Immunity to intracellular bacteria

Annual Review of Immunology

Volumn 11, Issue , 1993, Pages 129-163

  Kaufmann, Stefan H E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULM   (Germany)

Author keywords

granuloma; interleukin; intracellular bacteria; T lymphocyte; tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; CD4 ANTIGEN; CYTOKINE;

HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; MONOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 0027462422     PISSN: 07320582     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.iy.11.040193.001021     Document Type: Review

References (220)

1. Hahn, H., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1981. Role of cell mediated immunity in bacterial infections. Rev. Infect. Dis. 3: 1221-50
2. Bloom, B. R., Modlin, R. L., Salgame, P. 1992. Stigma variations: observations on suppressor T cells and leprosy. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10: 453-88
3. Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1992. Cell-mediated immunity. In Leprosy, ed. E. C. Hastings. Edinburgh. In press
4. Kaufmann, S. H. E., Young, D. B. 1992. Vaccination against tuberculosis and leprosy. Immunobiology 184: 208-29
5. Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1988. Listeriosis: new findings, current concern. Microbial Pathogen. 5: 225-31
6. Portnoy, D. A., Chakraborty, T., Goebel, W., Cossart, P. 1992. Molecular determinants of Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis. Infect. Immun. 60: 1263-67
7. Conlan, J. W., North, R. J. 1991. Neutrophil-mediated dissolution of infected host cells as a defense strategy against a facultative intracellular bacterium. J. Exp. Med. 174: 741-44
8. + Listeria-immune T cells. Immunology 60: 287-93
9. Czuprynski, C. J., Henson, P. M., Campbell, P. A. 1985. Enhanced accumulation of inflammatory neutrophils and macrophages mediated by transfer of T cells from mice immunized with Listeria monocytogenes. J. Immunol. 134: 3449-54
10. Rosen, H., Gordon, S., North, R. J. 1989. Exacerbation of murine listeriosis by a monoclonal antibody specific for the type 3 complement receptor of myelomonocytic cells. J. Exp. Med. 170: 27-37
11. Weiss, S. J. 1989. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N. Engl. J. Med. 320: 365-76
12. Flesch, I., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1987. Mycobacterial growth inhibition by interferon-γ-activated bone marrow macrophages and differential susceptibility among strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 138: 4408-13
13. Flesch, I. E. A., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1990. Activation of tuberculostatic macrophage functions by Interferon-γ, Interleukin 4 and tumor necrosis factor. Infect. Immun. 58: 2675-77
14. Flesch, I. E. A., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1990. Stimulation of antibacterial macrophage activities by B cell stimulatory factor 2/Interleukin 6. Infect. Immun. 58: 269-71
15. Denis, M. 1991. Killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within human monocytes: activation by cytokines and calcitriol. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 84: 200-6
16. Rook, G. A. W., Taverne, J., Leveton, C., Steele, J. 1987. The role of gamma-interferon, vitamin D3 metabolites and tumor necrosis factor in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Immunology 62: 229-34
17. Douvas, G. S., Looker, D. L., Vatter, A. E., Crowle, A. J. 1985. Gamma interferon activates human macrophages to become tumoricidal and leishmanicidal but enhances replication of macrophage-associated mycobacteria. Infect. Immun. 50: 1-8
18. Crowle, A. H., Ross, E. J., May, M. H. 1987. Inhibition by 1,25 (OH)2-vitamin D3 of the multiplication of virulent tubercle bacilli in cultured human macrophages. Infect. Immun. 55: 2945-50
19. Lehrer, R. I., Ganz, T., Selsted, M. E. 1991. Defensins: endogenous antibiotic peptides of animal cells. Cell 64: 229-30
20. Flesch, I. E. A., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1988. Attempts to characterize the mechanisms involved in mycobacterial growth inhibition by interferon-γ activated bone marrow macrophages. Infect. Immun. 56: 1464-69
21. Denis, M. 1991. Interferon-gamma-treated murine macrophages inhibit growth of tubercle bacilli via the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates. Cell. Immunol. 132: 150-57
22. Chan, J., Xing, Y., Magliozzo, R. S., Bloom, B. R. 1992. Killing of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis by reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by activated murine macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 175: 1111-22
23. Stuehr, D. J., Marletta, M. A. 1987. Induction of nitrite/nitrate synthesis in murine macrophages by BCG infection, lymphokines, or interferon-γ. J. Immunol. 139: 518-25
24. Flesch, I. E. A., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1991. Mechanisms involved in mycobacterial growth inhibition by gamma-interferon activated bone marrow macrophages: Role of reactive nitrogen intermediates. Infect. Immun. 59: 3213-18
25. Curran, R. D., Billiar, T. R., Stuehr, D. J., Hofmann, K., Simmons, R. L. 1989. Hepatocytes produce nitrogen oxides from L-arginine in response to inflammatory products of Kupffer cells. J. Exp. Med. 170: 1769-74
26. Denis, M. 1991. Tumor necrosis factor and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor stimulate human macrophages to restrict growth of virulent Mycobacterium avium and to kill avirulent M. avium. Killing effector mechanism depends on the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates. J. Leukocyte Biol. 49: 380-87
27. Alford, C. E., King, T. E. Jr., Campbell, P. A. 1991. Role of transferrin, transferrin receptors, and iron in macrophage listericidal activity. J. Exp. Med. 174: 459-66
28. Byrd, T. F., Horwitz, M. A. 1989. Interferon-γ-activated human monocytes downregulate transferrin receptors and inhibit the intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila by limiting the availability of iron. J. Clin. Invest. 83: 1457-65
29. Fields, P. I., Groisman, E. A., Heffron, F. 1989. A Salmonella locus that controls resistance to microbicidal proteins from phagocytic cells. Science 243: 1059-62
30. Kaufmann, S. H. E., Reddehase, M. J. 1989. Infection of phagocytic cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2: 43-49
31. Isberg, R. R. 1991. Discrimination between intracellular uptake and surface adhesion of bacterial pathogens. Science 252: 934-38
32. Galàn, J .E., Pace, J., Hayman, M. J. 1992. Involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor in the invasion of cultured mammalian cells by Salmonella typhimurium. Nature 357: 588-89
33. Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1990. Heat shock proteins and the immune response. Immunol. Today 11: 129-36
34. Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1991. Heat shock proteins and pathogenesis of bacterial infections. Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 13: 25-36
35. Fields, P. I., Swanson, R. V., Haidaris, C. G., Heffron, F. 1986. Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium that cannot survive within the macrophage are avirulent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 5189-93
36. Buchmeier, N. A., Heffron, F. 1990. Induction of Salmonella stress proteins upon infection of macrophages. Science 248: 730-32
37. Johnson, K., Charles, I., Dougan, G., Pickard, D., O'Gaora, P., Costa, G., Au, T., Miller, I., Hormaeche, C. 1991. The role of a stress-response protein in Salmonella typhimurium virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 5: 401-7
38. Morgan, R. W., Christman, M. F., Jacobson, F. S., Storz, G., Ames, B. N. 1986. Hydrogen peroxide-inducible proteins in Salmonella typhimurium overlap with heat shock and other stress proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 8059-63
39. Christman, M. F., Morgan, R. W., Jacobson, F. S., Ames, B. N. 1985. Positive control of a regulon for defenses against oxidative stress and some heat shock proteins in Salmonella typhimurium. Cell 41: 753-62
40. Leimeister-Wachter, M., Domann, E., Chakraborty, T. 1992. The expression of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes is thermoregulatcd. J. Bacteriol. 174: 947-52
41. Stover, C. K., de la Cruz, V. F., Fuerst, T. R., Burlein, J. E., Benson, L. A., Bennett, L. T., Bansal, G. P., Young, J. F., Lee, M. H., Hatfull, G. F., Snapper, S. B., Barletta, R. G., Jacobs, R. W. Jr., Bloom, B. R. 1991. New use of BCG for recombinant vaccines. Nature 351: 456-60
42. Aldovini, A., Young, R. A. 1991. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to live recombinant BCG-HIV vaccines. Nature 351: 479-82
43. Craig, E. A., Gross, C. A. 1991. Is hsp70 the cellular thermometer? Trends Biochem. Sci. 16: 135-40
44. Gaillard, J.-L., Berche, P., Frehel, C., Gouin, E., Cossart, P. 1991. Entry of L. monocytogenes into cells is mediated by internalin, a repeat protein reminiscent of surface antigens from gram-positive cocci. Cell 65: 1127-41
45. Kuhn, M., Goebel, W. 1989. Identification of an extracellular protein of Listeria monocytogenes possibly involved in intracellular uptake by mammalian cells. Infect. Immun. 57: 55-61
46. North, R. J. 1970. The relative importance of blood monocytes and fixed macrophages to the expression of cell-mediated immunity to infection. J. Exp. Med. 132: 521-34
47. Lepay, D. A., Nathan, C. F., Steinman, R. M., Murray, H. W., Cohn, Z. A. 1985. Murine Kupffer cells. Mononuclear phagocytes deficient in the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates. J. Exp. Med. 161: 1079-96
48. Portnoy, D. A., Jacks, P. S., Hinrichs, D. J. 1988. Role of hemolysin for the intracellular growth of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Exp. Med. 167: 1459-71
49. Tilney, L. G., Portnoy, D. A. 1989. Actin filaments and the growth, movement, and spread of the intracellular bacterial parasite, Listeria monocytogenes. J. Cell. Biol. 109: 1597-608
50. Portnoy, D. A., Schreiber, R. D., Connelly, P., Tilney, L. G. 1989. Gamma interferon limits access of Listeria monocytogenes to the macrophage cytoplasm. J. Exp. Med. 170: 2141-46
51. Leake, E. S., Myrvik, Q. N., Wright, M. J. 1984. Phagosomal membranes of Mycobacterium bovis BCG-immune alveolar macrophages are resistant to disruption by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Infect. Immun. 45: 443-46
52. Abou-Zeid, C., Ratliff, T. L., Wiker, H. G., Harboe, M., Bennedsen, J., Rook, G. A. W. 1988. Characterization of fibronectin-binding antigens released by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect. Immun. 56: 3046-51
53. Borremans, M., de Wit, L., Volckaert, G., Ooms, J., De Bruyn, J., Huygen, K., van Vooren, J.-P., Stelandre, M., Verhofstadt, R., Content, J. 1989. Cloning, sequence determination and expression of a 32-kilodalton protein gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 57: 3123-30
54. Schlesinger, L. S., Bellinger-Kawahara, C. G., Payne, N. R., Horwitz, M. A. 1990. Phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is mediated by human monocyte complement receptors and complement component C3'. J. Immunol. 144: 2771-80
55. D'Arcy Hart, P., Young, M. R. 1991. Ammonium chloride, an inhibitor of phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages, concurrently induces phagosome-endosome fusion, and opens a novel pathway: studies of a pathogenic mycobacterium and a nonpathogenic yeast. J. Exp. Med. 174: 881-89
56. Gordon, A. H., D'Arcy Hart, P., Young, M. R. 1980. Ammonia inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages. Nature 286: 79-80
57. Goren, M. B., D'Arcy Hart, P., Young, M. R., Armstrong, J. A. 1976. Prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion in cultured macrophages by sulfatides of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 2510-14
58. Pabst, M. J., Gross, J. M., Brozna, J. P., Goren, M. B. 1988. Inhibition of macrophage priming by sulfatide from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 140: 634-40
59. Zhang, L., Goren, M. B., Holzer, T. J., Andersen, B. R. 1988. Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived sulfolipid I on human phagocytic cells. Infect. Immun. 56: 2876-83
60. Sibley, L. D., Hunter, S. W., Brennan, P. J., Krahenbuhl, J. L. 1988. Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan inhibits gamma interferon-mediated activation of macrophages. Infect. Immun. 56: 1232-36
61. Barnes, P. F., Grisso, C. L., Abrams, J. S., Band, H., Rea, T. H., Modlin, R. L. 1992. γ/δ T lymphocytes in human tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dis. 165: 506-12
62. Bancroft, G. J., Schreiber, R. D., Unanue, E. R. 1991. Natural immunity: A T-cell-independent pathway of macrophage activation defined in the scid mouse. Immunol. Rev. 124: 5-24
63. Nakane, A., Numata, A., Asano, M., Kohanawa, M., Chen, Y., Minagawa, T. 1990. Evidence that endogenous gamma interferon is produced early in Listeria monocytogenes infection. Infect. Immun. 58: 2386-88
64. Kawamura, I., Tsukada, H., Yoshikawa, H., Fujita, M., Nomoto, K., Mitsuyama, M. 1992. IFN-γ-producing ability as a potential marker for the protective T cells against Mycobacterium boris BCG in mice. J. Immunol. 148: 2887-93
65. + T lymphocytes protect mice against Listeria monocytogenes by secreting IFN-γ. J. Immunol. 141: 3203-7
66. Kaufmann, S. H. E., Hahn, H., Berger, R., Kirchner, H. 1983. Interferon-γ production by Listeria monocytogenes-specific T cells active in antibacterial immunity. Eur. J. Immunol. 13: 265-68
67. + T cells with cytolytic and protective activity. J. Immunol. 140: 3173-79
68. Follows, G. A., Munk, M. E., Gatrill, A. J., Conradt, P., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1992. Interferon-γ and IL-2 but no detectable interleukin 4 in γ/δ T cell cultures after activation with bacteria. Infect. Immun. 60: 1229-31
69. + T-cell clones: Heterogeneity in antigen recognition, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity for mononuclear phagocytes. Infect. Immun. 59: 2737-43
70. Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1983. Effective antibacterial protection induced by Listeria monocytogenes-specific T cell clone and its lymphokines. Infect. Immun. 39: 1265-70
71. Denis, M. 1991. Involvement of cytokines in determining resistance and acquired immunity in murine tuberculosis. J. Leuk. Biol. 50: 495-501
72. Buchmeier, N. A., Schreiber, R. D. 1985. Requirement of endogenous interferon-γ production for resolution of Listeria monocytogenes infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 7404-8
73. Kiderlen, A. F., Kaufmann, S. H. E., Lohmann-Matthes, M.-L. 1984. Protection of mice against the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes by recombinant immune interferon. Eur. J. Immunol. 14: 964-67
74. Barnes, P. F., Fong, S.-J., Brennan, P. J., Twomey, P. E., Mazumder, A., Modlin, R. L. 1990. Local production of tumor necrosis factor and IFN-γ in tuberculous pleuritis. J. Immunol. 145: 149-54
75. Kaplan, G., Cohn, Z. A. 1991. Leprosy and cell-mediated immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 3: 91-96
76. Denis, M., Gregg, E. O. 1990. Studies on cytokine activation of listericidal activity in murine macrophages. Can. J. Microbiol. 36: 671-75
77. Van Dissel, J. T., Stikkelbroeck, J. J. M., Michel, B. C., van den Barselaar, M. T., Leijh, P. C. J., Van Furth, R. 1987. Inability of recombinant interferon-γ to activate the antibacterial activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium. J. Immunol. 139: 1673-78
78. Rigby, W. F. C. 1988. The immunobiology of vitamin D. Immunol. Today 9: 33-63
79. Adams, J. S., Modlin, R. L., Diz, M. M., Barnes, P. F. 1989. Potentiation of the macrophage 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylation reaction by human tuberculous pleural effusion fluid. J. Clin. Endo. Metab. 69: 457-60
80. Barnes, P. F., Modlin, R. L., Bikle, D. D., Adams, J. S. 1989. Transpleural gradient of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in tuberculous pleuritis. J. Clin. Invest. 83: 1527-32
81. Adams, J. S., Gacad, M. A. 1985. Characterization of 1a-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 sterols by cultured alveolar macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis. J. Exp. Med. 161: 755-65
82. Wallis, R. S., Amir-Tahmasseb, M., Ellner, J. J. 1990. Induction of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor by mycobacterial proteins: the monocyte Western blot. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 3348-52
83. Ogawa, T., Uchida, H., Kusumoto, Y., Mori, Y., Yamamura, Y., Hamada, S. 1991. Increase in tumor necrosis factor-α- and interleukin-6-secreting cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 59: 3021-25
84. Moreno, C., Taverne, J., Mehlert, A., Bate, C. A. W., Brealey, R. J., Meager, A., Rook, G. A. W., Playfair, J. H. L. 1989. Lipoarabinomannan from Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces the production of tumor necrosis factor from human and murine macrophages. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 76: 240-45
85. Chatterjee, D., Robert, A. D., Lowell, K., Brennan, P. J., Orme, I. M. 1992. Structural basis of capacity of lipoarabinomannan to induce secretion of tumor necrosis factor. Infect. Immun. 60: 1249-53
86. Havell, E. A., Spitalny, G. L., Patel, P. J. 1982. Enhanced production of murine interferon-γ by T cells generated in response to bacterial infection. J. Exp. Med. 156: 112-27
87. Kaufmann, S. H. E., Flesch, I. E. A., Neukamm, B., Russ, F., Teixeira, H. C., Yamamoto, S. 1992. T cell subsets and cytokines in intracellular bacterial infections. In Cytokines: Basic Principles and Clinic Applications. Raven. In press
88. Desiderio, J. V., Kiener, P. A., Lin, P.-F., Warr, G. A. 1989. Protection of mice against Listeria monocytogenes infection by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha. Infect. Immun. 57: 1615-17
89. Kindler, V., Sappino, A.-P., Grau, G. E., Piquet, P.-F., Vassalli, P. 1989. The inducing role of tumor necrosis factor in the development of bactericidal granulomas during BCG infection. Cell 56: 731-40
90. Tracey, K. J., Cerami, A. 1989. Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor and other cytokines in infectious disease. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1: 454-61
91. Havell, E. A., Moldawer, L. L., Helfgott, D., Kilian, P. L., Sehgal, P. B. 1992. Type I IL-1 receptor blockade exacerbates murine listeriosis. J. Immunol. 148: 1486-92
92. Rogers, H. W., Sheehan, K. C. F., Brunt, L. M., Dower, S. K., Unanue, E. R., Schreiber, R. D. 1992. Interleukin 1 participates in the development of antilisteria responses in normal and scid mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 1011-15
93. Czuprynski, C. J., Brown, J. F., Young, K. M., Cooley, J., Kurtz, R. S. 1988. Effects of murine recombinant interleukin 1α on the host response to bacterial infection. J. Immunol. 140: 962-68
94. Denis, M. 1991. Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in murine macrophages and its modulation by cytokines; activation of bactericidal activity by interleukin-4 and interleukin-6. Can. J. Microbiol. 37: 253-57
95. Haak-Frendscho, M., Brown, J. F., Iizawa, Y., Wagner, R. D., Czuprynski, C. J. 1992. Administration of anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody 11B11 increases the resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. J. Immunol. 148: 3978-85
96. McInnes, A., Rennick, D. M. 1988. Interleukin 4 induces cultured monocytes/macrophages to form giant multi-nucleated cells. J. Exp. Med. 167: 598-611
97. Tepper, R. I., Pattengale, P. K., Leder, P. 1989. Murine interleukin-4 displays potent anti-tumor activity in vivo. Cell 57: 503-12
98. Havell, E. A. 1986. Synthesis and secretion of interferon by murine fibroblasts in response to intracellular Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 54: 787-92
99. +23 - T cells from Listeria monocytogenes-immune mice. Infect. Immun. 37: 1292-94
100. Havell, E. A., Sehgal, P. B. 1991. Tumor necrosis factor-independent IL-6 production during murine listeriosis. J. Immunol. 146: 756-61
101. Huygen, K., Vandenbussche, P., Heremans, H. 1991. Interleukin-6 production in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected mice. Cell. Imnnmol. 137: 224-31
102. Friedland, J. S., Remick, D. G., Shattock, R., Griffin, G. E. 1992. Secretion of interleukin-8 following phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human monocyte cell lines. Eur. J. Immunol. 22: 1373-78
103. Baggiolini, M., Walz, A., Kinkel, S. L. 1989. Neutrophil-activating peptide-1/interleukin 8, a novel cytokine that activates neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 84: 1045-49
104. Gronhoj Larsen, C., Anderson, A. O., Appella, E., Oppenheim, J. J., Matsushima, K. 1989. The neutrophil-activating protein (NAP-1) is also chemotactic for T lymphocytes. Science 243: 1464-66
105. Gregory, S. H., Wing, E. J., Tweardy, D. J., Shadduck, R. K., Lin, H.-S. 1992. Primary listerial infections are exacerbated in mice administered neutralizing antibody to macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J. Immunol. 149: 188-93
106. Cheers, C., Haigh, A. M., Kelso, A., Metcalf, D., Stanley, E. R., Young, A. M. 1988. Production of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) during infection: separate determinations of macrophage-, granulocyte-, granulocyte-macrophage-, and multi-CSFs. Infect. Immun. 56: 247-51
107. Serushago, B. A., Yoshikai, Y., Handa, T., Mitsuyama, M., Muramori, K., Nomoto, K. 1992. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) on murine resistance against Listeria monocytogenes. Immunology 75: 475-80
108. Emmerling, P., Finger, H., Bockemühl, J. 1974. Listeria monocytogenes infection in nude mice. Infect. Immun. 12: 437-39
109. Bancroft, G. J., Sheehan, K. C. F., Schreiber, R. D., Unanue, E. R. 1989. Tumor necrosis factor is involved in the T cell independent pathway of macrophage activation in seid mice. J. Immunol. 143: 127-30
110. Bancroft, G. J., Schreiber, R. D., Bosma, G. C., Bosma, M. J., Unanue, E. R. 1987. T cell independent mechanism of macrophage activation by interferon gamma. J. Immunol. 139: 1104-7
111. Poston, R. M., Kurlander, R. J. 1991. Analysis of the time course of IFN-γ mRNA and protein production during primary murine listeriosis. The immune phase of bacterial elimination is not temporally linked to IFN production in vivo. J. Immunol. 146: 4333-37
112. Holmberg, L. A., Ault, K .A. 1986. Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes-induced murine natural killer cells. Immunol. Res. 5: 50-60
113. North, R. J., Berche, P. A., Newborg, M. F. 1981. Immunologic consequences of antibiotic-induced abridgement of bacterial infection: effect on generation and loss of protective T cells and level of immunologic memory. J. Immunol. 127: 342-46
114. + T cells activated during infection. Microbial Pathogen. 1: 249-60
115. Janeway, C. A. 1992. The T cell receptor as a multicomponent signalling machine: CD4/CD8 coreceptors and CD45 in T cell activation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10: 645-74
116. Mosmann, T. R., Coffman, R. L. 1989. TH1 and TH2 cells: Different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7: 145-73
117. - cells. J. Infect. Dis. 164: 869-77
118. Zinkernagel, R. M. 1974. Restriction by H-2 gene complex of transfer of cell-mediated immunity to Listeria monocytogenes. Nature 251: 230-33
119. Pedrazzini, T., Louis, J. A. 1986. Functional analysis in vitro and in vivo of Mycobacterium bovis strains BCG-specific T cell clones. J. Immunol. 136: 1828-34
120. Kaufmann, S. H. E., Hahn, H. 1982. Biological functions of T cell lines with specificity for the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes in vitro and in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 155: 1754-65
121. + T cell clones from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-immune mice. Infect. Immun. 54: 291-96
122. Romagnani, S. 1991. Human TH1 and TH2 subsets: doubt no more. Immunol. Today 12: 256-257
123. Barnes, P. F., Mistry, S. D., Cooper, C. L., Pirmez, C., Rea, T. H., Modlin, R. L. 1989. Compartmentalization of a CD4-sup+ T lymphocyte subpopulation in tuberculous pleuritis. J. Immunol. 142: 1114-19
124. Emmrich, F., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1986. Human T cell clones with reactivity to Mycobacterium leprae as tools for the characterization of candidate vaccines against leprosy. Infect. Immun. 41: 879-83
125. Emmrich, F., Thole, J., Van Embden, J. D. A., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1986. A recombinant 64 kiloDalton protein of Mycobacterium bovis BCG specifically stimulates human T4 clones reactive to mycobacterial antigens. J. Exp. Med. 163: 1024-29
126. + cytotoxic T lymphocytes that lyse human monocytes. J. Exp. Med. 168: 1947-52
127. + T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 17: 237-46
128. Cooper, C. L., Mueller, C., Sinchaisri, T. A., Pirmez, C., Chan, J., Kaplan, G., Young, S. M. M., Weissman, I. L., Bloom, B. R., Rea, T. H., Modlin, R. L. 1989. Analysis of naturally occurring delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in leprosy by in situ hybridization. J. Exp. Med. 169: 1565-81
129. Singh, I. G., Mukherjee, R., Talwar, G. P., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1992. In vitro characterization of T cells from Mycobacterium w-vaccinated mice. Infect. Immun. 60: 257-63
130. Sher, A., Coffman, R. L. 1992. Regulation of immunity to parasites by T cells and T cell-derived cytokines. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10: 385-410
131. Flynn, J. L., Weiss, W. R., Norris, K. A., Seifert, H. S., Kumar, S., So, M. 1990. Generation of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response using a Salmonella antigen-delivery system. Mol. Microbiol. 4: 2111-18
132. + T cell-mediated protection against listeriosis. Protection correlates with phagocyte depletion but not with IFN-γ production. J. Immunol. 142: 2879-86
133. + T cells independently of the influx of monocytes into granulomatous lesions. J. Exp. Med. 170: 589-94
134. + cells in acquired immunity. Infect. Immun. 56: 1920-25
135. Pamer, E. G., Harty, J. T., Bevan, M .J. 1991. Precise prediction of a dominant class I MHC-restricted epitope of Listeria monocytogenes. Nature 353: 852-55
136. Lukacs, K., Kurlander, R.J. 1989. MHC-unrestricted transfer of anti-listerial immunity by freshly isolated immune CD8 spleen cells. J. Immunol. 143: 3731-36
137. Kaufmann, S. H. E., Simon, M. M., Hahn, H. 1979. Specific Lyt 123 T cells are involved in protection against Listeria monocytogenes and in delayed-type hypersensitivity to listerial antigens. J. Exp. Med. 150: 1033-38
138. Kaufmann, S. H. E., Hug, E., DeLibero, G. 1986. Listeria monocytogenes-reactive T lymphocyte clones with cytolytic activity against infected target cells. J. Exp. Med. 164: 363-68
139. DeLibero, G., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1986. Antigen-specific Lyt2+ cytolytic T lymphocytes from mice infected with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. J. Immunol. 137: 2688-94
140. DeLibero, G., Flesch, I., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1988. Mycobacteria reactive Lyt2+ T cell lines. Eur. J. Immunol. 18: 59-66
141. Rees, A. D. M., Scoging, A., Mehlert, A., Young, D. B., Ivanyi, J. 1988. Specificity of proliferative response of human CD8 clones to mycobacterial antigens. Eur. J. Immunol. 18: 1881-87
142. Moore, M. W., Carbone, F. R., Bevan, M. J. 1988. Introduction of soluble protein into the class I pathway of antigen processing and presentation. Cell 54: 777
143. + T cells requires secretion of hemolysin and intracellular bacterial growth. J. Immunol. 145: 3540-46
144. + T cells specific for a single nonamer epitope of Listeria monocytogenes are protective in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 175: 1531-38
145. Bouwer, H. G. A., Nelson, C. S., Gibbins, B. L., Portnoy, D. A., Hinrichs, D. J. 1992. Listeriolysin O is a target of the immune response to Listeria monocytogenes. J. Exp. Med. 175: 1467-71
146. Brown, M. L., Fields, P. E., Kurlander, R. J. 1992. Metabolic requirements for macrophage presentation of Listeria monocytogenes to immune CD8 cells. J. Immunol. 148: 555-61
147. + cytolytic T cells independent of hemolysin secretion and intracellular growth. Submitted
148. Pamer, E. G., Wang, C.-R., Flaherty, L., Fischer-Lindahl, K., Bevan, M. J. 1992. H2M3 presents a Listeria monocytogenes peptide to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cell 70: 215-23
149. Kurlander, R. J., Shawar, S. M., Brown, M. L., Rich, R. R. 1992. Specialized role for a murine class I-b MHC molecule in prokaryotic host defenses. Science 257: 678-79
150. Hubbard, R. D., Flory, C. M., Collins, F. M. 1991. Memory T cell-mediated resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in innately susceptible and resistant mice. Infect. Immun. 59: 2012-16
151. Orme, I. M., Miller, E. S., Roberts, A. D., Furney, S. K., Griffin, J. P., Dobos, K. M., Chi, D., Rivoire, B., Brennan, P. J. 1992. T lymphocytes mediating protection and cellular cytolysis during the course of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J. Immunol. 148: 189-96
152. + and Lyt2+ T cells. Infect. Immun. 55: 2037-41
153. Orme, I. M. 1987. The kinetics of emergence and loss of mediator T lymphocytes acquired in response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 138: 293-98
154. + cells in the immunologic control of infection with Mycobacterium bovis strain bacillus Calmette-Guérin in mice. Assessment by elimination of T cell subsets in vivo. J. Immunol. 139: 2032-37
155. + T cells. Infect. Immun. 48: 263-66
156. Janis, E. M., Kaufmann, S. H. E., Schwartz, R. H., Pardoll, A. M. 1989. Activation of γ/δ T cells in the primary immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 244: 713-17
157. Inoue, T., Yoshikai, Y., Matsuzaki, G., Nomoto, K. 1991. Early appearing γ/δ-bearing T cells during infection with Calmette Guèrin bacillus. J. Immunol. 146: 2754-62
158. Augustin, A., Kubo, R. T., Sim, G.-K. 1989. Resident pulmonary lymphocytes expressing the γ/δ T-cell receptor. Nature 340: 239-41
159. O'Brien, R. L., Happ, M. P., Dallas, A., Palmer, E., Kubo, R., Born, W. K. 1989. Stimulation of a major subset of lymphocytes expressing T cell receptor γ/δ by an antigen derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell 57: 667-74
160. O'Brien, R. L., Fu, Y.-X., Cranfill, R., Dallas, A., Ellis, C., Reardon, C., Lang, J., Carding, S. R., Kubo, R., Born, W. 1992. Heat shock protein hsp60-reactive γ/δ cells: A large, diversified T-lymphocyte subset with highly focused specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 4348-52
161. Uyemura, K., Deans, R. J., Band, H., Ohmen, J., Panchamoorthy, G., Morita, C. T., Rea, T. H., Modlin, R. L. 1991. Evidence for clonal selection of γ/δ T cells in response to a human pathogen. J. Exp. Med. 174: 683-92
162. Modlin, R. L., Pirmez, C., Hofmann, F. M., Torigian, V., Uyemura, K., Rea, T. H., Bloom, B. R., Brenner, M. B. 1989. Lymphocytes bearing antigen-specific γ/δ T cell receptors accumulate in human infectious disease lesions . Nature 339: 544-48
163. De Libero, G., Casorati, G., Giachino, C., Carbonara, C., Migone, N., Matzinger, P., Lanzavecchia, A. 1991. Selection by two powerful antigens may account for the presence of the major population of human peripheral γ/δ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 173: 1311-22
164. γ9-bearing cells. J. Exp. Med. 173: 1331-38
165. + T cells is activated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis but not by its 65-kD heat shock protein. J. Exp. Med. 171: 667-79
166. Tsuyuguchi, I., Kawasumi, H., Ueta, C., Yano, I., Kishimoto, S. 1991. Increase of T-cell receptor γ/δ-bearing T cells in cord blood of newborn babies obtained by in vitro stimulation with mycobacterial cord factor. Infect. Immun. 59: 3053-59
167. Parker, C. M., Groh, V., Band, H., Porcelli, S. A., Morita, C., Fabbi, M., Glass, D., Strominger, J. L., Brenner, M. B. 1990. Evidence for extrathymic changes in the T cell receptor γ/δ repertoire. J. Exp. Med. 171: 1597-612
168. - double negative lymphocytes by bacterial stimulation. Int. Immunol. 2: 775-85
169. Munk, M. E., Gatrill, A., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1990. Antigen-specific target cell lysis and interleukin-2 secretion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis-activated γ/δ T cells. J. Immunol. 145: 2434-39
170. δ2 T lymphocytes. Infect. Immun. 60: 2753-57
171. γ9 region. Nature 346: 572-74
172. Herman, A., Kappler, J. W., Marrack, P., Pullen, A. M. 1991. Superantigens: Mechanism of T-cell stimulation and role in immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9: 745-72
173. Pfeffer, K., Schoel, B., Gulle, H., Kaufmann, S. H. E., Wagner, H. 1990. Primary responses of human T cells to mycobacteria: a frequent set of γ/δ T cells are stimulated by protease-resistant ligands. Eur. J. Immunol. 20: 1175-79
174. Havlii, D. V., Ellner, J. J., Chervenak, K. A., Boom, W. H. 1991. Selective expansion of human γ/δ T cells by monocytes infected with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Invest. 87: 729-33
175. Falini, B., Flenghi, L., Pileri, S., Pelicci, P., Fagioli, M., Martelli, M. F., Moretta, L., Ciccone, E. 1989. Distribution of T cells bearing different forms of the T cell receptor γ/δ in normal and pathological human tissues. J. Immunol. 143: 2480-88
176. Tazi, A., Fajac, I., Soler, P., Valeyre, D., Battesti, J. P., Hance, A. J. 1991. Gamma/delta T lymphocytes are not increased in number in granulomatous lesions of patients with tuberculosis or sarcoidosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144: 1373-75
177. Ohga, S., Yoshikai, Y., Takeda, Y., Hiromatsu, K., Nomoto, K. 1990. Sequential appearance of γ/δ- and α/β-bearing T cells in the peritoneal cavity during an i.p. infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Eur. J. Immunol. 20: 533-38
178. Hiromatsu, K., Yoshikai, Y., Matsuzaki, G., Ohga, S., Muramori, K., Matsumoto, K., Bluestone, J. A., Nomoto, K. 1992. A protective role of γ/δ T cells in primary infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice. J. Exp. Med. 175: 49-56
179. Kaufmann, S. H. E., Russ, F., Teixeira, H. C., Arnoldi, J., Mombaerts, P., Tonegawa, S. 1992. Experimental listeriosis in δ-knock-out mice and β-knock-out mice. In preparation
180. Mombaerts, P., Clarke, A. R., Rudnicki, M. A., Iacomini, J., Itohara, S., Lafaille, J. J., Wang, L., Ichikavva, Y., Jaenisch, R., Hooper, M. L., Tonegawa, S. 1992. Mutations in T-cell antigen receptor genes α and β block thymocyte development at different stages. Nature 360: 225-31
181. Mombaerts, P., Tonegawa, S. 1992. Personal communication.
182. Reynolds, H. Y. 1991. Immunologic system in the respiratory tract. Physiol. Rev. 71: 1117-33
183. Brandtzaeg, P., Sollid, L. M., Thrane, P. S., Kvale, D., Bjerke, K., Scott, H., Kett, K., Rognum, T. O. 1988. Lympho-epithelial interactions in the mucosal immune system. Gut 29: 1116-30
184. Allison, J. P., Havran, W. L. 1991. The immunobiology of T cells with invariant γ/δ antigen receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9: 679-705
185. Racz, P., Tenner, K., Mero, E. 1972. Experimental Listeria enteritis. I. An electron microscopic study of the epithelial phase in experimental listeria infection. Lab. Invest. 26: 694-700
186. Taguchi, T., Aicher, W. K., Funihashi, K., Yamamoto, M., McGhee, J. R., Bluestone, J. A., Kiyono, H. 1991. Novel function for intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Murine CD3+, γ/δ TCR+ T cells produce IFN-γ and IL-5. J. Immunol. 147: 3736-44
187. Viney, J. L., Kilshaw, P. J., MacDonald, T. T. 1990. Cytotoxic α/β+ and γ/δ+ T cells in murine intestinal epithelium. Eur. J. Immunol. 20: 1623-26
188. Yamamoto, S., Russ, F., Teixera, H. C., Conradt, P., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1992. Listeria monocytogenes induced interferon-γ secretion by intestinal intraepithelial γ/δ T lymphocytes. Submitted
189. Mielke, M. E. A., Rosen, H., Brocke, S., Peters, C., Hahn, H. 1992. Protective immunity and granuloma formation arc mediated by two distinct tumor necrosis factor α- and γ-interferon-dependent T cell-phagocyte interactions in murine listeriosis: dissociation on the basis of phagocyte adhesion mechanisms. Infect. Immun. 60: 1875-82
190. Gervais, F., Desforges, C., Skamene, E. 1989. The C5-sufficient A/J congenic mouse strain. Inflammatory response and resistance to Listeria monocytogenes. J. Immunol. 142: 2057-60
191. Larrick, J. W., Graham, D., Toy, K., Lin, L. S., Senyk, G., Fendly, B. M. 1987. Recombinant tumor necrosis factor causes activation of human granulocytes. Blood 69: 640-44
192. + cells, and the effect of administration of recombinant murine interferon-γ in listerial infection. J. Exp. Med. 171: 1141-54
193. + T lymphocytes in intracellular microbial infections. Immunol. Today 9: 168-74
194. Dannenberg, A. M. Jr. 1991. Delayed-type hypersensitivity and cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Immunol. Today 12: 228-33
195. Andersen, P., Askgaard, D., Ljungqvist, L., Weis Bentzon, M., Heron, I. 1991. T-cell proliferative response to antigens secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 59: 1558-63
196. Schoel, B., Gulle, H., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1992. The T cell repertoire of tuberculosis patients and healthy contacts towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens separated by high resolution techniques. Infect. Immun. 60: 1717-20
197. Gulle, H., Schoel, B., Chiplunkar, S., Gangal, S., Deo, M.G., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1992. T cell responses of leprosy patients and healthy contacts towards separated protein antigens of Mycobacterium leprae. Int. J. Leprosy 60: 44-53
198. Daugelat, S., Gulle, H., Schoel, B., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1992. Secreted antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Characterization with T lymphocytes from patients and contacts after two dimensional separation. J. Infect. Dis. 166: 186-90
199. Gulle, H., Schoel, B., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1990. Direct blotting of protein mixtures with cells after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. J. Immunol. Meth. 133: 253-61
200. Cluff, C. W., Ziegler, H. K. 1987. Inhibition of macrophage-mediated antigen presentation by hemolysin-producing Listeria monocytogenes. J. Immunol. 139: 3808-12
201. Morein, B., Sundquist, B., Hoglund, S., Dalsgaard, K., Osterhaus, A. 1984. Iscom, a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from enveloped viruses. Nature 308: 457-60
202. Kaufmann, S. H. E., Väth, U., Thole, J. E. R., Van Embden, J. D. A., Emmrich, F. 1987. Enumeration of T cells reactive with Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms and specific for the recombinant mycobacterial 65 kiloDalton protein. Eur. J. Immunol. 178: 351-57
203. Munk, M. E., Schoel, B., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1988. T cell responses of normal individuals towards recombinant protein antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur. J. Immunol. 18: 1835-38
204. Kaufmann, S. H. E., Schoel, B., Koga, T., Wand-Württenberger, A., Munk, M. E., Steinhoff, U. 1991. Heat shock protein 60: Implications for pathogenesis of and protection against bacterial infections. Immunol. Rev. 121: 67-90
205. Munk, M. E., Schoel, B., Modrow, S., Karr, R. W., Young, R. A., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1989. Cytolytic T lymphocytes from healthy individuals with specificity to self epitopes shared by the mycobacterial and human 65 kDa heat shock protein. J. Immunol. 143: 2844-49
206. Lamb, J. R., Ivanyi, J., Rees, A. D. M., Rothbard, J. B., Howland, K., Young, R. A., Young, D. B. 1987. Mapping of T cell epitopes using recombinant antigens and synthetic peptides. EMBO 6: 1245-49
207. Lussow, A. R., Barrios, C., Van Embden, J. D. A., Van der Zee, R., Verdini, A. S., Pessi, A., Louis, J. A., Lambert, P.-H., Del Giudice, G. 1991. Mycobacterial heat-shock proteins as carrier molecules. Eur. J. Immunol. 21: 2297-302
208. Barrios, C., Lussow, A. R., Van Embden, J. D. A., Van der Zee, R., Rappuoli, R., Costantino, P., Louis, J. A., Lambert, P.-H., Del Giudice, G. 1992. Mycobacterial heat-shock proteins as carrier molecules. II. The use of the 70-kDa mycobacterial heat-shock protein as carrier for conjugated vaccines can circumvent the need for adjuvants and Bacillus Calmette Guérin priming. Eur. J. Immunol. 22: 1365-72
209. Born, W., Hall, L., Dallas, A., Boymel, J., Shinnick, T., Young, D., Brennan, P., O'Brien, R. 1990. Recognition of a peptide antigen by heat shock-reactive γ/δ T lymphocytes. Science 249: 67-69
210. Haregewoin, A., Singh, B., Gupta, R. S., Finberg, R. W. 1991. A mycobacterial heat-shock protein-responsive γ/δ T cell clone also responds to the homologous human heat-shock protein: a possible link between infection and autoimmunity. J. Infect. Dis. 163: 156-60
211. Rajasekar, R., Sim, G.-K., Augustin, A. 1990. Self heat shock and γ/δ T-cell reactivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 1767-71
212. Koga, T., Wand-Württenberger, A., DeBruyn, J., Munk, M.E., Schoel, B., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1989. T cells against a bacterial heat shock protein recognize stressed macrophages. Science 245: 1112-15
213. - T helper cell lines that express the γ/δ T-cell antigen receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 7020-24
214. Wucherpfennig, K. W., Newcombe, J., Li, H., Keddy, C., Cuzner, M. L., Hafler, D. A. 1992. γ/δ T-cell receptor repertoire in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 4588-92
215. Steinhoff, U., Schoel, B., Kaufmann, S. H. E. 1990. Lysis of interferon-γ activated Schwann cells by cross reactive CD8 α/β T cells with specificity to the mycobacterial 65 kDa heat shock protein. Int. Immunol. 2: 279-84
216. Selmaj, K., Brosnan, C. F., Raine, C. S. 1991. Colocalization of lymphocytes bearing γ/β T-cell receptor and heat shock protein hsp65+ oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 6452-56
217. Hermann, E., Lohse, A. W., Van der Zee, R., van Eden, W., Mayet, W. J., Probst, P., Poralla, T., Meyer zum Bu-Uum·schenfelde, H.-K., Fleischer, B. 1991. Synovial fluid-derived Yersinia-reactive T cells responding to human 65-kDa heat-shock protein and heat-stressed antigen-presenting cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 21: 2139-43
218. Cohen, I. R. 1991. Autoimmunity to chaperonins in the pathogenesis of arthritis and diabetes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9: 567-89
219. De Graeff-Meeder, E. R., Van der Zee, R., Rijkers, G. T., Schuurman, H.-J., Kuis, W., Bijlsma, J. W. J., Zegers, B. J. M., van Eden, W. 1991. Recognition of human 60 kD heat shock protein by mononuclear cells from patients with juvenile chronic arthritis. Lancet 337: 1368-72
220. Jarjour, W., Mizzen, L. A., Welch, W. J., Denning, S., Shaw, M., Mimura, T., Haynes, B. F., Winfield, J. B. 1990. Constitutive expression of a groEL-related protein on the surface of human cells. J. Exp. Med. 172: 1857-60