrovascular Disorders. Stroke 1989;20: 1407-1431
17. Whisnant JP, Basford JR, Bernstein EF, Cooper ES, Dyken ML, Easton JD, Little JR, Marler JR, Millikan CH, Petito CK, Price TR, Raichle ME, Robertson JT, Thiele B, Walker MD, Zimmerman RA: Classification of cerebrovascular diseases III. Stroke 1990;21:637-676
18. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Jones L, Warlow C: The natural history of lacunar infarction: The Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Stroke 1987;18:545-551
19. Sacco RL, Ellenberg JH, Mohr JP, Tatemichi TK, Hier DB, Price TR, Wolf PA: Infarcts of undetermined cause: The NINCDS Stroke Data Bank. Ann Neurol 1989;25:382-390
20. Boiten J, Lodder J: Lacunar infarcts: Pathogenesis and validity of the clinical syndromes. Stroke 1991;22:1374-1378
21. Gross CR, Shinar D, Mohr JP, Hier DB, Caplan LR, Price TR, Wolf PA, Kase CS, Fishman IG, Calingo S, Kunitz SC: Interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of stroke type. Arch Neurol 1986;43:893-898
22. Shinar D, Gross CR, Mohr JP, Caplan LR, Price TR, Wolf PA, Hier DB, Kase CS, Fishman IG, Wolf CL, Kunitz SC: Interobserver variability in the assessment of neurologic history and examination in the Stroke Data Bank. Arch Neurol 1985;42:557-565
23. Kessler C, Freyberger HJ, Dittmann V, Ringelstein EB: Interrater reliability in the assessment of neurovascular diseases. Cerebrovasc Dis 1991;1:43-48
24. Longstreth WT, Koepsell TD, van Bele G: Clinical neuroepidemi-ology. 1. Diagnosis. Arch Neurol 1987;44:1091-1099
25. Sacco RL, Foulkes MA, Mohr JP, Wolf PA, Hier DB, Price TR: Determinants of early recurrence of cerebral infarction: The Stroke Data Bank. Stroke 1989;20:983-989
26. Donnan GA: Investigation of patients with stroke and transient ischaemic attacks. Lancet 1992;339:473-477