Immunological memory

Annual Review of Immunology

Volumn 11, Issue , 1993, Pages 49-77

  Gray, David ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CD45R; germinal center; lifespan; memory B cell; memory T cell; migration

Indexed keywords

CD45 ANTIGEN;

ANIMAL CELL; B LYMPHOCYTE; HELPER CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY; LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE;

EID: 0027476846     PISSN: 07320582     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.iy.11.040193.000405     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Opstelten, D., Osmond, D. G. 1983. Pre B cells in mouse bone marrow: Immunofluorescence stathmokinetic studies of the proliferation of cytoplasmic μ-chain bearing cells in normal mice. J. Immunol. 131: 2635-40
2. Osmond, D. G. 1986. Population dynamics of bone marrow B lymphocytes. Immunol. Rev. 93: 103-24
3. Sprent, J., Basten, A. 1973. Circulating T and B lymphocytes of the mouse. II. Lifespan. Cell. Immunol. 7: 40-57
4. Förster, I., Vieira, P., Rajewsky, K. 1989. Flow cytometric analysis of cell proliferation dynamics in the B cell compartment of the mouse. Int. Immunol. 1: 321-31
5. Gray, D. 1988. Population kinetics of rat peripheral B cells. J. Exp. Med. 167: 805-16
6. Yancopoulos, G. D., Malynn, B. A., Alt, F. W. 1988. Developmentally regulated and strain-specific expression of murine VH families. J. Exp. Med. 168: 417-35
7. Wu, G. E., Paige, C. J. 1986. VH gene family utilization in colonies derived from B and pre-B cells detected by the RNA colony blot assay. EMBO. J. 5: 3475-81
8. Gu, H., Tarlington, D., Muller, W., Rajewsky, K., Forster, I. 1991. Most peripheral B cells in mice are ligand selected. J. Exp. Med. 73: 1357-71
9. Rocha, B., von Boehmer, H. 1991. Peripheral selection of the T cell repertoire. Science 251: 1225-28
10. Zan-Bar, I., Strober, S., Vitetta, E. S. 1979. The relationship between surface immunoglobulin isotype and immune function of murine B lymphocytes. IV. Role of IgD-bearing cells in the propagation of immunologic memory. J. Immunol. 123: 925-30
11. Black, S. J., Tokuhisa, T., Herzenberg, L. A., Herzenberg, L. A. 1980. Memory B cells at successive stages of differentiation: Expression of surface IgD and capacity of self renewal. Eur. J. Immunol. 10: 846-51
12. Herzenberg, L. A., Black, S. J., Tokuhisa, T., Herzenberg, L. A. 1980. Memory B cells at successive stages of differentiation. Affinity maturation and the role of IgD receptors. J. Exp. Med. 151: 1071-87
13. Teale, J. M., Lafrenz, D., Klinman, N. R., Strober, S. 1981. Immunoglobulin class commitment exhibited by B lymphocytes separated according to surface isotype. J. Immunol. 126: 1952-57
14. Coffman, R. L., Cohn, M. 1977. The class of surface immunoglobulin on virgin and memory B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 118: 1806-15
15. Abney, E. R., Keeler, K. D., Parkhouse, R. M. E., Willcox, H. N. A. 1976. Immunoglobulin M receptors on memory cells of immunoglobulin G antibody-forming clones. Eur. J. Immunol. 6: 443-50
16. Lafrenz, D., Teale, J. D., Klinman, N. R., Strober, S. 1986. Surface IgG-bearing cells retain the capacity to secrete IgM. J. Immunol. 136: 2076-79
17. Hayakawa, K., Ishii, R., Yamasaki, K., Kishimoto, T., Hardy, R. 1987. Isolation of high affinity memory B cells phycoerythrin as a probe for antigen-binding cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84: 1379-83
18. Schittek, B., Rajewsky, K. 1991. Maintenance of B cell memory by long-lived cells generated from proliferating precursors. Nature 346: 749-51
19. McHeyzer-Williams, M., Nossal, G. J. V., Lalor, P. 1991. Molecular characterization of single memory cells. Nature 350: 502-5
20. Gray, D. 1992. The dynamics of immunological memory. Semin. Immunol. 4: 29-34
21. Vitetta, E. S., Uhr, J. W. 1975. Immunoglobulin receptors revisited. Science 189: 964-69
22. Okumura, K., Julius, M. H., Tsu, T., Herzenberg, L. A., Herzenberg, L. A. 1976. Demonstration that IgG memory is carried by IgG-bearing cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 6: 467-72
23. Yaoita, Y., Kumagai, Y., Okumura, K., Honjo, T. 1982. Expression of lymphocyte surface IgE does not require switch recombination. Nature 297: 697-99
24. Perlmutter, A. P., Gilbert, W. 1984. Antibodies of the secondary response can be expressed without switch recombination in normal mouse B cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 7189-93
25. Chen, Y-W., Word, C., Dev, V., Uhr, J. W., Vitetta, E. S., Tucker, P. W. 1986. Double isotype production by a neoplastic B cell line. II. Allelically excluded production of μ and γ1 heavy chains without CH gene rearrangement. J. Exp. Med. 164: 562-79
26. McKenzie, T., Dosch, H. M. 1988. Clonal and molecular characteristics of the human IgE-committed B cell subset. J. Exp. Med. 169: 407-30
27. Katona, I. M., Urban, J. F., Finkelman, F. D. 1985. B cells that simultaneously express surface IgM and IgE in Nippostrongylus brasiiensis-infected SJA/9 mice do not provide evidence for isotype switching without gene deletion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 511-15
28. Esser, C., Radbruch, A. 1990. Immunoglobulin class switching: Molecular and cellular anlaysis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8: 717-35
29. Bruce, J., Symington, F. W., McKearn, J., Sprent, J. 1981. A monoclonal discriminating between subsets of T and B cells. J. Immunol. 127: 2446-2501
30. Marshall-Clarke, S., Chayen, A., Parkhouse, R. M. E. 1982. Monoclonal antibody NIM-R2 shows differential reactivity with virgin and memory B cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 12: 733-38
31. Linton, P-J., Decker, D., Klinman, N. R. 1989. Primary antibody-forming cells and secondary B cells are generated from separate precursor populations. Cell 59: 1049-59
32. Linton, P-J., Klinman, N. R. 1992. The generation of memory B cells. Semin. Immunol. 4: 3-9
33. Linton, P-J., Lo, D., Lai, L., Thorbecke, G. J., Klinman, N. R. 1992. Among naive precursor cell subpopulations only progenitors of memory B cells originate germinal centers. Eur. J. Immunol. 22: 1293-97
34. Camp, R. L., Kraus, T. A., Birkeland, M. L., Puré, E. 1991. High levels of CD44 expression distinguish virgin from antigen-primed B cells. J. Exp. Med. 173: 763-66
35. Damle, N. K., Klussman, K., Linsley, P. S., Aruffo, A. 1992. Differential costimulatory effects of adhesion molecules B7, ICAM-1, LFA-3 and VCAM-1 on resting and antigen-primed CD4 T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 148: 1985-92
36. Owens, T. 1991. A role for adhesion molecules in contact-dependent T help for B cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 21: 979-83
37. Linsley, P. S., Brady, W., Grosmaire, L., Aruffo, A., Damle, N. K., Ledbetter, J. A. 1991. Binding of the B cell activation antigen B7 to CD28 costimulates T cell proliferation and interleukin-2 mRNA accumulation. J. Exp. Med. 173: 721-30
38. Damle, N. K., Linsley, P. S., Ledbetter, J. A. 1991. Direct helper T cell-induced B cell differentiation involves interaction between T cell antigen CD28 and B cell activation B7. Eur. J. Immunol. 21: 1277-82
39. Emilie, D., Wallon, C., Galanaud, P., Fischer, A., Olive, D., Delfraissy, J-F. 1988. Role of the LFA3-CD2 interaction in human specific B cell differentiation. J. Immunol. 141: 492-99
40. Tohma, S., Hirohata, S., Lipsky, P. E. 1991. The role of CD11a/CD18-CD54 interaction in human T cell-dependent B cell activation. J. Immunol. 146: 492-99
41. Stamenkovic, I., Sgroi, D., Aruffo, A., Sy, M. S., Anderson, T. 1991. The B lymphocyte adhesion molecule CD22 interacts with leukocyte common antigen CD45RO on T cells and a 2-6 sialyltransferase, CD75, on B cells. Cell 66: 1133-44
42. Clark, E. A., Lane, P. J. L. 1991. Regulation of human B-cell activation and adhesion. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9: 97-127
43. Kraal, G., Weissman, I. L., Butcher, E. C. 1988. Memory B cells express a phenotype consistent with migratory competence after secondary but not short-term primary immunization. Cell. Immunol. 115: 78-87
44. Coico, R. F., Bhogal, B. S., Thorbecke, G. J. 1983. Relationship of germinal centers in lymphoid tissue to immunologic memory. VI. Transfer of B cell memory with lymph node cells fractionated according to their receptors for peanut agglutinin. J. Immunol. 131: 2254-57
45. - B cells to the primary and secondary phospho-choline-specific antibody response. J. Immunol. 130: 2574-79
46. Kaartinen, M., Griffiths, G. M., Hamlyn, P. H., Markham, A. F., Karjalainen, K., Pelkonen, J. L. T., Mäkela, O., Milstein, C. 1983. Anti-oxazolone hybridomas and the structure of the oxazolone idiotype. J. Immunol. 130: 937-45
47. Reth, M., Hämmerling, G. J., Rajewsky, K. 1978. Analysis of the repertoire of anti-NP antibodies in C57BL/6 mice by cell fusion. I. Characterization of antibodies in the primary and hyperimmune response. Eur. J. Immunol. 8: 393-400
48. Klaus, G. G. B. 1978. The generation of memory cells. II. Generation of memory B cells with pre-formed antigen-antibody complexes. Immunology 34: 643-52
49. Klaus, G. G. B., Humphrey, J. H. 1977. The generation of memory cells. I. The role of C3 in the generation of memory cells. Immunology 33: 31-40
50. Klaus, G. G. B., Humphrey, J. H., Kunkl, A., Dongworth, D. W. 1980. The follicular dendritic cell: Its role in antigen presentation in the generation of immunological memory. Immunol. Rev. 53: 3-28
51. Liu, Y-J., Lane, P. J. L., Chan, E. Y-T., MacLennan, I. C. M. 1992. Sites of specific B cell activation in primary and secondary responses to T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens. Eur. J. Immunol. 21: 2951-62
52. MacLennan, I. C. M., Liu, Y-J., Oldfield, S., Lane, P. J. L. 1990. The evolution of B cell clones. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 159: 37-63
53. Jacob, J., Kassir, R., Kelsoe, G. 1991. In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitropheny) acetyl. I. Architecture and dynamics of responding cell populations. J. Exp. Med. 173: 1165-75
54. Nieuwenhuis, P., Opstelten, D. 1984. Functional anatomy of germinal centers. Am. J. Anat. 171: 421-35
55. Nossal, G. J. V., Abbot, A., Mitchell, J., Lummus, Z. 1968. Antigens in immunity. XV. Ultrastructural features of antigen capture in primary and secondary lymphoid follicles. J. Exp. Med. 127: 277-90
56. Szakal, A. K., Hanna, M. G. 1968. The ultrastucture of antigen localization and virus-like particles in mouse spleen germinal centers. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 8: 75-89
57. Stein, H., Gerdes, J., Mason, D. Y. 1982. The normal and malignant germinal center. Clin. Haematol. 11: 531-59
58. Gray, D. 1988. Recruitment of virgin B cells into an immune response is restricted to activation outside follicles. Immunology 65: 73-79
59. Vonderheide, R. H., Hunt, S. V. 1990. Immigration of thoracic duct B lymphocytes into germinal centers in the rat. Eur. J. Immunol. 20: 79-86
60. Leanderson, T., Källberg, E., Gray, D. 1992. Expansion, selection and mutation of antigen-specific B cells in germinal centers. Immunol. Rev. 126: 47-61
61. Liu, Y-J., Johnson, G. D., Gordon, J., MacLennan, I. C. M. 1992. Germinal centers in T-cell-dependent antibody responses. Immunol. Today. 13: 17-21
62. MacLennan, I. C. M., Johnson, G. D., Liu, Y-J., Gordon, D. 1991. Heterogeneity of follicular reactions. Res. Immunol. 142: 253-57
63. MacLennan, I. C. M., Liu, Y-J., Johnson, G. D. 1992. Maturation and dispersal of B cell clones during T cell-dependent antibody response. Immunol. Rev. 126: 143-61
64. Fliedner, T. M., Kesse, M., Cronkite, E. P., Robertson, J. S. 1964. Cell proliferation in germinal centers of the rat spleen. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 113: 578-94
65. Zhang, J., MacLennan, I. C. M., Liu, Y-J., Lane, P. J. L. 1988. Is rapid proliferation in B centroblasts linked to somatic mutation in memory B cell clones? Immunol. Lett. 18: 297-99
66. Kraal, G., Weissman, I. L., Butcher, E. C. 1982. Germinal center B cells: Antigen specificity and changes in heavy chain isotype expression. Nature 298: 377-79
67. Butcher, E. C., Rouse, R. V., Coffman, R. L., Nottenburg, C. N., Hardy, R. R., Weissman, I. L. 1982. Surface phenotype of Peyer's patch germinal center cells: Implications for the role of germinal centers in B cell differentiation. J. Immunol. 129: 2698-707
68. Parrott, D. M. V., Wilkinson, P. C. 1981. Lymphocyte locomotion and migration. Prog. Allergy. 28: 193-273
69. Liu, Y-J., Oldfield, S., MacLennan, I. C. M. 1988. Memory B cells in T cell-dependent antibody responses colonize the splenic marginal zones. Eur. J. Immunol. 18: 355-62
70. Kumararatne, D. S., MacLennan, I. C. M. 1981. Cells of the marginal zone of the spleen are derived from recirculating precursors. Eur. J. Immunol. 11: 865-69
71. Kaartinen, M., Griffiths, G. M., Markham, A. F., Milstein, C. 1983. mRNA sequences define an unusually restricted IgG response to 2-phenyloxazolone and its early diversification. Nature 304: 320-24
72. Griffiths, G. M., Berek, C., Kaartinen, M., Milstein, C. 1984. Somatic mutation and the maturation of the immune response to 2-phenyloxazolone. Nature 312: 271-75
73. Berek, C., Griffiths, G. M., Milstein, C. 1984. Molecular events during maturation of the immune response to oxazolone. Nature 316: 412-18
74. Wysocki, L., Manser, T., Gefter, M. L. 1986. Somatic evolution of variable region structures during an immune response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 1847-51
75. Manser, T., Huang, S., Gefter, M. L. 1984. Influence of clonal selection on the expression of immunoglobulin variable region genes. Science 226: 1283-88
76. Sablitzky, F., Wildner, G., Rajewsky, K. 1985. Somatic mutation and clonal expansion of B cells in an antigen-driven immune response. EMBO. J. 4: 345-50
77. Siekevitz, M., Kocks, C., Rajewsky, K., Dildrop, R. 1987. Analysis of somatic mutation and class switching in naive and memory B cells generating adoptive primary and secondary responses. Cell 48: 757-70
78. McKean, D., Huppi, K., Bell, M., Straudt, L., Gerhard, W., Weigert, M. 1984. Generation of antibody diversity in the immune response of BALB/c mice to influenza virus haemagglutinin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 3180-84
79. Clarke, S. H., Staudt, L. M., Kavaler, J., Schwartz, D., Gerhard, W. U., Weigert, M. G. 1990. V region gene usage and somatic mutation in the primary and secondary responses to influenza virus haemagglutination. J. Immunol. 144: 2795-2801
80. Tonegawa, S. 1983. Somatic generation of antibody diversity. Nature 302: 575-81
81. Kocks, C., Rajewsky, K. 1989. Stable expression and somatic hypermutation of antibody V regions in B cell developmental pathways. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7: 537-59
82. MacLennan, I. C. M., Gray, D. 1986. Antigen-driven selection of virgin and memory B cells. Immunol. Rev. 91: 61-85
83. Apel, M., Berek, C. 1990. Somatic mutations in antibodies expressed by germinal center B cells early after primary immunization. Int. Immunol. 2: 813-19
84. Rada, C., Gupta, S. K., Gherardi, E., Milstein, C. 1991. Mutation and selection during the secondary response to 2-phenyloxazolone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 5508-12
85. Berek, C., Berger, A., Apel, M. 1991. Maturation of immune responses in germinal centers. Cell 67: 1121-29
86. Jacob, J., Kelsoe, G., Rajewsky, K., Weiss, U. 1991. Intraclonal generation of antibody mutants in germinal centers. Nature 354: 389-92
87. Levy, N. S., Malpiero, U. V., Lebecque, S. G., Gearhart, P. J. 1989. Early onset of somatic mutation in immunoglogulin VH genes during the primary immune response. J. Exp. Med. 169: 2007-19
88. Weiss, U. Rajewsky, K. 1990. The repertoire of somatic antibody mutants accumulating in the memory compartment after primary immunization is restricted through affinity maturation and mirrors that expressed in the secondary response. J. Exp. Med. 172: 1681-89
89. Kosco, M. H., Pflugfelder, E., Gray, D. 1992. Follicular dendritic cell-dependent adhesion and proliferation of B cells in vitro. J. Immunol. 148: 2331-39
90. Koopman, G., Parmentier, H. K., Schuurman, H-J., Newman, C., Meijer, J. L. M., Pals, S. T. 1991. Adhesion of human B cells to follicular dendritic cells involves both the lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1/intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and very late antigen 4/vascular adhesion molecule 1 pathways. J. Exp. Med. 173: 1297-1304
91. Jacobson, E. B., Caporale, L. H., Thorbecke, G. J. 1974. Effect of thymus cell infections on germinal center formation in lymphoid tissues of nude (thymusless) mice. Cell. Immunol. 13: 416-30
92. Sousa, M. de., Pritchard, H. 1974. The cellular basis of immunological recovery in nude mice after thymus grafting. Immunology 26: 769-76
93. Weissman, I. L., Gutman, G. A., Friedberg, S. H., Jerabek, L. 1976. Lymphoid tissue architecture. III. Germinal centers, T cells and thymus dependent vs. thymus-independent antigens. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 66: 229-37
94. Berek, C., Jarvis, J. M., Milstein, C. 1987. Activation of memory and virgin B cell clones in hyperimmune animals. Eur. J. Immunol. 17: 1121-29
95. Berek, C., Milstein, C. 1988. The dynamic nature of the antibody repertoire. Immunol. Rev. 105: 5-26
96. Liu, Y-J., Joshua, D. E., Williams, G. T., Smith, C. A., Gordon, J., MacLennan, I. C. M. 1989. Mechanisms of antigen-driven selection in germinal centers. Nature 342: 929-31
97. Liu, Y-J., Mason, D. Y., Johnson, G. D., Abbot, S., Gregory, C. D., Hardie, D. C., Gordon, J., MacLennan, I. C. M. 1991. Germinal center cells express bcl-2 protein after activation by signals which prevent their entry into apoptosis. Eur. J. Immunol. 21: 1905-10
98. Liu, Y-J., Cairns, J. A., Holder, M. J., Abbot, S. D., Jansen, K. U., Bonnefoy, J-Y., Gordon, J., MacLennon, I. C. M. 1991. Recombinant 25-KDa CD23 and interleukin 1α promote survival of germinal center B cells: Evidence for bifurcation in the development of centrocytes rescued from apoptosis. Eur. J. Immunol. 21: 1107-14
99. Armitage, R. J., Fanslow, W. C., Stockbrine, L., Sato, T. A., Clifford, K. S., et al. 1992. Molecular and biological characterization of a murine ligand for CD40. Nature 357: 80-82
100. Rouse, R. V., Ledbetter, J. A., Weissman, I. L. 1982. Mouse lymph node germinal centers contain a selected subset of T cells: The helper phenotype. J. Immunol. 128: 2243-46
101. Janossy, G., Bofill, M., Rowe, D., Muir, J., Beverley, P. C. L. 1989. The tissue distribution of T lymphocytes expressing different CD45 polypeptides. Immunology 66: 517-25
102. Klinman, N. R., Linton, P-J. 1990. The generation of B cell memory: a working hypothesis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 159: 19-35
103. Pezzela, F., Tse, A. G. D., Cordell, J. L., Pulford, K. A. F., Gatter, K. C., Mason, D. Y. 1990. Expression of bcl-2 oncogene protein is not specific for the 14: 18 chromosome translocation. Am. J. Pathol. 137: 225-32
104. McDonnell, T. J., Deane, N., Platt, F. M., Nunez, G., Jaeger, U., McKearn, J., Korsmeyer, S. 1989. bcl-2-immunoglobulin transgenic mice demonstrate extended B cell survival and follicular lymphoproliferation. Cell 57: 79-88
105. Strasser, A., Whittingham, S., Vaux, D., Bath, M. L., Adams, J. M., Cory, S., Harris, A. 1991. Enforced bcl-2 expression in B-lymphoid cells prolongs antibody respones and elicits autoimmune disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 8661-65
106. Yefenof, E., Sanders, V. M., Uhr, J. W., Vitetta, E. S. 1986. In vitro activation of murine antigen-specific memory B cells by a T dependent antigen. J. Immunol. 137: 85-90
107. Sanders, V. M., Uhr, J. W., Vitetta, E. S. 1987. Antigen-specific memory and virgin B cells differ in their requirements for conjucation to T cells. Cell. Immunol. 104: 419-425
108. Hilbert, D. M., Cancro, M. P., Scherle, P. A., Nordan, R. P., Van Snick, J., Gerhard, W., Rudikolf, S. 1989. T cell derived IL-6 is differentially required for antigen-specific antibody secretion by primary and secondary B cells. J. Immunol. 143: 4019-24
109. Lanzavecchia, A., Parodi, B., Celada, F. 1983. Activation of human B lymphocytes: Frequency of antigen-specific B cells triggered by alloreactive or by antigen-specific T cell clones. Eur. J. Immunol. 13: 733-38
110. Johnson, J. G., Jemmerson, R. 1991. Relative frequencies of secondary B cells activated by cognate vs. other mechanisms. Eur. J. Immunol. 21: 951-58
111. Sanders, M. E., Makgoba, M. W., June, C. H., Young, H. A., Shaw, S. 1989. Enhanced responsiveness of human memory T cells to CD2 and CD3 receptor-mediated activation. Eur. J. Immunol. 19: 803-7
112. Byrne, J. A., Butler, J. L., Cooper, M. D. 1988. Differential activation requirements for virgin and memory T cells. J. Immunol. 141: 3249-57
113. Cerottini, J. C., MacDonald, H. R. 1989. The cellular basis of T cell memory. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7: 77-89
114. Vitetta, E. S., Berton, M. T., Burget, C., Kepron, M., Lee, W. T., Yin, X-M. 1991. Memory B and T cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9: 193-217
115. Sanders, M. E., Makgoba, M. W., Sharrow, S. O., Stephany, D., Springer, T. A., Young, H. A., Shaw, S. 1988. Human memory T lymphocytes express increased levels of three cell adhesion molecules (LFA-3, CD2 and LFA-1) and three other molecules (UCHL-1, CDw29 and Pgp-1) and have enhanced IFN-gamma production. J. Immunol. 140: 1401-7
116. Makgoba, M. W., Sanders, M. E., Shaw, S. 1989. The CD2-LFA-3 and LFA-1-ICAM-1 pathways: Relevance to T cell recognition. Immunol. Today. 10: 417-22
117. Budd, K. C., Cerottini, J-C., Horvath, C., Bron, C., Pedrazzini, T., Howe, R. C., MacDonald, H. R. 1987. Distribution of virgin and memory T lymphocytes. Stable acquisition of the Pgp-1 glycoprotein concomitant with antigenic stimulation. J. Immunol. 138: 3120-29
118. Hafler, D. A., Fox, D. A., Benjamin, D., Weiner, H. L. 1986. Antigen-reactive memory T cells are defined by Ta1. J. Immunol. 137: 414-18
119. Hafler, D. A., Chofflon, M., Benjamin, D., Dang, N. H., Breitmeyer, J. 1989. Mechanisms of immune memory. T cell activation and CD3 phosphonylation correlates with Ta1 (CDw26) expression. J. Immunol. 142: 2590-96
120. Morimoto, C., Letvin, N. L., Boyd, A. W., Hagan, M., Brown, H. M., Kornacki, M., Schlossman, S. F. 1985. The isolation and characterisation of human helper induced T cell subset. J. Immunol. 134: 3762
121. Mackay, C. R. 1991. T cell memory: The correlation between function, phenotype and migration pathways. Immunol. Today. 12: 189-92
122. Mackay, C. R. 1992. Migration pathways and immunologic memory between T lymphocytes. Semin. Immunol. 4: 51-58
123. Shimizu, Y., Newman, W., Tanaka, Y., Shaw, S. 1992. Lymphocyte interactions with endothelial cells. Immunol. Today. 13: 106-12
124. Picker, L. J., Kishimoto, T. K., Smith, C. W., Warnock, R. A., Butcher, E. C. 1991. ELAM-1 is an adhesion molecule for skin-homing T cells. Nature 349: 795-99
125. Picker, L. J., Terstappen, L. W., Rolt, L. S., Streeter, P. R., Stein, H., Butcher, E. C. 1990. Differential expression of homing associated adhesion molecules by T cell subsets in man. J. Immunol. 145: 3247-55
126. Gallatin, W. M., Weissman, I. L., Butcher, E. C. 1983. A cell surface molecule involved in organ-specific homing of lymphocytes. Nature 304: 30-34
127. Yednock, T. A., Rosen, S. D. 1989. Lymphocyte homing. Adv. Immunol. 44: 313-78
128. + lymphocytes containing functionally differentiated T lymphocytes that develop by persistant antigen stimulation in vivo. Eur. J. Immunol. 22: 993-99
129. Smith, S. H., Brown, M. H., Rowe, D., Callard, R. E., Beverley, P. C. L. 1986. Functional subsets of helper inducer cells defined by a new monoclonal antibody, UCHL-1. Immunology 58: 63-70
130. Terry, L. A., Brown, M. H., Beverley, P. C. L. 1988. The monoclonal antibody UCHL-1, recognises a 180,000 MW component of the human leucocyte-common antigen, CD45. Immunology 64: 331-36
131. Merkenschlager, M., Terry, L., Edwards, R., Beverley, P. C. L. 1988. Limiting dilution analysis of proliferative responses in human lymphocyte population defined by the antibody, UCHL-1: Implications for differential CD45 expression n T cell memory formation. Eur. J. Immunol. 18: 1653-61
132. Akbar, A. N., Terry, L., Timms, A., Beverley, P. C. L., Janossy, G. 1988. Loss of CD45R and gain of UCHL-1 reactivity is a feature of primed T cells. J. Immunol. 140: 2171-78
133. + phenotype. J. Exp. Med. 169: 653-62
134. Dianzani, U., Lugman, M., Rojo, J., Yagi, J., Baron, J. L., Woods, A., Janeway, C. A., Bottomly, K. 1990. Molecular associations on the T cell surface correlate with immunological memory. Eur. J. Immunol. 20: 2249-57
135. Lee, W. T., Yiu, X-M., Vitetta, E. S. 1990. Functional and ontogenetic analysis of murine CD45 hi and CD45R lo CD4 T cells. J. Immunol. 144: 3288-95
136. + T cells identified by expression of Pgp-1. J. Immunol. 138: 3583-86
137. Arthur, R. P., Mason, D. W. 1986. T cells that help B cell responses to soluble antigen are distinguishable from those producing interleukin-2 on mitogenic or allogeneic stimulation. J. Exp. Med. 163: 774-86
138. Bettens, F., Walker, C., Gauchat, J-F., Gauchat, D., Wyss, T., Pichler, W. J. 1989. Lymphokine gene expression related to CD4 T cell subset (CD45R/CDw29) phenotype conversion. Eur. J. Immunol. 19: 1569-74
139. + and CD45R-helper T cells clones. J. Immunol. 143: 907-12
140. + T cell subsets. Lymphokine secretion of memory cells and of effector cells that develop from precursors in vitro. J. Immunol. 144: 1788-99
141. Swain, S. L., Bradley, L. M. 1992. Helper T cell memory: More questions than answers. Semin. Immunol. 4: 59-68
142. Bottomly, K., Luqman, M., Greenbaum, L., Carding, S., West, J., Pasqualini, T., Murphy, D. B. 1989. A monoclonal antibody to murine CD45R distinguishes CD4 T cell populations that produce different lymphokines. Eur. J. Immunol. 19: 617-23
143. Serra, H. M., Krowka, J. A., Ledbetter, J. A., Pilarski, L. M. 1988. Loss of CD45R (Lp220) represents a post-thymic T cell differentiation event. J. Immunol. 140: 1435-41
144. + helper/ inducer T lymphocytes defined by anti-CD45R antibodies derive sequentially from a differentiation pathway that is regulated by activation-dependent post-thymic differentiation. J. Immunol. 141: 1464-70
145. + T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 19: 771-73
146. + T cells defined by their differential expression of variants of the CD45 antigen: Developmental relationships and in vitro and in vivo functions. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 159: 79-96
147. Goff, L. K., Larsson, L., Fisher, A. G. 1990. Expression of high molecular weight isoforms of CD45 by mouse thymic progenitor cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 20: 665-71
148. Pilarski, L. M., Gillitzer, R., Zola, H., Shortman, K., Scollary, R. 1989. Definition of the thymic generative lineage by selective expression of high molecular weight isoforms of CD45 (T200). Eur. J. Immunol. 19: 589-97
149. Law, D. A., Spruyt, L. L., Peterson, D. J., Williams, A. F. 1989. Subsets of thymopoietic rat thymocytes defined by expression of the CD2 antigen and the MRC-OX22 determinant of the leucocyte common antigen, CD45. Eur. J. Immunol. 19: 2289-95
150. Bell, E. B. 1992. Function of CD4 T cell subsets in vivo: Expression of CD45R isoforms. Semin. Immunol. 4: 43-50
151. Bell, E. B., Sparshott, S. M. 1990. Interconversion of CD45R subsets of CD4 T cells in vivo. Nature 348: 163-66
152. Sparshott, S. M., Bell, E. B., Sarawar, S. R. 1991. CD45R CD4 T cell subset-reconstituted nude rats: Subset-dependent survival of recipients and bi-directional isoform switching. Eur. J. Immunol. 21: 993-1000
153. Warren, H. S., Skipsey, L. J. 1991. Loss of activation-induced CD45RO with maintenance of CD45RA expression during prolonged culture of T cells and NK cells. Immunology 74: 78-85
154. + T cell line. J. Immunol. 146: 1175-83
155. Strober, S., Dilley, J. 1973. Maturation of B lymphocytes in the rat: I. Migration pattern, tissue distribution and turnover rate of unprimed and primed B lymphocytes involved in the adoptive anti-dinitrophenyl response. J. Exp. Med. 138: 1331-44
156. Mackay, C. R., Marston, W. L., Dudler, L. 1990. Naive and memory T cells show distinct pathways of lymphocyte recirculation. J. Exp. Med. 171: 801-17
157. MacKay, C. R., Marston, W. L., Dudler, L., Spertini, O., Tedder, T. F., Hein, W. R. 1991. Tissue-specific migration pathways by phenotypically distinct sub-populations of memory T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 22: 887-95
158. Chin, W., Hay, J. B. 1980. A comparison of lymphocyte migration through intestinal lymph nodes, subcutaneous lymph nodes and chronic inflammatory sites of sheep. Castroenterology 79: 1231-42
159. Cahill, R. N., Poskitt, D. C., Frost, H., Trnka, Z. 1977. Two distinct pools of recirculating T lymphocytes: Migratory characteristics of nodal and intestinal T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 145: 420-28
160. Hall, J. G., Hopkins, J., Orlans, E. 1977. Studies on the lymphocytes of sheep. III. Destination of lymph-borne immunoblasts in relation to their tissue of origin. Eur. J. Immunol. 7: 30-37
161. Jalkanen, S., Steere, A. C., Fox, R. I., Butcher, E. C. 1986. A distinct endothelial cell recognition system that controls lymphocyte traffic into inflamed synovium. Science 233: 556-58
162. McDermott, M. R., Bienenstock, J. 1979. Evidence for a common mucosal immunologic system. I. Migration of B immunoblasts into intestinal, respiratory and genital tissues. J. Immunol. 122: 1892-98
163. Ford, W. L. 1975. Lymphocyte migration and immune response. Prog. Allergy. 19: 1-59
164. Griscelli, C., Vassali, P., McCluskey, R. T. 1969. The distribution of large dividing lymph node cells in syngeneic recipient rats after intravenous injection. J. Exp. Med. 130: 1427-51
165. Beverley, P. C. L. 1992. Functional analysis of human T cell subsets by CD45 isoform expression. Semin. Immunol. 4: 35-41
166. Freitas, A. A., Rose, M., Rocha, B. 1980. Random recirculation of small T lymphocytes from the thoracic duct lymph in mouse. Cell. Immunol. 56: 29-39
167. Freitas, A. A., Rose, M., Parrot, D. M. 1977. Murine mesenteric and peripheral lymph nodes: A common pool of small T cells. Nature 270: 731-33
168. Guy-Grand, D., Griscelli, C., Vassali, P. 1978. The mouse gut T lymphocyte: a novel type of T cell. J. Exp. Med. 148: 1661-77
169. Springer, T. A. 1990. Adhesion receptors in the immune system. Nature 346: 435-34
170. Dustin, M. L., Springer, T. A. 1991. Role of lymphocyte adhesion receptors in transient interactions and cell locomotion. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9: 27-66
171. Picker, L. J., Butcher, E. C. 1992. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte homing. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10: 561-91
172. Berg, E. L., Robinson, M. K., Warnock, R. A., Butcher, E. C. 1991. The human peripheral lymph node vascular addressin is a ligand for LECAM-1, the peripheral lymph node homing receptor. J. Cell. Biol. 114: 343-49
173. Cerf-Bensussan, N., Jarry, A., Brouse, N., Lisowka-Grospierre, B., Guy-Grand, D., Griscelli, C. 1987. A monoclonal antibody (HML-1) defining a novel molecule present on human intestinal lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 17: 1279-85
174. Holzmann, B., Weissman, I. L. 1989. Integrin molecules involved in lymphocyte homing to Peyer's patches. Immunol. Rev. 108: 45-61
175. Celada, F. 1971. The cellular basis of immunologic memory. Prog. Allergy 15: 223-67
176. Celada, F. 1967. Quantitative studies of the adoptive immunological memory in mice. II. Linear transmission of cellular memory. J. Exp. Med. 125: 199-211
177. Feldbush, T. L. 1973. Antigen modulation of the immune response: The decline of immunological memory in the absence of continuing antigenic stimulation. Cell. Immunol. 8: 435-44
178. Askonas, B. A., Williamson, A. R., Wright, B. E. G. 1970. Selection of a single antibody-forming cell clone and its propagation in syngeneic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 67: 1398-403
179. Askonas, B. A., Cunningham, A. J., Kreth, H. W., Roelants, G. E., Williamson, A. R. 1972. Amplification of B cell clones forming antibody to the 2.4-dinitrophenyl group. Eur. J. Immunol. 2: 494-98
180. Askonas, B. A., Williamson, A. R. 1972. Factors affecting the propagation of a cell clone forming antibody to the 2.4-dinitrophenyl group. Eur. J. Immunol. 2: 487-93
181. Gray, D., MacLennan, I. C. M., Lane, P. J. L. 1986. Virgin B cell recruitment and the lifespan of memory clones during antibody responses to 2.4 dinitrophenyl-hemocyamin. Eur. J. Immunol. 16: 641-48
182. Gray, D., Skarvall, H. 1988. B cell memory is short-lived in the absence of antigen. Nature 336: 70-73
183. Gray, D., Matzinger, P. 1991. T cell memory is short-lived in the absence of antigen. J. Exp. Med. 174: 969-74
184. Rajasekar, R., Andersson, J., Leanderson, T. 1987. Prolonged growth of activated B lymphocytes requires interaction with T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 17: 1619-24
185. Leanderson, T., Andersson, J., Rajasekar, R. 1987. Clonal selection in B
186. Melchers, F., Lernhardt, W. 1985. Three restriction points in the cell cycle of activated murine B lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 7681-85
187. Vieira, P., Rajewsky, K. 1990. Persistence of memory B cells in mice deprived of T cell help. Int. Immunol. 2: 487-94
188. Buckton, K. E., Court-Brown, W. M., Smith, P. G. 1967. Lymphocyte survival in men treated with X-rays for ankylosing spondylitis. Nature 214: 470-73
189. Sprent, J., Schaefer, M., Hurd, M., Surh, C. D., Ron, Y. 1991. Mature murine B and T cells transferred to SCID mice can survive indefinitely and many maintain a virgin phenotype. J. Exp. Med. 174: 717-28
190. Nunez, G., Hockenberry, D., McDonnell, T. J., Sorenson, C. M., Korsmeyer, S. J. 1991. Bcl-2 maintains B cell memory. Nature 353: 71-73
191. Mandel, T. E., Phipps, R. P., Abbot, A., Tew, J. G. 1980. The follicular dendritic cell: Longterm antigen retention during immunity. Immunol. Rev. 53: 29-57
192. Tew, J. G., Kosco, M. H., Burton, G. F., Szakal, A. K. 1990. Follicular dendritic cells as accessory cells. Immunol. Rev. 117: 185-211
193. Tew, J. G., Mandel, T. E. 1979. Prolonged antigen half-life in the lymphoid follicles of specifically immunized mice. Immunology 37: 69-76
194. Tew, J. G., Mandel, T. E., Burgess, A. W. 1979. Retention of intact HSA for prolonged periods in the popliteal lymph nodes of specifically immunized mice. Cell. Immunol. 45: 207-12
195. Kosco, M. H., Szakal, A. K., Tew, J. G. 1988. In vivo obtained antigen presented by germinal center B cells to T cells in vitro. J. Immunol. 140: 354-60
196. Gray, D., Kosco, M. H., Stockinger, B. 1991. Novel pathways of antigen presentation for the maintenance of memory. Int. Immunol. 3: 141-48
197. Mims, C. A. 1987. Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease. London: Academic. 3rd ed.
198. Frankel, L. D., Bellanti, J. A. 1982. Immunology of Human Infection, Part II, ed. A. J. Nahamias, R. J. O'Reilly, pp. 135-63. London: Plenum
199. Fazekas de St. Groth, S., Webster, R. G. 1966. Disquisitions on original antigenic sin. I. Evidence in man. J. Exp. Med. 124: 331-61
200. Beverley, P. C. L. 1990. Is T cell memory maintained by cross-reactive stimulation. Immunol. Today. 11: 203-5
201. Roost, H-P., Charan, S., Zinkernagel, R. M. 1990. Analysis of the kinetics of antiviral memory T help in vivo: Characterisation of short-lived cross-reactive T help. Eur. J. Immunol. 20: 2547-54