Regulation of the cell cycle by calcium and calmodulin

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 1993, Pages 40-58

  Lu, Kun Ping ^a   Means, Anthony R ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CALMODULIN; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; CYCLINE; PROTEIN KINASE;

ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS; CELL CYCLE; CELL PROLIFERATION; DNA SYNTHESIS; ENZYME REGULATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; MITOSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE;

ANIMAL; CALCIUM; CALMODULIN; CELL CYCLE; MAMMALS; MITOSIS; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.;

EID: 0027467864     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: 0163769X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/edrv-14-1-40     Document Type: Article

References (215)

1. Whitaker M, Patel R 1990 Calcium and cell cycle. Development 108:525-542
2. Moolenaar WH, Defize LHK, De Laat SW 1985 Calcium in the action of growth factor. Ciba Found Symp 122:212-231
3. Campbell AK 1983 Intracellular Calcium: Its Universal Role as Regulator. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
4. Whitfield JF, Boynton AL, MacManus JP, Rixon RH, Sikorska M, Tsang B, Walker PR 1980 The role of calcium and cyclic AMP in cell proliferation. Ann NY Acad Sci 339:216-240
5. Means AR, VanBerkum MFA, Bagchi IC, Lu KP, Rasmussen CD 1991 Regulatory functions of calmodulin. Pharmacol Ther 50:255-270
6. Davis TN, Urdea MS, Masiarz FR, Thorner J 1986 Isolation of the yeast calmodulin gene: calmodulin is an essential protein. Cell 47:423-431
7. Takeda T, Yamamoto M 1987 Analysis and in vivo disruption of the gene encoding for calmodulin in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:3580-3584
8. Rasmussen CD, Means RL, Lu KP, May GS, Means AR 1990 Characterization and expression of the unique calmodulin gene of Aspergillus nidulans. J Biol Chem 265:1367-13775
9. Rasmussen CD, Means AR 1987 Calmodulin is involved in regulation of cell proliferation. EMBO J 6:3961-3968
10. Rasmussen CD, Means AR 1989 Calmodulin is required for cell cycle progression during Gi and mitosis. EMBO J 8:73-82
11. Bender PK, Dedman JR, Emerson CP 1988 The abundance of calmodulin mRNAs is regulated in phosphorylase kinase-deficient skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 263:9733-9737
12. Fischer R, Koller M, Flura M, Mathews S, Strehler-Page M-A, Krebs J, Penniston JT, Carafoli E, Strehler EE 1988 Multiple divergent mRNAs code for a single human calmodulin. J Biol Chem 263:17055-17062
13. Nojima H 1989 Structural organization of multiple rat calmodulin genes. J Mol Biol 208:269-282
14. Bai G, Weiss B 1991 The increase of calmodulin in PC12 cells induced by NGF is caused by differential expression of multiple mRNAs for calmodulin. J Cell Physiol 149:414-421
15. +/calmodulin. Trends Cardiovas Med 2:226-231
16. Anraku Y, Ohya Y, Iida H 1991 Cell cycle control by calcium and calmodulin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta 1093:169-177
17. Murray AW, Kirschner MW 1989 Dominoes and clocks: the union of two views of the cell cycle. Science 246:614-621
18. Norbury C, Nurse P 1990 Controls of cell proliferation in yeast and animals. Ciba Found Symp 150:168-177
19. Forsbury SL, Nurse P 1991 Cell cycle regulation in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Annu Rev Cell Biol 7:227-256
20. Morris NR 1990 Lower eukaryotic cell cycle: perspectives on mitosis from the fungi. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2:252-257
21. Rubin H, Koide T 1976 Mutual potentiation by magnesium and calcium of growth in animal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:168172
22. Whitfield JF, MacManus JP, Rixon RH, Boynton AL, Youdale T, Swierenga S 1976 The positive control of cell proliferation by the interplay of calcium ions and cyclic nucleotides. In Vitro 12:1-18
23. Boynton AL, Whitfield JF 1978 Calcium requirements for the proliferation of cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of rous sarcoma virus. Cancer Res 38:1237-1240
24. Swierenga SH, Whitfield JF, Boynton AL, MacManus JP, Rixon RH, Sikorska M, Tsang BK, Walker PR 1980 Regulation of proliferation of normal and neoplastic rat liver cells by calcium and cyclic AMP. Ann NY Acad Sci 349:294-311
25. Hazelton B, Mitchell B, Tupper J 1979 Calcium, magnesium and growth control in the WI-38 fibroblast cell. J Cell Biol 83:487-498
26. Tupper JT, Kaufman L, Bodine PV 1980 Related effects of calcium and serum on the G phase of human WI 38 fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 104:97-103
27. Cory JG, Carter GL, Karl RC 1987 Calcium-dependent proliferation of LI 210 cells in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 145:556-562
28. Lu KP, Chao SH, Wang DS 1990 The stimulatory effect of heavy metal cations on the proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells. Sci China (B) 33:303-310
29. Boynton AL, Whitfield JF, Isaacs RJ, Tremblay R 1977 The control of human Wi-38 cell proliferation by extracellular calcium and its elimination by SV-40 virus-induced proliferative transformation. J Cell Physiol 92:241-248
30. src) of avian sarcoma virus rapidly induces DNA synthesis and proliferation of calcium-depleted rat cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 103:233-239
31. Hickie RA, Wei JW, Blyth LM, Wong DYW, Klaassen DJ 1983 Cations and calmodulin in normal and neoplastic cell growth regulation. Can J Biochem Cell Biol 61:934-941
32. Veigl ML, Vanaman TC, Sedwick WD 1984 Calcium and calmodulin in cell growth and transformation. Biochim Biophys Acta 738:21-48
33. 2+ pump of the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 267:2115-2118
34. Rozengurt E 1986 Early signals in the mitogenic response. Science 234:161-166
35. Jacob R 1990 Calcium oscillations in electrically non-excitable cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1052:427-438
36. Berridge MJ, Irvin RF 1989 Inositol phosphates and cell signalling. Nature 341:197-205
37. Berridge MJ 1990 Calcium oscillations. J Biol Chem 265:95839586
38. Hepler PK 1989 Calcium transients during mitosis: observation in flux. J Cell Biol 109:2576-2573
39. Silver RB 1990 Calcium and cellular clocks orchestrate cell division. Ann NY Acad Sci 582:207-221
40. Silver RB, Cole RD, Cande WZ 1980 Isolation of mitotic apparatus containing vesicles with calcium sequestration activity. Cell 19:505-516
41. Kiehart DP 1981 Studies of the in vivo sensitivity of spindle microtubules to calcium ions and evidence for a vascular calciumsequestering system. J Cell Biol 88:604-616
42. Wolniak SM, Hepler PK, Jackson WT 1981 The coincident distribution of calcium-rich membranes and kinetochore fibers at metaphase in living endosperm cells of Haemanthus. Eur J Cell Biol 25:171-174
43. Hepler PK, Wolniak SM 1984 Membranes in the mitotic apparatus: their structure and function. Int Rev Cytol 90:169-238
44. Poenie M, Alderton J, Tsien RY, Steinhardt RA 1985 Changes of free calcium levels with stages of the cell division cycle. Nature 315:147-149
45. Keith CH, Ratan R, Maxfield FR, Bajer A, Shelanski ML 1985 Local cytoplasmic calcium gradients in living mitotic cells. Nature 316:848-850
46. Poenie M, Alderton J, Steinhardt RA, Tsien RY 1986 Calcium rises abruptly and briefly throughout the cell at the onset of anaphase. Science 233:886-899
47. Kao JPY, Alderton JM, Tsien RY, Steinhardt RA 1990 Active involvement of Ca2+ in mitotic progression of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. J Cell Biol 111:183-196
48. Izant JG 1983 The role of calcium ion during mitosis: calcium participitates in the anaphase trigger. Chromosoma 88:1-10
49. Steinhardt RA, Alderton J 1988 Intracellular free calcium rise triggers nuclear envelope breakdown in the sea urchin embryo. Nature 332:364-366
50. 3-induced chromatin condensation during the early cell cycles of sea urchin embryos. Nature 332:366-369
51. Cheung WY 1970 Cyclic 3’, 5’-nucleotide phosphodiesterase: demonstration of an activator. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 38:533-538
52. Kakiuchi S, Yamazaki R 1970 Calcium dependent phosphodiesterase activity and its activating factor (PAF) from brain: studies on cyclic 3’, 5’-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (III). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 41:1104-1110
53. 2+-binding protein. J Biol Chem 248:5950-5955
54. Cheung WY 1980 Calmodulin plays a pivotal role in cellular regulation. Science 207:19-27
55. Means AR, Dedman JR 1980 Calmodulin-an intracellular calcium receptor. Nature 285:73-77
56. Klee CB, Vanaman TC 1982 Calmodulin. Adv Protein Chem 35:213-321
57. Means AR 1988 Molecular mechanism of action of calmodulin. Recent Prog Horm Res 44:223-262
58. Babu YS, Sack JS, Greenhough TJ, Bugg CE, Means AR, Cook WJ 1988 The three dimensional structure of calmodulin. Nature 315:37-40
59. Kretsinger RH, Nockolds CE 1973 Carp muscle calcium-binding protein. II. Structure determination and general description. J Biol Chem 248:3313-3326
60. Cheung WY, Bradham LS, Lynch TJ, Lin YM, Tallant EA 1975 Protein activator of cyclic 3’, 5’-nucleotide phosphodiesterase of bovine or rat brain also activates its adenyl cyclase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 66:1055-1062
61. Brostrom CO, Huang YC, Breckenridge BM 1975 Identification of a calcium-binding protein as a calcium-dependent regulator of brain adenylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:64-68
62. 2+ ATPase activator from human erythrocytes: its similarity to the activator of 3’, 5’-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 77:1210-1216
63. +)ATPase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 77:1203-1209
64. Larson FL, Vincenzi FF 1979 Calcium transport across the plasma membrane: stimulation by calmoudlin. Science 204:306-309
65. Katz S, Remtulla MA 1978 Phosphodiesterase protein activator stimulates calcium transport in cardiac microsomal preparations enriched in sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 83:1373-1379
66. 2+dependent modulator protein. J Biol Chem 253:1338-1340
67. Schulman H, Greengard P 1978 Stimulation of brain membrane protein phosphorylation by calcium and an endogenous heatstable protein. Nature 271:478-479
68. 2+dependent regulator”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:5432-5436
69. Wallace RW, Lynch TJ, Tallant EA, Cheung WY 1979 Purification and characterization of an inhibitor protein of brain adenylate cyclase and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. J Biol Chem 254:377-382
70. Shrma RK, Desai R, Waisman DM, Wang JH 1979 Purification and subunit structure of bovine brain modulator binding protein. J Biol Chem 254:4276-4282
71. Klee CB, Crouch TH, Krinks MH 1979 Calcineurin: a calciumand calmodulin-binding protein of nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:6270-6273
72. Biden TJ, Comte M, Cox JA, Wollheim CB 1987 Calcium-calmodulin stimulates inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate kinase activity from insulin-secreting RINm5F cells. J Biol Chem 262:9437-9440
73. Yamaquchi K, Hirata M, Kuriyama H 1987 Calmodulin stimulates inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate 3-kinase activity in pig aortic smooth muscle. Biochem J 244:787-791
74. Bredt DS, Snyder SH 1990 Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase: a calmodulin-requiring enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:682685
75. +/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthase from porcine cerebellum: cofactor-role of tetrahydrobiopterin. FEBS Lett 277:215-219
76. 2+-dependent channels in Paramecium. Annu Rev Physiol 53:309-319
77. Chafouleas JG, Bolton WE, Boyd III AE, Means AR 1982 Calmodulin and the cell cycle: involvement in regulation of cell cycle progression. Cell 28:41-50
78. Sasaki Y, Hidaka H 1982 Calmodulin and cell proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 104:451-456
79. 0) cells into the cell cycle. Cell 36:73-81
80. Muthukumar G, Kulkarni RK, Nickerson KW 1985 Calmodulin levels in the yeast and mycelial phases of Ceratocystis ulmi. J Bacteriol 162:47-49
81. Singh J, Chatterjee S 1988 Cell cycle dependent variation of calmodulin in Tetrahymena. Cytobios 55:95-103
82. Uno I, Ohya Y, Anraku Y, Ishikawa T 1989 Cell cycle-dependent regulation of calmodulin levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Appl Microbiol 35:59-63
83. Lu KP, Chao SH, Wang DS 1989 Calmodulin: a possible regulatory factor in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Chin Sci Bull 34:174-175
84. Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ, Smith RE, Vanaman TC 1976 Calcium-dependent regulatory protein of cyclic nucleotide metabolism in normal and transformed chicken embryo fiblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:2711-2715
85. Chafouleas JG, Pardue RL, Brinkley BR, Dedman JR, Means AR 1981 Regulation of intracellular levels of calmodulin and tubulin in normal and transformed cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:996-1000
86. LaPorte DC, Gidwitz S, Weber MJ, Storm DR 1979 Relationship between changes in the calcium dependent regulatory protein and adenylate cylase during viral transformation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 86:1169-1173
87. Welsh MJ, Dedman JR, Brinkley BR, Means AR 1978 Calciumdependent regulator protein: localization in the mitotic spindle of eukaryotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:1867-1871
88. Welsh MJ, Dedman JR, Brinkley BR, Means AR 1979 Tubulin and calcium-dependent regulator protein: effects of microtubule and microfilament inhibitors on localization in the mitotic apparatus. J Cell Biol 81:624-634
89. Nishimoto T, Ajiro K, Hirata M, Yamashita K, Sekiguchi M 1985 Induction of chromosome condensation in tsBN2, a temperature-sensitive mutant of BHK21, is inhibited by the calmodulin antagonist, W-7. Exp Cell Res 156:351-358
90. Schatzman RC, Raynor RL, Kuo JF 1983 N-(6-Aminohexyl)-5chloro-l-naphthalenesulfonamide (W7), a calmodulin antagonist, also inhibits phospholipid-sensitive calcium-dependent protein kinase. Biochim Biophys Acta 755:144-147
91. Rasmussen CD, Means AR 1989 Calmodulin, cell growth and gene expression. Trends Neurosci 12:433-438
92. Gruver CL, DeMayo F, Goldstein MA, Means AR 1991 Calmodulin-induced cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice. Circulation [Suppl II]84:1586-1587
93. Ho AK, Shang K, Duffield R 1986 Calmodulin: regulation of the cholinergic receptor in rat heart during ontogeny and senescence. Mech Ageing Dev 36:143-154
94. Putkey JA, Ts’ui KF, Tanaka T, Lagace L, Stein JP, Lai EC, Means AR 1983 Chicken calmodulin genes. J Biol Chem 258:11864-11870
95. Nojima H, Kishi K, Sokabe H 1987 Multiple calmodulin mRNA species are derived from two distinct genes. Mol Cell Biol 7:18731880
96. Sherbany AA, Parent AS, Brosius J 1987 Rat calmodulin cDNA. DNA 6:267-272
97. Slaughter GR, Means AR 1989 Analysis of expression of multiple genes encoding calmodulin during spermatogenesis. Mol Endocrinol 3:1569-1578
98. Nakajima-Shimada J, Iida H, Tsuji FI, Anraku Y 1991 Monitoring of intracellular calcium in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an aproaequorin cDNA expression system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:6878-6882
99. 2+ in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 265:21216-21222
100. Davis TN, Thorner J 1989 Vertebrate and yeast calmodulin, despite significant sequence divergence, are functionally interchangeable. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:7909-7913
101. Luan Y, Matsuura I, Yazawa M, Nakamura T, Yagi K 1987 Yeast calmodulin: structural and functional differences compared with vertebrate calmodulin. J Biochem (Tokyo) 102:1531-1537
102. Geiser JR, Tuinen DV, Brockerhoff SE, Neff MM, Davis TN 1991 Can calmodulin function without binding calcium? Cell 65:949-959
103. 2+-dependent ubiquitinatien of calmodulin in yeast. FEBS Lett 296:51-56
104. Ohya Y, Uno I, Ishikawa T, Anraku Y 1987 Purification and biochemical properties of calmodulin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur J Biochem 168:13-19
105. Ye RR, Bretscher A 1992 Identification and molecular characterization of the calmodulin-binding subunit gene (CMP1) of protein phosphatase 2B from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: an a-factor inducible gene. Eur J Biochem 204:713-723
106. Sun GH, Ohya Y, Anraku Y 1991 Half-calmodulin is sufficient for cell proliferation: expression of Nand C-terminal halves of calmodulin in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 266:7008-7015
107. Persechini A, Kretsinger RH, Davis TN 1991 Calmodulins with deletions in the central helix functionally replace the native protein in yeast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:449-452
108. Crouch TH, Klee CB 1980 Positive cooperative binding of calcium to bovine brain calmodulin. Biochemistry 19:3692-3698
109. Haiech J, Klee CB, Demaille JG 1981 Effect of cations on affinity of calcium for calmodulin: ordered binding of calcium ions allows the specific activation of calmodulin-stimulated enzyme. Biochemistry 20:3890-3894
110. Newton DL, Klee CB, Woodgett J, Cohen P 1985 Selective effects of CAPPi-calmodulin on its target proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 845:533-539
111. Newton DL, Oldewurtel MD, Krinks MH, Shiloach J, Klee CB 1984 Agonist and antagonist properties of calmodulin fragments. J Biol Chem 259:4419-4426
112. Kuznicki J, Grabarek Z, Brzeska H, Drabikowski W, Cohen P 1981 Stimulation of enzyme activities by fragments of calmodulin. FEBS Lett 130:141-145
113. 2+-ATPase by tryptic fragments of calmodulin. J Biol Chem 259:15172-15177
114. Adashi EY, Resnick CE, Vera A, Hernandez E 1991 In vivo regulation of granulosa cell type I insulin-like growth factor receptors: evidence for an inhibitory role for the putative endogenous ligand(s) of the ovarian gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Endocrinology 128:3130
115. Persechini A, Blumenthal DK, Jarrett HW, Klee CB, Hardy DO, Kretsinger RH 1989 The effects of deletions in the central helix of calmodulin on enzyme activation and peptide binding. J Biol Chem 264:8052-8058
116. VanBerkum MFA, George SE, Means AR 1990 Calmodulin activation of target enzymes: consequences of deletions in the central helix. J Biol Chem 265:3750-3756
117. Haiech J, Kilhoffer MC, Lukas TJ, Craig TA, Watterson DW 1991 Restoration of the calcium binding activity of mutant calmodulins toward normal by the presence of a calmodulin binding structure. J Biol Chem 266:3427-3431
118. Ohsumi Y, Anraku Y 1983 Calcium transport driven by a proton motive force in vacuolar membrane vesicles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 258:5614-5617
119. Rose MD, Vallen EA 1991 Acid loops fail the acid test. Cell 65:919-920
120. 2+-binding proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:5512-5516
121. Ohya Y, Anraku Y 1989 Functional expression of chicken calmodulin in yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 158:541-547
122. cdc28. Nature 355:365-368
123. cdc28 tyrosine phosphorylation is not required for entry into mitosis in S. cerevisiae. Nature 355:368-371
124. Ohya Y, Kawasaki H, Suzuki K, Londesborough J, Anraku Y 1991 Two yeast genes encoding calmodulin-dependent protein kinases: isolation, sequencing and bacterial expressions of CMK1 and CMK2. J Biol Chem 266:12784-12794
125. Pausch MH, Kaim D, Kunisawa R, Admon A, Thorner J 1991 Multiple Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase genes in a unicellular eukaryote. EMBO J 10:1511-1522
126. Cyert MS, Kunisawa R, Kaim D, Thorner J 1991 Yeast has homologs (CNA1 and CNA2 gene products) of mammalian calcineurin, a calmodulin-regulated phosphoprotein phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:7376-7380
127. Liu Y, Ishii S, Tokai M, Tsutsumi H, Ohki O, Akada A, Tanaka K, Tsuchiya E, Fukui S, Miyakawa T 1991 The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes (CMP1 and CMP2) encoding calmodulin-binding protein homologous to the catalytic subunit of mammalian protein phosphatase 2B. Mol Gen Genet 227:52-59
128. Kuno T, Tanaka H, Mukai H, Chang CD, Hiraga K, Miyakawa T, Tanaka C 1991 cDNA cloning of a calcineurin B homolog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 180:1159-1163
129. 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is necessary for nuclear envelope breakdown. J Cell Biol 111:17631773
130. 2+ independent for functional studies. Biochemistry 29:1679-1684
131. Richardson HE, Wittenberg C, Cross F, Reed SI 1989 An essential G1 function for cyclin-like proteins in yeast. Cell 59:1127-1133
132. Takeda T, Imai Y, Yamamoto M 1989 Substitution at position 116 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe calmodulin decreases its stability under nitrogen starvation and results in a sporulation-deficient phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9737-9741
133. Gregori L, Marriott D, West CM, Chau V 1985 Specific recognition of calmodulin from Dictyostelium discoideum by the ATP, ubiquitin-dependent degradative pathway. J Biol Chem 260:52325235
134. Gregori L, Marriott D, Putkey JA, Means AR, Chau V 1987 Bacterially synthesized vertebrate calmodulin is a specific substrate for ubiquitination. J Biol Chem 262:2562-2567
135. Cove DJ 1977 The genetics of Aspergillus nidulans. In: Smith JE, Patemen JA (eds) The Genetics and Physiology of Aspergillus nidulans. Academic Press Inc, New York, pp 81-95
136. Timberlake WE, Marshall MA 1989 Genetic engineering of filamentous fungi. Science 244:1313-1317
137. Waring RB, May GS, Morris NR 1989 Characterization of an inducible expression system in Aspergillus nidulans using alcA and tubulin coding genes. Gene 79:119-130
138. Morris NR, Osmani SA, Engle DB, Doonan JH 1989 The genetic analysis of mitosis in Aspergillus nidulans. Bioessays 10:196-201
139. Bergen LG, Morris NR 1983 Kinetics of the nuclear division cycle of Aspergillus nidulans. J Bacteriol 156:155-160
140. Morris NR 1976 Mitotic mutants of Aspergillus nidulans. Genet Res 26:237-254
141. Lu KP, Osmani SA, Means AR 1991 Activation of the cell cycle regulated NIMA protein kinase at G2 required calcium/calmodulin. J Cell Biol 115:426 (Abstract)
142. Evans TE, Rosenthal J, Youngbloom K, Distel K, Hunt T 1983 Cyclin: a protein specified maternal mRNA in sea urchin eggs that is destroyed at each cleavage division. Cell 33:389-396
143. Swenson KI, Farell KM, Ruderman JV 1986 The clam embryo protein cyclin A induces entry into M and the resumption of meiosis. Cell 47:861-870
144. Murray AW, Solomon MJ, Kirschner MW 1989 The role of cyclin synthesis and degradation in the control of maturation promoting factor activity. Nature 339:280-286
145. Lu KP, Rasmussen CD, May GS, Means AR 1992 Cooperative regulation of cell proliferation by calcium and calmodulin in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Endocrinol 6:365-374
146. Blumenthal DK, Stull JT 1980 Activation of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase by calcium and calmodulin. Biochemistry 19:5608-5614
147. Osmani AH, O’Donnell K, Pu RT, Osmani SA 1991 Activation of the nimA protein kinase plays a unique role during mitosis that cannot be bypassed by absence of the bimE checkpoint. EMBO J 10:2669-2679
148. Beach D, Durkacz B, Nurse P 1982 Functionally homologous cell cycle control genes in budding and fission yeast. Nature 300:706709
149. Lee MG, Nurse P 1987 Complementation used to clone a human homologue of the fission yeast cell cycle control gene cdc2. Nature 327:31-35
150. Nurse P 1990 Universal control mechanism regulating onset of Mphase. Nature 344:503-508
151. Lewin B 1990 Driving the cell cycle: M protein kinase, its partners, and substrates. Cell 61:743-752
152. cdc2: the S and M kinase? New Biologist 2:389-401
153. Hindley J, Phear GA 1984 Sequence of the ell division gene cdc2+ from Schizosaccharmyces prombe: patterns of splicing and homology to protein kinase. Gene 31:129-134
154. Simanis V, Nurse PM 1986 The cell cycle control gene cdc2+ of fission yeast encodes a protein kinase potentially regulated by phosphorylation. Cell 45:261-268
155. Draetta G, Beach D 1988 Activation of cdc2 protein kinase during mitosis in human cells: cell cycle dpendent phosphorylation and subunit rearrangement. Cell 54:17-26
156. Arion D, Meijer L, Brizuela L, Beach D 1988 cdc2 is a component of the M phase-specific histone HI kinase: evidence for identity withMPF. Cell 55:317-318
157. Gautier J, Norbury C, Lorbury C, Nurse PM, Maller J 1988 Purified maturation-promoting factor contains the product of a Xenopus homolog of fission yeast cell cycle control gene cdc2+. Cell 54:433-439
158. Dunphy WG, Brizuela L, Beach D, Newport JW 1988 The Xenopus cdc2 protein is a component of MPF, a cytoplasmic regulator of mitosis. Cell 54:423-431
159. Adashi EY, Resnick CE, Vera A, Hernandez E 1991 In vivo regulation of granulosa cell type I insulin-like growth factor receptors: Evidence for an inhibitory role for the putative endogenous ligand(s) of the ovarian gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Endocrinology 128:3130
160. Meijer L, Arion D, Golsteyn R, Brizuela L, Hunt T, Beach D Cyclin is a component of the sea urchin egg M-phase specific histone HI kinase. EMBO J 8:2275-2282
161. cdc2 and a possible mechanism for its periodic activation. Cell 57:253-263
162. Booher RN, Alfa CE, Hyams JS, Beach D 1989 The fission yeast cdc2/cdcl3/sucl protein kinase: regulation of catalytic activity and nuclear localization. Cell 58:485-497
163. Brizuela L, Draetta G, Beach D 1989 Activation of human cdc2 protein as a histone HI kinase is associated with complex formation with the p62 subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:4362-4366
164. cdc2 protein kinase during mitosis. Cell 58:361-372
165. cdc2 and cyclin components. Gene Dev 4:9-17
166. Surana U, Robitsh H, Price C, Schuster T, Fitcher AB, Nasmyth K 1991 The role of CDC28 and cyclins during the budding yeast S. cerevisiae. Cell 65:145-161
167. Ghiara JB, Richardson HE, Sugimoto K, Henze M, Lew DJ, Wittenberg C, Reed S 1991 A cyclin B homolog in S. cerevisiae chronic activation of the cdc28 protein kinase by cyclin prevents exit from mitosis. Cell 65:163-174
168. Tsai LH, Harlow E, Meyerson M 1991 Isolation of the human cdk2 gene that encodes the cyclin Aand adenovirus ElA-associated p33 kinase. Nature 353:174-177
169. Fang F, Newport JW 1991 Evidence that the Gl-S and G2-M transitions are controlled by different cdc2 proteins in higher eukaryotes. Cell 66:731-742
170. Mudryj M, Devoto SH, Hiebert SW, Hunter T, Pines J, Nevins JR 1991 Cell cycle regulation of the E2F transcription factor involves an interation with cyclin A. Cell 65:1243-1253
171. Elledge SJ, Spottswood MR 1991 A new human p34 protein kinase, CDK2, identified by complementation of a cdc28 mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a homolog of Xenopus Egl. EMBO J 10:2653-2659
172. Murray AW, Kirschner MW 1989 Cyclin synthesis drives the early embryonic cell cycle. Nature 339:275-286
173. Gould KL, Nurse P 1989 Tyrosine phosphorylation of the fission yeast cdc2+ protein kinase regulates entry into mitosis. Nature 342:39-45
174. cdc2 for tyrosine phosphorylation. EMBO J 10:1545-1554
175. cdc2 in a weel+ dependent manner. EMBO J 10:1255-1263
176. weel mitotic inhibitor is a tyrosine/serine kinase. Nature 349:808-811
177. Lundgren K, Walworth N, Booher R, Dembski M, Kirschner MW, Beach D 1991 mikl and weel cooperate in the inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of cdc2. Cell 64:1111-1122
178. Galaktionov K, Beach D 1991 Specific activation of cdc25 tyrosine phosphatases by B-type cyclins: evidence for multiple roles of mitotic cyclins. Cell 67:1181-1194
179. Kumagai A, Dunphy WG 1992 Regulation of the cdc25 protein during the cell cycle in Xenopus extracts. Cell 70:139-151
180. Morla AO, Draetta G, Beach D, Wang JYJ 1989 Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of cdc2: dephosphorylation accompanies activation entry into mitosis. Cell 58:193-203
181. Dunphy WG, Newport JW 1989 Fission yeast pl3 blocks mitotic activation and tyrosine dephosphorylation of the Xenopus cdc2 protein kinase. Cell 58:181-191
182. cdc2. Cell 63:1013-1024
183. cdc2. Cell 67:197-211
184. cdc2 protein kinase in vertebrates. EMBO J 10:3321-3329
185. cdc2 kinase activation in vertebrates. EMBO J 10:33313341
186. cdc2 kinase at the Gl/S and G2/M transitions of the cell cycle: identification of major phosphorylation sites. EMBO J 10:305-316
187. Millar JBA, Russel P 1992 The cdc25 M-phase inducer: an unconventional protein phosphatase. Cell 68:407-410
188. cdc2 on tyrosine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:2917-2921
189. Gould KL, Moreno S, Owen DJ, Sazer S, Nurse P 1991 Phosphorylation at Thrl67 is required for Schizosaccharomyces pombe p34 function. EMBO J 10:3297-3309
190. cdc2 activation: identification of an activating kinase. Mol Biol Cell 3:13-27
191. cdc2 cell cycle-regulated protein kinases is required to initiate mitosis in A. nidulans. Cell 67:283-291
192. Osmani SA, May GS, Morris NR 1987 Regulation of the mRNA level of nimA, a gene required for the G2-M transition in Aspergillus nidulans. J Cell Biol 104:1495-1504
193. Osmani SA, Pu RT, Morris NR 1988 Mitotic induction and maintenance by overexpression of a G2-specific gene that encodes a potential protein kinase. Cell 53:237-244
194. Felix MA, Cohen P, Karsenti E 1990 Cdc2 HI kinase is negatively regulated by a type 2A phosphatase in the Xenopus early embryonic cell cycle: evidence from the effects of okadaic acid. EMBO J 9:675-683
195. Glotzer M, Murray AW, Kirschner MW 1991 Cyclin is degraded by the ubiquitin pathway. Nature 349:132-138
196. Lorca T, Fesquet D, Zindy F, Bouffant F, Cerruti M, Brechot C, Devauchelle G, Doree M 1991 An okadaic acid-sensitive phosphorylation negatively controls the cyclin degradation pathway in amphibian eggs. Mol Cell Biol 11:1171-1175
197. Davis FM, Tsao TY, Fowler SK, Rao PN 1983 Monoclonal antibodies to mitotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:2926-2930
198. Kuang J, Zhao J-Y, Wright DA, Saunders GF, Rao PN 1989 Mitosis specific monoclonal antibody MPM-2 inhibits Xenopus oocyte maturation and depletes maturation promoting activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:4982-4986
199. Bartelt DC, Fidel S, Färber LH, Wolff DJ, Hammell RL 1988 Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in Aspergillus nidulans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:3279-3283
200. Kornstein LB, Gaiso ML, Hammell RL, Bartelt DC 1992 Cloning and sequence determination of a cDNA encoding Aspergillus nidulans calmodulin-dependent multifunctional protein kinase. Gene 113:75-82
201. Kumagai A, Dunphy WG 1991 The cdc25 protein controls tyrosine dephosphorylation of the cdc2 protein in a cell-free system. Cell 64:903-914
202. cdc2 kinase in fission yeast. EMBO J 10:4301-4309
203. cdc2. Mol Biol Cell 3:73-84
204. +/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II leads to G2 arrest. EMBO J 11:507-517
205. 2+-calmodulin dependent event. EMBO J 10:2087-2093
206. Meyerhof PG, Masui Y 1977 Ca and Mg control of cytostatic factors from Rana pipiens oocytes which cause metaphase and cleavage arrest. Dev Biol 61:214-229
207. Shibuya EK, Masui Y 1988 Stabilization and enhancement of primary cytostatic factor (CSF) by ATP and NaF in amphibian egg cytosols. Dev Biol 129:253-264
208. Sagata N, Watanabe N, Vande Woude GF, Ikawa Y 1989 The cmos proto-oncogene product is a cytostatic factor responsible for meiotic arrest in vertebrate eggs. Nature 342:512-518
209. Watanabe N, Vande Woude GF, Ikawa Y, Sagata N 1989 Specific proteolysis of the c-mos proto-oncogene product by calpain on fertilization of Xenopus eggs. Nature 342:505-511
210. Cross NL 1981 Induction of its activation potential by an increase in intracellular calcium in eggs of the frog Rana pipiens. Dev Biol 85:380-384
211. Jaffe LF 1983 Elemental composition of the pervitelline fluid in early Drosophila embryos. Dev Biol 95: 265-276
212. 2+ wave follows fertilization in eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis. J Cell Biol 100:1325-1329
213. Kubota HY, Yoshimoto Y, Yoneda M, Hiramoto Y 1987 Free calcium wave upon activation in Xenopus eggs. Dev Biol 119:129136
214. 2+-dependent manner. FEBS Lett 273:253-256
215. Doonan JH, MacKintosh C, Osmani SA, Cohen P, Bai G, Lee EYC, Morris NR 1991 A cDNA encoding rabbit muscle protein phosphatase la complements the Aspergillus cell cycle mutation, WmGll. J Biol Chem 266:18889-18898