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Volumn 16, Issue 12, 1993, Pages 1392-1414

Literature review of the usefulness of nerve conduction studies and electromyography for the evaluation of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome

Author keywords

carpal tunnel syndrome; electromyography; literature review; nerve conduction study; reference values; sensitivity; specificity

Indexed keywords

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; COST; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; ELECTRODIAGNOSIS; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; HUMAN; LATENT PERIOD; MEDIAN NERVE; MOTOR NERVE CONDUCTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; RADIAL NERVE; REVIEW; RISK; SENSORY NERVE CONDUCTION; THENAR; ULNAR NERVE;

EID: 0027452054     PISSN: 0148639X     EISSN: 10974598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mus.880161220     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (613)

References (170)
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    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4,5,6) Source: Dunnan, 1991. Abstract: With stimulation of the middle or index finger and recording over the median nerve at the wrist, orthodromic SNAPs and DSLs were determined in 120 controls. Orthodromic ulnar SNAPs and DSL were determined after stimulation of the ring finger or little finger and recording at the wrist and 44 controls. They report cases of abnormal DSL in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, toxic neuropathy, early diabetic neuropathy and other peripheral nerve involvement problems
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    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,3,4,5) Source: Redmond, 1988. Abstract: With stimulation at the wrist and recording over the ring finger, the median and ulnar nerve DSL were recorded across the wrist; 37 normal subjects and 18 cases of CTS were evaluated. The difference between median and ulnar DSL to the ring finger was abnormal in all 18 CTS patients
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    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,3,5,6) Source: Medline search. Abstract: The following techniques were studied: (a) stimulation in the palm between the third and fourth metacarpals and median recording at the wrist and (b) stimulation at the wrist and CMAP recording over the ABP. Distal latencies, amplitudes, duration of response and residual latencies were evaluated; 390 patients were studied, all these were symptomatic and many of them had CTS. The results suggest that amplitude, duration and conduction velocity are relatively poorly correlated and independent variables. There is a very high correlation between residual latency and distal motor latency, thus suggesting limited usefulness for residual latency in the diagnosis of CTS
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    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,2,3,5,6) Source: Palliyath, 1990. Abstract: With stimulation at the wrist and midpalm and recording SNAPs over the index finger and CMAPs from the APB, NCVs were determined across the carpal tunnel for both motor and sensory nerves; 50 hands from 25 control subjects and 20 hands from 13 patients with mild CTS were evaluated. The motor and sensory NCV across the carpal tunnel were more likely to be abnormal than conventional DSLs and DMLs determined from the wrist
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    • 0018734033 scopus 로고
    • The carpal tunnel syndrome: Localization of conduction abnormalities within the distal segment of the median nerve
    • Criteria Met (6/6) Source: Shurr, 1986. Abstract: With stimulation at the wrist and palm, orthodromic SNAPS were recorded over the index finger and median CMAP from the wrist to APB were recorded from 122 hands from 61 normals and 172 hands from 105 CTS patients. Sixty‐one percent of the median CMAPS were abnormal, 63% of the wrist‐to‐finger latencies were abnormal and 81 % of the wrist to palm latencies were abnormal. They also reported cases where 1 cm inching stimulation across the carpal tunnel was abnormal in patients with otherwise normal studies
    • (1979) Brain , vol.102 , pp. 619-635
    • Kimura, J1
  • 85
    • 0021917393 scopus 로고
    • The carpal tunnel syndrome: Electrophysiological aspects of 639 symptomatic extremities
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,2,3,5) Source: Mortier, 1988. Abstract: The following techniques were studied: (a) with stimulation at the elbow, wrist and mid‐palm, orthodromic DSL were determined to the index finger, (b) DMLs were determined to the APB after stimulation at the wrist and elbow and (c) electromyography in 639 symptomatic hands from 438 CTS patients and 175 extremities of 148 normal subjects. There was a relative slowing of the sensory NCV across the carpal tunnel as compared to the forearm in 100% of the patients with CTS. This was more sensitive than the median DSL and DML. Forty percent of the patients had abnormalities on EMG with 21.7% having positive sharp waves or fibrillations
    • (1985) Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.25 , pp. 151-164
    • Kimura, I1    Ayyar, DR2
  • 88
    • 0020581116 scopus 로고
    • Median nerve residual latency: Normal value and use in diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,3,5,6) Source: Bleecker, 1987. Abstract: With stimulation at the elbow and wrist and recording over the ABP, DMLs and forearm NCVs were determined in 100 normal subjects and three CTS patients. The residual latency (DML distance between stimulation and recording electrodes in mm / forearm NCV in m/s). They present three cases where the residual latency was the only abnormality found
    • (1983) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.64 , pp. 221-226
    • Kraft, GH1    Halvorson, GA2
  • 91
    • 0025869566 scopus 로고
    • Orthodromic sensory conduction along the ring finger in normal subjects and in patients with a carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4,5,6) Source: Medline search. Abstract: With stimulation of the ring finger using ring electrodes and needle electrode recording with averaging at the wrist over the median and ulnar nerves, DSLs and median‐ulnar differences were recorded in 23 normal volunteers and 38 CTS patients. Their findings suggest that the median‐ulnar orthodromic DSL difference from the ring finger was a useful screening technique in the diagnosis of CTS, but did not identify every patient when compared to stimulation of thumb and/or middle finger
    • (1991) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.81 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-23
    • Lauritzen, M1    Liguori, R2    Trojaborg, W3
  • 92
    • 0023243934 scopus 로고
    • Lumbrical sparing in carpal tunnel syndrome: Anatomic, physiologic, and diagnostic implications
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4,5,6) Source: Medline search. Abstract: With stimulation at the wrist, simultaneous recording of CMAP to the second lumbrical and APB were recorded in 61 patients with CTS (as defined by electrophysiologic criteria) and in 16 normal subjects They found that the lumbrical distal latency was relatively spared when compared to the distal latency to the APB and that this may be a sensitive test that could be used in addition to other tests for the diagnosis of CTS. They also found that it was not specific for CTS since it occasionally was abnormal in more proximal lesions of the median nerve
    • (1987) Neurology , vol.37 , Issue.9 , pp. 1499-1505
    • Logigian, EL1    Busts, NA2    Berger, AR3    Bruynincky, F4    Khalil, N5    Shahani, BT6    Young, RR7
  • 93
    • 0015166506 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of median and ulnar sensory nerve action potentials in the diagnosis of the carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,2,3,5,6) Source: Macleod, 1987. Abstract: With stimulation at the index and little fingers and recording at the wrist over the median and ulnar nerves, DSL and SNAP amplitudes were recorded in 30 healthy female subjects and 22 hands in 15 CTS patients. They found that the median‐to‐ulnar SNAP amplitude ratio of less than 1 was a sensitive test in the diagnosis of CTS and particularly useful in patients who showed a normal DML and DSL
    • (1971) J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 750-754
    • Loong, SC1    Seah, CS2
  • 94
    • 0017603660 scopus 로고
    • The carpal tunnel syndrome: A clinical and electrophysiological study of 250 patients
    • Criteria Met (3/6: 1,2,6) Source: Holmgren, 1987
    • (1977) Proc Aust Assoc Neurol , vol.14 , pp. 51-62
    • Loong, SC1
  • 95
    • 0023137376 scopus 로고
    • Symptomatic relief following carpal tunnel decompression with normal electroneuromyographic studies (retracted by Hankin and Louis in two subsequent issues, Orthopedics 1988; 11(4):532 and Orthopedics 1988; 11(4): 1244)
    • Criteria Met (1/6: 2) Source: Medline search
    • (1987) Orthopedics , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 434-436
    • Louis, DS1    Hankin, FM2
  • 99
    • 0025339334 scopus 로고
    • Carpal tunnel syndrome: Which finger should be tested? An analysis of 1410 sensory conduction in digital branches of the median nerve
    • Criteria Met (3/6: 1,2,3) Source: Medline search
    • (1990) Muscle Nerve , vol.13 , Issue.7 , pp. 601-606
    • Macdonell, RA1    Schwartz, MS2    Swash, M3
  • 100
    • 2442722930 scopus 로고
    • Carpal tunnel syndrome: A comparison of distal sensory latencies of median and radial nerves
    • Criteria Met (0/6) (Abstract Only) Source: Rivner, 1991
    • (1981) Muscle Nerve , vol.4 , pp. 444
    • MacLean, IC1    Sik Cho, D2
  • 101
    • 0023177153 scopus 로고
    • Repeater F‐waves: A comparison of sensitivity with sensory antidromic wrist‐to‐palm latency and distal motor latency in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4,5,6) Source: Medline search. Abstract: With stimulation at the wrist and recording of F waves over the APB, the frequency of repeater F waves (identical recurring F waves in latency, configuration and amplitude) was determined by measuring 100 supermaximal shocks; 209 healthy hands and 147 entrapped median nerves were evaluated. The repeater F waves was compared to the sensory 1 cm DSL inching latency across the wrist. A high percent repeater F wave value was considered indicative of CTS and the sensitivity approaches that of the sensory antidromic Inching technique across the carpal tunnel
    • (1987) Neurology , vol.37 , Issue.5 , pp. 773-778
    • Macleod, WN1
  • 102
    • 0020568094 scopus 로고
    • Carpal tunnel syndrome: Median nerve stress test
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,2,3,5.6) Source; Borg, 1986. Abstract: With median stimulation at the wrist and recording over the APB and ring electrodes to the index finger, DML and DSL were obtained from the median nerve in the neutral position, then in extreme tolerable extension at 5 minutes and 10 minutes followed by the testing in the extreme tolerable flexion position after 5 and 10 minutes. An orthosis was divised to enable the wrist to be held in extreme tolerable extension which ranged from 45°–85° and extreme tolerable flexion which ranged from 45°–90°. Fourteen hands in 14 patients who had CTS and 12 hands from 12 volunteers were evaluated. Of the 14 patients, five of these had normal DSL and DML latencies in the neutral position. Three of these five showed an increase in DSL from the upper range of normal to above normal following extension or flexion
    • (1983) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.64 , pp. 206-208
    • Marin, EL1    Vernick, S2    Friedmann, LW3
  • 103
    • 0345166616 scopus 로고
    • Comparative value of measurement of conduction velocity and electromyography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,2,3,5) Source: Nathan, 1988. Abstract: With stimulation at the wrist, elbow and axilla, and recording over the APB, motor NCVs and DMLs were determined in 204 patients having carpal tunnel syndrome and 64 control subjects. Electromyography was also performed in this group; 70% of CTS cases had abnormal wrist DML and the EMG was abnormal in 96% of the cases (fibrillations, polyphasic units, and large amplitude motor units). Sensory latencies were also recorded in 23 CTS patients
    • (1964) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.45 , pp. 548-554
    • Marinacci, AA1
  • 104
    • 0022728964 scopus 로고
    • Use of a wheel esthesiometer for testing sensibility in the hand
    • Criteria Met (3/6: 1,2,3) Source: Medllne search
    • (1986) J Hand Surg (Br) , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 182-186
    • Marsh, DR1
  • 105
    • 0015031077 scopus 로고
    • Antidromic digital and palmar nerve action potentials
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4,5,6) Source: Buchthal, 1974. Abstract: With stimulation at the elbow and wrist and recording over the middle finger, SNAPs and DSLs from the median nerve were recorded in 21 normal subjects. With stimulation over the ulnar nerve at the elbow and wrist, antidromic SNAPs and DSLs were recorded in 13 normal subjects. No CTS patients were studied
    • (1971) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.30 , pp. 210-221
    • Mavor, H1    Shiozawa, R2
  • 106
    • 2442748182 scopus 로고
    • Nerve conduction studies in man
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4.5,6) Source: Kraft. 1983. Abstract: The following techniques were studied in 64 normals and 31 diabetics without peripheral neuropathy: (a) stimulation in axilla, above elbow and wrist with recording of the CMAP over the APB. Surface and concentric needle electrodes were used, (b) with stimulation in the axilla, above the elbow and wrist, SNAPs were recorded from digital nerves using surface and needle electrodes, (c) ulnar, (d) peroneal, (e) tibial and (f) H‐reflex. They found a slight decrease in NCV in patients older than 50, and in patients with diabetes mellitus without clinical signs of peripheral neuropathy. No CTS patients were studied
    • (1962) Neurology , vol.12 , pp. 733-744
    • Mayer, RF1
  • 107
    • 0013941114 scopus 로고
    • Sensory and motor conduction velocities in the ulnar and median nerves
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,3,5,6) Source: Joynt, 1989. Abstract: The following techniques were studied: (a) orthodromic SNAPs were recorded from the median nerve at the wrist and elbow, (b) orthodromic SNAPs were recorded from the ulnar nerve after stimulation of the ring and little fingers and recording over the wrist and elbow, (c) antidromic SNAPs were recorded from the median and ulnar nerve after reversing the electrodes for the orthodromic SNAPs, (d) median CMAPs recording over the opponens pollicus, and (e) ulnar CMAP over the abductor digiti quinti. The orthodromic NCVs were determined in 48 normal persons, motor conduction NCVs were determined in 47 normal people and antidromic SNAPs were completed in 36 normal people. No CTS patients were studied. They found there was no significant difference between orthodromic and antidromic sensory NCVs and that the fastest afferent sensory NCVs were faster than the fastest efferent motor fibers
    • (1966) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.47 , pp. 511-519
    • Melvin, JL1    Harris, DH2    Johnson, EW3
  • 108
    • 0015583804 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic specificity of motor and sensory nerve conduction variables in the carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,2,3,5,6) Source: Redmond, 1988. Abstract: With stimulation at the wrist and recording CMAP over the APB and SNAP over the index and middle finger, latency, velocities and amplitudes were determined from 24 normal volunteers and 19 patients with CTS. They found that the DSL followed by the DML were the best tests and that sensory duration, sensory amplitude, motor amplitude and motor duration were not sensitive
    • (1973) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.54 , pp. 69-74
    • Melvin, JL1    Schuchmann, JA2    Lanese, RR3
  • 109
    • 0025377570 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative sensory thresholds in carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,2,3,4,6) Source: Medline search. Abstract: Twenty‐eight hands from 23 patients with CTS as defined by one or more of these abnormal NCS's; orthodromic DSL median‐ulnar difference from ring finger‐to‐wrist, palm‐to‐wrist median DSL, finger‐to‐wrist median DSL, or DML from the wrist‐to‐APB. Quantitative sensory threshold (QST) testing was done using vibration thresholds and thermal sensitivity thresholds comparing the index to little finger in 23 age matched controls. Abnormal QST was found in only three of the 28 symptomatic hands (11 %) and was found to be much less sensitive than NCS's
    • (1990) Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 119-124
    • Merchut, MP1    Kelly, MA2    Toleikis, SC3
  • 111
    • 0024853719 scopus 로고
    • Liquid crystal thermography: Quantitative studies of abnormalities in carpal tunnel syndrome (comments in Neurology 1990;40(7) :1146)
    • Criteria Met (2/6: 1,2) Source: Medline search
    • (1989) Neurology , vol.39 , Issue.11 , pp. 1465-1469
    • Meyers, S1    Cros, D2    Sherry, B3    Vermeire, P4
  • 112
    • 0021881974 scopus 로고
    • Orthodromic sensory action potentials from palmar stimulation in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4,5,6) Source: Golding, 1986. Abstract: While recording at the wrist over the median and ulnar nerves, SNAPS were elicited by stimulation over the index and little fingers and from stimulation in the palm (mixed nerve) 72 hands with CTS, 53 healthy hands and 20 hands of patients with unrelated neurological conditions were evaluated. They found that the palm‐to‐wrist conduction velocity and the palm‐to‐wrist medianulnar comparison was more likely to be abnormal than the DSL or DML. They also found no significant difference between the normal control group and the 20 hands with unrelated neurologic conditions
    • (1985) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 250-255
    • Mills, KR1
  • 113
    • 0023883645 scopus 로고
    • A diagnostic test for carpal tunnel syndrome using ultrasound
    • Criteria Met (3/6: 1,3,5) Source: Medline search
    • (1988) J Hand Surg (Br) , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 40-41
    • Molitor, PJ1
  • 114
    • 0020141546 scopus 로고
    • Carpal tunnel syndrome measurement of sensory potentials using ring and index fingers
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,2,3,5) Source: Redmond, 1988. Abstract: With stimulation of D4, orthodromic SNAPs were simultaneously recorded at the wrist over the median and ulnar nerves in 15 control subjects and 30 CTS patients and the results compared to median sensory studies with D2 stimulation The D4 SNAP was absent or the peak latency prolonged more frequently than the D2 SNAP in patients with CTS
    • (1982) Am J Phys Med , vol.61 , pp. 123-129
    • Monga, TN1    Laidlow, DM2
  • 115
    • 0021930119 scopus 로고
    • Sensory palmar stimulation in diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,2,3,5,6) Source: Jackson, 1989. Abstract: The following techniques were studied: (a) ring stimulation over the index and little fingers and recording at the wrist over the median and ulnar nerve, (b) median palm stimulation and recording at the wrist, and (c) wrist stimulation over median and ulnar nerves and recording over the APB and ADM were evaluated in 36 hands in 22 CTS patients and 22 normal patients. They found the palm‐to‐wrist stimulation to be abnormal in 88%, the median index finger DSL (in 86%), median‐ulnar finger DSL comparison (in 81%) and median DML (in 81 %)
    • (1985) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.66 , pp. 598-600
    • Monga, TN1    Shanks, GL2    Poole, BJ3
  • 117
    • 0025697138 scopus 로고
    • The role of thoracic outlet syndrome in the double crush syndrome
    • Criteria Met (1/6: 2) Source: Medline search
    • (1990) Am Hand Surg , vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp. 331-340
    • Narkas, AD1
  • 118
    • 0023752663 scopus 로고
    • Sensory segmental latency values of the median nerve for a population of normal individuals
    • Criteria Met (6/6) Source: Medline search. Abstract: With stimulation at 1 cm intervals at the wrist and across the carpal tunnel and recording over the middle finger, 70 normal hands tunnel and recording over the middle finger, 70 normal hands and 54 CTS hands were evaluated for relative sensitivity and specificity at 2 levels of abnormality. At 0.5 ms abnormality, the specificity was 97% and sensitivity was 54%. At 0.4 ms or greater, the sensitivity improved to 81 % and specificity dropped to 81 %. The positive predictive value at 0.5 ms was 93% and decreased to 77% at the 0.4 msec abnormality
    • (1988) Arch Phys Med Rehahil , vol.69 , Issue.7 , pp. 499-501
    • Nathan, PA1    Meadows, KD2    Doyle, LS3
  • 119
    • 0023684878 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of age and sex to sensory conduction of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel and association of slowed conduction with symptoms
    • Criteria Met (3/6: 1,2,4) Source: Medline search
    • (1988) Muscle & Nerve , vol.11 , Issue.11 , pp. 1149-1153
    • Nathan, PA1    Meadows, KD2    Doyle, LS3
  • 120
    • 0025210023 scopus 로고
    • Location of impaired sensory conduction of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (6/6) Source: Medline search. Abstract: Stimulation in 1‐cm segments across the carpal tunnel was done from 2 cm proximal to the distal wrist crease (DWC) to 6 cm distal and SNAP latencies were recorded over the middle finger in 70 normal and 217 CTS hands. The focal areas of slowing were reported with the most common area of slowing 3‐4 cm distal to the DWC with slowing proximal to the DWC being unusual
    • (1990) J Hand Surg (Br) , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 89-92
    • Nathan, PA1    Srinivasan, H2    Doyle, LS3    Meadows, KD4
  • 121
    • 0024259770 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of outcome of decompression for carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (1/6: 3) Source: Medline search
    • (1988) J Hand Surg (Br) , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 391-394
    • Nau, HE1    Lange, B2    Lange, S3
  • 122
    • 0015862316 scopus 로고
    • Sensory and motor nerve conduction in the median nerve in normal subjects
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4,5,6) Source: Buchthal, 1974. Abstract: Orthodromic SNAPs were recorded over the median nerve using needle electrodes at the wrist and elbow after stimulation of the thumb and middle fingers. CMAPs were recorded with concentric needle electrodes placed in the endplate zone of the APB after stimulation at the wrist and elbow. NCVs were determined for 28 male and 20 female normal subjects aged 16‐62 years. There was no significant difference in NCV between male and female subjects. There was a decrease in NCV with increasing age. No CTS patients were studied
    • (1973) Acta Med Scand , vol.194 , pp. 435-443
    • Nielsen, VK1
  • 123
    • 0024975733 scopus 로고
    • Occupational Disease Surveillance: Carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Background Reference Source: Baker, 1990
    • (1989) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.38 , pp. 485-489
  • 125
    • 0025045691 scopus 로고
    • Refractory studies in early detection of carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4,5,6) Source: Medline search. Abstract: Using paired stimuli and varying the interstimulus interval, the absolute refractory period (ARP) and relative refractory period (RRP), were determined in 10 patients with mild electrophysiologic changes suggestive of CTS. They found that the sensory RRP was sensitive in diagnosing early CTS
    • (1990) Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.30 , Issue.5 , pp. 307-309
    • Palliyath, SK1    Holden, L2
  • 127
    • 0023715853 scopus 로고
    • Determining neurapraxia in carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4,5,6) Source: Medline search. Abstract: With needle stimulation at the wrist and midpalm, CMAPS were recorded over the APB in 25 CTS patients and 23 healthy asymptomatic persons. They found a significant difference in the amplitude of the CMAP in the CTS group when compared to the control group. They propose that this is evidence for conduction block (neurapraxia) in CTS
    • (1988) Am J Phys Med Rehabil , vol.67 , Issue.3 , pp. 117-119
    • Pease, WS1    Cunningham, ML2    Walsh, WE3    Johnson, EW4
  • 128
    • 0024466171 scopus 로고
    • Median to radial latency difference test in mild carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,3,5,6) Source: Medline search. Abstract: The following techniques were studied: (a) antidromic DSL median radial differences to the thumb, (b) antidromic DSL after stimulation at the wrist and recording from the third digit, (c) median mid‐palmar DSL compared as a ratio of the wrist to middle finger DSL, (d) median ulnar DSL latency difference between the ulnar SNAP 1412 recorded from the little finger after stimulation at the wrist and the median DSL after stimulation at the wrist and recording from the middle finger and (e) median motor DML after recording from the APB after stimulation at the wrist. Three hundred thirty‐three symtomatic hands in 262 patients were initially evaluated with subgroups of patients with CTS evaluated with different tests. The median radial DSL difference and median ulnar DSL difference were most likely to be abnormal followed by median DSL then the palm‐to‐wrist DSL latency ratio and lastly the DML
    • (1989) Muscle Nerve , vol.12 , Issue.11 , pp. 905-909
    • Pease, WS1    Cannell, CD2    Johnson, EW3
  • 129
    • 0025152843 scopus 로고
    • Forearm median nerve conduction velocity in carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,3,4,5) Source: Medline search. Abstract: The NCV of the median nerve in the forearm was determined by two methods: (a) stimulation in the forearm and recording the nerve action potential at the wrist, and (h) stimulation at the wrist and elbow with recording over the APB, in 21 CTS patients and 16 control subjects. They found that the forearm NCV was slowed in the CTS group using either technique. The authors have proposed that this suggests that there is proximal nerve dysfunction as a result of median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel
    • (1990) Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.30 , Issue.5 , pp. 299-302
    • Pease, WS1    Lee, HH2    Johnson, EW3
  • 131
    • 0015302811 scopus 로고
    • The carpal tunnel syndrome: Clinical evaluation of 598 hands
    • Background Reference Source: Katz 1990 (J Rheumatology)
    • (1972) Clin Orthop , vol.83 , pp. 29-40
    • Phalen, GS1
  • 133
    • 0013893339 scopus 로고
    • The carpal tunnel syndrome: Seventeen years' experience in diagnosis and treatment of six hundred fifty four hands
    • Criteria Met (1/6:2) Source: Meyers, 1989
    • (1966) J Bone Joint Surg , vol.48 , pp. 211-228
    • Phalen, GS1
  • 134
    • 0015180003 scopus 로고
    • Comparative value of different electrodiagnostic methods in carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,3,5,6) Source: Joynt, 1989. Abstract: The following techniques were studied: (a) CMAP potentials were recorded after stimulation at the wrist and recording with coaxial needle electrodes, (b) orthodromic SNAPs with stimulation over the index finger and recording with surface electrodes at the wrist, (c) EMG using a coaxial needle, (d) strength/duration curves and chronaxy. Fifty‐six cases of CTS and 20 normal subjects were evaluated. Sensory latencies were more likely to me abnormal than the other techniques measured
    • (1971) Scan J Rehabil Med , vol.3 , pp. 101-108
    • Plaja, J1
  • 135
    • 0344736440 scopus 로고
    • The effect of stimulus intensity in motor latency in carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4,5,6) Source: Loong, 1971. Abstract: With stimulation at the wrist and coaxial needle electrode recording from the APB, DMLs were recorded at super‐maximal stimulation and threshold stimulation and threshold stimulation in 29 CTS hands from 25 patients and 25 control subjects. Over 80% of the patients were identified with an abnormality either with super‐maximal stimulation or threshold stimulation. Threshold stimulation was more sensitive than super‐maximal stimulation
    • (1963) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.26 , pp. 398-401
    • Preswick, G1
  • 136
    • 0023931113 scopus 로고
    • False positive electrodiagnostic tests in carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4,5,6) Source: Medline search. Abstract Several techniques were evaluated in a normal population using literature norms to assess for specificity in 100 hands of 50 normal subjects. Fifteen percent of the hands (30% of people) exhibited an abnormal median to ulnar sensory amplitute ratio, 8% of hands (14% of people) had abnormal residual latencies, and 4% of hands (8% of people) had prolonged median‐ulnar palm to wrist latency (8 cm) differences. They suggested a more conservative abnormality of ≥ 0.5 ms between median and ulnar nerve for midpalm stimulation to avoid false positive tests for CTS. No CTS patients were studied
    • (1988) Muscle Nerve , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 511-518
    • Redmond, MD1    Rivner, MH2
  • 137
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    • Carpal tunnel syndrome: A critique of “newer” nerve conduction techniques. AAEM Course D,. Criteria Met (2/6: 2,6) Source: AAEM Consultant.
    • (1991)
    • Rivner, MH1
  • 139
    • 0025309686 scopus 로고
    • Anterior interosseous/median nerve latency ratio
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,3,5,6) Source: Medline search. Abstract: With stimulation at the antecubital fossa and simultaneous recording over the APB and pronator quadratus (needle electrode) DMLs were determined from 100 anterior interosseous nerves in 61 normal volunteers, 5 patients with anterior interosseous syndrome and 35 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. The results show abnormal ratios for both carpal tunnel syndrome and anterior interosseous syndrome
    • (1990) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 228-230
    • Rosenberg, JN1
  • 140
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    • Slowed nerve conduction with wrist flexion in carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,2,4,5) Source: Golding, 1986. Abstract: DMLs from the wrist to APB and DSLs from the index finger to the wrist were determined in 32 hands in 20 patients and 10 control subjects. The latencies were determined before and after 2 minutes of full voluntary wrist flexion (Phalen's maneuver). They found that the DSL or DML increased by greater than 0.2 ms in 16 out of 32 CTS patients and was not greater than 0.1 ms in normals. In two CTS patients the only abnormality was the increase in distal latencies after Phalen's maneuver. Temperature differences before and after wrist flexion were not reported
    • (1980) Ann Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 69-71
    • Schwartz, MS1    Gordon, JA2    Swash, M3
  • 141
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    • Phalen's test in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome
    • (1988) J Hand Surg , vol.13 B , Issue.4 , pp. 383-385
    • Seror, P1
  • 142
    • 84989696954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source: Medline search.
    • Criteria Met , vol.3-6 , Issue.1-6
  • 144
    • 0023757415 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the distal motor latency of the first dorsal interosseous with abductor pollices brevis. Report of 200 cases
    • Criteria Met (1/6: 1) Source: Medline search
    • (1988) Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.28 , Issue.6 , pp. 341-345
    • Seror, P1
  • 145
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    • Terminal latency index (TLI) and late response studies in motore neuron disease (MND), peripheral neuropathies and entrapment syndromes
    • [Suppl], Criteria Met (0/6) (abstract only) Source: Stevens, 1987
    • (1979) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.73 , pp. 118
    • Shahani, BT1    Young, RR2    Potts, F3    Maccabee, P4
  • 149
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    • Evaluation of thermography in the diagnosis of selected entrapment neuropathies (comments in
    • (1989) Neurology , vol.39 , Issue.7 , pp. 1003-1005
    • So, YT1    Olney, RK2    Aminoff, MJ3
  • 150
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    • 1–5. Criteria Met (2/6: 1,2) Source: Medline search.
    • (1989) Neurology , vol.39 , Issue.1
  • 151
    • 0020029685 scopus 로고
    • Nerve conduction studies and sensibility testing in carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (3/6: 2,3,5) Source: Jordan, 1987
    • (1982) J Hand Surg , vol.7 , pp. 260-263
    • Spindler, HA1    Dellon, AL2
  • 152
    • 0023156140 scopus 로고
    • AAEE minimonograph #26: The electrodiagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 3,4,5,6) Source: Medline search. Abstract: The author presents (1) the electrodiagnostic findings in 505 cases of CTS evaluated at the Mayo Clinic from 1961‐1980, (2) normal values for median and ulnar sensory and motor conduction, (3) an EDX protocol for evaluation of CTS, and (4) a protocol to identify Martin‐Gruber anastomosis
    • (1987) Muscle Nerve , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 99-113
    • Stevens, JC1
  • 154
    • 0018120956 scopus 로고
    • Tine's sign and the carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (1/6: 3) Source: Golding, 1986
    • (1978) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 1125-1126
    • Steward, JD1    Eisen, A2
  • 156
    • 0016259676 scopus 로고
    • Relative refractory period of median nerve sensory fibers in the carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,2,4,5) Source: Palliyath, 1990. Abstract: With stimulation on the index finger and recording at the wrist, the relative median nerve refractory period was determined with paired stimuli in 11 hands of eight CTS patients and 12 hands of eight healthy controls. They found the relative refractory period more likely to be prolonged in patients with CTS as opposed to normals
    • (1974) Eur Neurol , vol.12 , pp. 309-316
    • Tackmann, W1    Lehman, HJ2
  • 157
    • 0019365522 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of orthodomic and antidromic sensory nerve conduction velocity measurement in the carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (6/6) Source: Uncini, 1989. Abstract: Using ring electrodes on the middle finger and subdermal electrodes at the midpalm and wrist, orthodromic and antidromic SNAP latencies were recorded from 56 hands from 50 CTS patients and 32 hands from 32 healthy subjects. They report no significant differences in latencies of orthodromic and antidromic recordings and that palmar latencies are more likely to be abnormal in CTS than digit latencies
    • (1981) J Neurol , vol.224 , pp. 257-266
    • Tackmann, W1    Kaeser, HE2    Magun, HG3
  • 158
    • 13144251609 scopus 로고
    • Motor nerve conduction in carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,2,3,5,6) Source: Wiederholt, 1970. Abstract: With coaxial needle electrorecording over the APB, stimulation at the wrist, elbow and axilla, CMAPs and DMLs were recorded over the APB in 95 CTS patients and 50 controls. The DML was prolonged in approximately two‐thirds of the CTS patients
    • (1960) Neurology , vol.10 , pp. 1045-1050
    • Thomas, PK1
  • 161
    • 0024378611 scopus 로고
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,2,3,5) Source: Medline search. Abstract: With stimulation at the wrist and recording over the ring finger, the median and ulnar DSL latency differences were recorded in 43 hands of 33 normals and 42 hands in 32 patients with mild CTS as defined by electrodiagnostic criteria. Standard DML from wrist to APB, and median DSL from wrist to index finger were also determined. They found that the median ulnar difference to the ring finger was more likely to be abnormal than the DML and DSL
    • (1989) Muscle Nerve , vol.12 , Issue.9 , pp. 735-741
  • 162
    • 0023893122 scopus 로고
    • Orthodromic study of the sensory fibers innervating the fourth finger
    • Criteria Met (3/6: 1,3,5) Source: Medline search
    • (1988) Muscle Nerve , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 546-552
    • Valls, J1    Llanas, JM2
  • 163
    • 0023715322 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of EMG procedures in the carpal tunnel syndrome with clinical‐EMG correlations
    • Criteria Met (4/6: 1,2,3,4) Source: Medline search. Abstract: Two hundred one hands in 122 patients were evaluated with several techniques for CTS. The asymptomatic hands of 43 of these patients served as controls. The following techniques were evaluated: (a) DML from wrist to APB, (b) DSL from wrist to index finger, (c) motor inching studies across the wrist to APB,(d) sensory inching studies across the wrist to the index finger, (e) inching studies to the lumbrical, (f) palm‐to‐wrist median latency, (g) comparison of median and radial DSLs, and (h) terminal latency index. Motor inching studies were most likely to be abnormal in both the CTS group and asymptomatic group. Motor inching studies were abnormal in 92% of mild CTS hands and 72% of the asymptomatic hands. All of the studies had high rates of abnormality in asymptomatic hands varying from 9% to 72
    • (1988) Muscle Nerve , vol.11 , Issue.11 , pp. 1177-1182
    • White, JC1    Hansen, SR2    Johnson, RK3
  • 164
    • 0014799379 scopus 로고
    • Median nerve conduction velocity in sensory fibers through carpal tunnel
    • Criteria Met (5/6: 1,3,4,5,6) Source: Macleod, 1987. Abstract: With stimulation over the middle finger and recording distal and proximal to the carpal tunnel, sensory NCVs were determined across the carpal tunnel and proximal to the carpal tunnel in 30 normal adults. Sensory NCV was faster proximal to the carpal tunnel than across the carpal tunnel. No CTS patients were studied
    • (1970) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.51 , pp. 328-330
    • Wiederholt, WC1
  • 165
    • 0001034473 scopus 로고
    • The forearm median‐to‐ulnar nerve communication; electrodiagnostic aspects (abstract)
    • Background Source Source: AAEM Consultant
    • (1976) Neurology , vol.26 , pp. 368
    • Wilbourn, AJ1    Lambert, EH2
  • 169
    • 0020698540 scopus 로고
    • Carpal tunnel syndrome: Use of palmar stimulation of sensory fibers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, Jan.:, Criteria Met (4/6: 3,4,5,6) Source: Pease, 1989. Abstract: With stimulation at the wrist and midpalm and recording with ring electrodes over the middle finger, DSLs were obtained from the median nerve and 100 hands from 50 normal subjects, 15 patients with early CTS, and six with diabetes mellitus and superimposed median nerve entrapment. Amplitudes and durations of the SNAP were also reported. This technique is reported as useful in the diagnosis of CTS and underlying mild peripheral neuropathy
    • (1983) , pp. 16-19
    • Wongsam, PE1    Johnson, EW2    Weinerman, JD3
  • 170
    • 0001443761 scopus 로고
    • Thenar palsy due to compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
    • Background Reference Source: Gelbermann, 1980
    • (1945) Surg Gynecol Obstet , vol.81 , pp. 213-217
    • Zachary, RB1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.