AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: The epidemiology of heterosexual transmission and the prospects for prevention

Epidemiology

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1993, Pages 63-72

  Hunter, David J ^a  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

AIDS; HIV; Sexual behavior; Sexually transmitted diseases

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; HETEROSEXUALITY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; MALE; REVIEW; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; BEHAVIOR; BIOLOGY; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DISEASES; EPIDEMICS; HIV INFECTIONS; INFECTIONS; MALE CIRCUMCISION; MULTIPLE PARTNERS; PROSTITUTES--WOMEN; REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS; RISK FACTORS; SEX BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL PARTNERS; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES; SUMMARY REPORT; VIRAL DISEASES;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADULT; AFRICA; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MALE; PROSTITUTION; SEX BEHAVIOR; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T;

EID: 0027403749     PISSN: 10443983     EISSN: 15315487     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199301000-00012     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Clumeck N, Mascart-Lemone F, de Maubeuge J, Brenez D, Marcelis L. Acquired immune deficiency in Black Africans. Lancet 1983;1:642.
2. Piot P, Quinn TC, Taelman H, Feinsod FM, Minlangu KB, Wobin O, Mbendi N, Mazebo P, Ndangi K, Stevens W, Kalambayi K, Mitchell S, Bridts C, McCormick JB. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a heterosexual population in Zaire. Lancet 1984;2:65–69.
3. Van de Perre P, Rouvroy D, Lepage P, Bogaerts J, Kestelyn P, Kayihigi J, Hekker AC, Butzler JP, Clumeck N. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Rwanda. Lancet 1984;2:62–65.
4. Marlink R, Thior I, Dia MC, Gueye EH, Ndoye I, Essex M, M’Boup S, Kanki P. Prospective study of the natural history of HIV-2. Abstract TUC 104. VII International Conference on AIDS, Florence, 1991.
5. Saxinger EC, Levine PH, Dean AG, de Thé G, Lange-Wantzin G, Moghissi J, Laurent F, Hoh M, Sarngadharan MG, Gallo RC. Evidence for exposure to HTLV-III in Uganda before 1973. Science 1985;227:1036–1038.
6. Biggar RJ, Gigase PL, Melbye M, Kastens L, Sarin PS, Bodner AJ, Demerdts P, Stevens WJ, Paluku L, Delacolletta C, Blattner WA. ELISA HTLV retrovirus antibody reactivity associated with malaria and immune complexes in healthy Africans. Lancet 1985;2:520–523.
7. Sato PA, Chin J, Mann JM. Review of AIDS and HIV infection: global epidemiology and statistics. AIDS 1989;3(suppl):S301-S307.
8. Palca J. The sobering geography of AIDS. Science 1991;252:372–373.
9. Anderson RM, May RM, Boily MC, Garnett GP, Rowley JT. The spread of HIV-1 in Africa: sexual contact patterns and the predicted demographic impact of AIDS. Nature 1991;352:581–589.
10. Lallement M, Lallement-Le Coeur S, Cheynier D, Nzingoula S, Jourdain G, Sinet M, Dazza M-C, Larouze B. Characteristics associated with HIV-1 infection in pregnant women in Brazzaville, Congo. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 1992;5:279–285.
11. Berkley S, Naamara W, Okware S, Downing R, Konde-Lule J, Wawer M, Musagaara M, Musgrave S. AIDS and HIV infection in Uganda: are more women infected than men? AIDS 1990;4:1237–1242.
12. Global Programme on AIDS, World Health Organization. Current and Future Dimensions of the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
13. De Cock KM, Barrere B, Diaby L, LaFontaine MF, Gnaore E, Porter A, Pantobe D, Lafontant GC, Dago-Akribi A, Ette M, Odehouri K, Heyward WL. AIDS—the leading cause of adult death in the West African city of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Science 1990;249:793–796.
14. Chin J, Lwanga SK. Estimation and projection of adult AID cases: a simple epidemiological model. Bull World Health Org 1991;69:399–406.
15. Nkowane BM. Prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in Africa: a review of data published in 1990. AIDS 1991;5(suppl 1):S7–S15.
16. Bucyendore A, Karita E, Van de Perre P, Nziyumvira A, Sow I, Fox E. Evolution de la séroprevalence VIH-1 dans la population urbaine de la ville de Kigali (Rwanda) pendant les années 1989–1990. Abstract TA 150. V Conference on AIDS and Associated Cancers in Africa, Dakar, 1991.
17. Heymann DL, Edstrom K. Strategies for AIDS prevention and control in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 1991;5(suppl 1):S197–S208.
18. Hunter D, Maggwa N, Mati J, Garland M, Kihoro G, Mbugua S, Bhullar V, Tukei P, Achola P. Relations between sexual behavior, STD’S, and HIV infection among low-risk women in Nairobi, Kenya. Abstract WD 4140. VII International Conference on AIDS, Florence, 1991.
19. O’Farrell N, Hoosen A, Coetzee K, van den Ende J. Sexual behaviour in Zulu men and women with genital ulcer disease. Abstract WC 3079. VII International Conference on AIDS, Florence, 1991.
20. Muller O, Byaruhanga T, Barugahare L. The AIDS information center: first data from a pilot project in Kampala, Uganda. Abstract WC 3081. VII International Conference on AIDS, Florence, 1991.
21. Lindan C, Allen S, Carael M, Nsengumuremyi F, Van de Perre P, Serufila A, Tice J, Black D, Coates T, Hulley S. Knowledge, attitudes, and perceived risk of AIDS among urban Rwandan women: relationship to HIV infection and behaviour change. AIDS 1991;5:993–1002.
22. Allen S, Lindan C, Serufila A, Van de Perre P, Rundle AC, Nsengumuremyi F, Carael M, Schwalbe J, Hulley S. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in urban Rwanda. JAMA 1991;266:1657–1663.
23. Ryder RW, Ndilu M, Hassig SE, Kamenga M, Sequira D, Kashamuka M, Francis H, Behets F, Colebunders RL, Dopagne A, Kambale R, Heyward WL. Heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 among employees and their spouses at two large businesses in Zaire. AIDS 1990;4:725–732.
24. Bertrand JT, Makani B, Hassig SE, Niwembo KL, Djunghu B, Muanda M, Chirhamolekwa C. AIDS-related knowledge, sexual behavior, and condom use among men and women in Kinshasa, Zaire. Am J Public Health 1991;81:53–58.
25. Carael M, Cleleand J, Adeokun L. Overview and selected findings of sexual behaviour surveys. AIDS 1991;5(suppl 1):S65–S74.
26. Plummer FA, Moses S, Ndinya-Achola JO. Factors affecting female to male transmission of HIV-1: implications of transmission dynamics for prevention. In: AIDS and Women’s Health: Science for Policy and Action. New York: Plenum Press, 1991;35–45.
27. Van de Perre P, Clumeck N, Carael M, Nzabihimana E, Robert-Guroff M, De Moi P, Freyans P, Butzler J-P, Gallo RC, Kanyamupira J-B. Female prostitutes: a risk group for infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III. Lancet 1985;2:524–526.
28. Piot P, Plummer FA, Rey M-A, Ngugi EN, Rouziuox C, Ndinya-Achola JO, Veracauteren G, D’Costa LJ, Laga M, Nsanze H, Fransen L, Haase D, van der Groen G, Brunham RC, Ronald AR, Brun-Vezinet F. Retrospective seroepidemiology of AIDS virus infection in Nairobi populations. J Infect Dis 1987;155:1108–1112.
29. Padian NS, Shiboski SC, Jewell NP. Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. JAMA 1991;266:1664–1667.
30. Goodgame RW. AIDS in Uganda: clinical and social features. N Engl J Med 1990:383–389.
31. Potts M, Anderson R, Boily M-C. Slowing the spread of human immunodeficiency virus in developing countries. Lancet 1991;338:608–613.
32. Quinn TC, Mann JM, Curran JW, Piot P. AIDS in Africa: an epidemiologic paradigm. Science 1986;234:955–963.
33. Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D’Costa LJ, Ronald AR, Maitha GM, Gakinya MN, Cheang M, Ndinya-Achola JO, Piot P, Brunham RC, Plummer FA. Female to male transmission of HIV-1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet 1989;2:403–438.
34. Mertens TE, Hayes RJ, Smith PG. Epidemiologic methods to study the interaction between HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. AIDS 1990;4:57–65.
35. Tyndall M, Malisa W, Agoki E, Ndinya-Achola JO, Ronald AR, Plummer FA. The effect of HIV infection on the clinical features and response to treatment of genital ulcer disease (GUD) due to chancroid. Abstract MB 2296. VII International Conference on AIDS, Florence, 1991.
36. Wasserheit JN. Epidemiologic synergy: inter-relationships between HIV infection and other STD’S. In: AIDS and Women’s Health: Science for Policy and Action. New York: Plenum Press, 1991:47–72.
37. Berkley SF. The public health significance of sexually transmitted diseases in HIV infection in Africa. In: AIDS and Women’s Health: Science for Policy and Action. New York: Plenum Press, 1991;73–84.
38. Koopman JS, Longini IM, Jacquez JA, Simon CP, Ostrow DG, Martin WR, Woodcock DM. Assessing risk factors for transmission of infection. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:1199–1209.
39. Plummer FA, Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, Ndinya-Achola JO, Kreiss JK, Gakinya MN, Waiyaki P, Cheang M, Piot P, Ronald AR, Ngugi EN. Cofactors in male to female transmission of HIV-1. J Infect Dis 1991;163:233–239.
40. Laga M, Nzila N, Manoka AT, et al. Non ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases (STD) as risk factors for HIV infection. Abstract THC 97. VI International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, 1990.
41. Heilman NS, Desmond-Hellman SD, Nsubuga P, Mbidde EK, Baingana-Baingi. Risk factors for HIV infection among Ugandan couples. Abstract MC 3080. VII International Conference on AIDS, Florence, 1991.
42. Bwayo JJ, Omare M, Mutere A, et al. HIV-1 infection in East African long distance truck drivers. East Afr Med J (in press).
43. Hunter D, Maggwa A, Mati J, Tukei P, Solomon M, Mbugua S, Bhullar V, Mohammedali Y. Risk factors for HIV transmission in women attending family planning clinics in Nairobi. Abstract THC 573. VI International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, 1990.
44. Bongaarts J, Reining P, Way P, Conant F. The relationship between male circumcision and HIV infection in African populations. AIDS 1989;6:373–378.
45. Moses S, Bradley JE, Nagelkerke NJD, Ronald AR, Ndinya-Achola JO, Plummer FA. Geographical patterns of male circumcision and HIV infection in African populations. Int J Epidemiol 1990;19:693–697.
46. Touchette N. HIV-I link prompts circumspection on circumcision. J NIH Res 1991;3:44–45.
47. Parker SW, Stewart AJ, Wren MN, Gollow MM, Straton JA. Circumcision and sexually transmissible disease. Med J Aust 1983;2:288–290.
48. Mati J, Maggwa N, Hunter D, Tukei P, Mbugua S, Kihoro G, Achola P. Reproductive events, contraceptive use, and HIV infection among women users of family planning in Nairobi, Kenya. Abstract WC 3095. VII International Conference on AIDS, Florence, 1991.
49. Hunter DJ, Mati JK. Contraception, family planning, and HIV. In: AIDS and Women’s Health: Science for Policy and Action. New York: Plenum Press, 1991;93–107.
50. Dallabetta G, Miotti P, Chiphangwi J, Liomba G, Saah A. Vaginal tightening agents as risk factors for acquisition of HIV. Abstract THC 574. VI International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, 1990.
51. N’Galy B, Ryder RW. Epidemiology of HIV infection in Africa. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 1988;1:551–588.
52. Shaffer N, Hedberg K, Davachi F, Lyamba B, Bremen JG, Masisa OS, Behets F, Hightower A, Nguyen-Dinh P. Trends and risk factors for HIV-1 seropositivity among outpatient children, Kinshasa, Zaire. AIDS 1990;4:1231–1236.
53. N’tita I, Mulanga K, Dulat C, Lusamba D, Rehle T, Korte R, Jager H. Risk of transfusion-associated HIV transmission in Kinshasa, Zaire. AIDS 1991;5:437–439.
54. Hersh BS, Popovici F, Apetrei RC, Zolotusca L, Beldescu N, Calomfirescu A, Jesek Z, Oxtoby MJ, Gromyko A, Heymann DL. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Romania. Lancet 1991;338:645–649.
55. Kapiga SH, Nachtigal G, Hunter DJ. Knowledge of AIDS among secondary school pupils in Bagamoyo and Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. AIDS 1991;5:325–328.
56. Ministry of Health, Tanzania. National AIDS Control Programme AIDS Surveillance Report No. 3. Tanzania, 1990.
57. Agoki E, Tyndall M, Malisa W, Ndinya-Achola JO, Ronald AR, Plummer FA. High risk sexual practices and denial of AIDS among Nairobimen. Oral presentation. VII International Conference on AIDS, Florence, 1991.
58. World Health Organization. Consensus statement from the consultation on global strategies for coordination of AIDS and STD control programmes. WHO/GPA/INF/90.2. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990.
59. de Zalduondo BO. Prostitution viewed cross-culturally: toward recontextualizing sex work in AIDS intervention research. J Sex Res 1991;28:223–248.
60. Moses S, Plummer F, Ngugi EN, Nagelkerke NJ, Anzala AO, Ndinya-Achola JO. Controlling HIV in Africa: effectiveness and cost of an intervention in a high-frequency STD transmitter core group. AIDS 1991;5:407–411.
61. Wendler I, Schneider J, Gras B, Fleming AF, Hunsmann G, Schmitz H. Seroepidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus in Africa. Br Med J 1986;293:782–785.
62. Nahmias AJ, Weiss J, Yao X, Lee F, Kodsi R, Schanfield M, Matthews T, Bolognesi D, Durack D, Motulsky A, Kanki P, Essex M. Evidence for human infection with an HTLV III/LAV-like virus in Central Africa, 1957. Lancet 1986; 1:1279–1280.
63. Nzilambi N, de Cock KM, Forthai DN, Francis H, Ryder RW, Malebe I, Getchell J, Laga M, Piot P, McCormick JB. The prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus over a 10-year period in rural Zaire. N Engl J Med 1988;318:276–279.
64. Levy JA, Pan L-Z, Beth-Giraldo E, Kaminsky LS, Henle G, Henle W, Giraldo G. Absence of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus in sera from Africa prior to 1975. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:7935–7937.
65. Melbye M, Njelesani EK, Bayley A, Mukelabai K, Manuwele JK, Bowa FJ, Clayden SA, Levin A, Blattner WA, Weiss RA, Tedder R, Biggar RJ. Evidence for heterosexual transmission and clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection and related conditions in Lusaka, Zambia. Lancet 1986;2:1113–1115.
66. Hudson CP, Hennis AJ, Kataaha P, Lloyd G, Moore AT, Sutehall GM, Whetstone R, Wreghitt T, Karpas A. Risk factors for the spread of AIDS in rural Africa: evidence from a comparative seroepidemiological survey of AIDS, hepatitis B and syphilis in southwestern Uganda. AIDS 1988;2:255–260.
67. Berkley SF, Widy-Wirski R, Okware SJ, Downing R, Linnan MJ, White KE, Sempala S. Risk factors associated with HIV infection in Uganda. J Infect Dis 1989;160:22–30.
68. Neequaye AR, Neequaye JE, Biggar RJ. Factors that could influence the spread of AIDS in Ghana, West Africa: knowledge of AIDS, sexual behavior, prostitution, and traditional medical practices. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 1991;4:914–919.
69. Laga M, Taelman H, Van der Stuyft, Bonneux L, Vercautem G, Piot P. Advanced immunodeficiency as a risk factor for heterosexual transmission of HIV. AIDS 1989;3:361–366.
70. Cohen JB, Haver LB, Poole LE, Wofsy CB. Sexual and other practices and risk of HIV infection in a cohort of 450 sexually active women in San Francisco. Abstract WP 57. Ill International Conference on AIDS, Washington DC, 1987.