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Re-assessing disability: the impact of schistosomal infection on daily activities among women in Gezira Province, Sudan
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Parker1
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Lapage1
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10
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84914031996
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Biomedical research has tended to focus on S. mansoni and S. haematobium rather than S. japonicum and the literature reviewed in this paper reflects this bias.
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11
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84914031995
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Clinicians generally assess disability in terms of a patient's reported symptoms. These include fatigue, abdominal pain and diarrhoea for infection by S. mansoni and S. japonicum and blood in the urine for infection by S. haematobium.
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24
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Physiological performance and work capacity of tin mine labourers infested with schistosomiasis in Zaire
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Histocompatibility-linked susceptibility for hepatosplenomegaly in human Schistosomiasis mansoni
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37
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The epidemiology and consequences of Schistosoma mansoni infection in West Nile, Uganda. 1. Field studies of a community at Panyagoro
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84914031990
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Epidemiology and the socioeconomic consequences of schistosomiasis among peasant farmers of Niger
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A.N. Herrin, P.L. Rosenfield, School of Economics, University of the Philippines
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Economics, Health and Tropical Diseases
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Maiga1
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84914031989
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The literature on water contact studies is not reviewed in this section as this type of work examines human behavioural factors associated with the transmission of schistosomiasis. It does not address the question of whether schistosomal infection impairs health and well-being.
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70
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84914031988
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In the domestic sphere, women rarely, if ever, eat from the same bowl as men. They tend to socialize with women from their own or neighbouring compounds and they are responsible for all types of domestic work. In the agricultural sphere, women generally take responsibility for picking cotton and collecting groundnuts; and a few women participate in agricultural work throughout the year. Women are more likely to work outside the compound if they need the income generated from working in the fields. The participation of women in the agricultural sphere is thus affected by material conditions rather than a difference in stated ideal.Interactions between men and women are influenced by ethnicity, lineage, age, wealth, size and composition of the household. The nature and extent of seclusion and segregation varies a great deal within Omdurman aj Jadida and this variation is particularly manifest during events such as marriage, births and deaths. These events also [[Truncated]]
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71
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84914031987
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The cellophane faecal thick smear technique (Kato) was used to detect and quantify schistosome ova in stool samples [71]. Egg output varies over time and the analysis of single stool samples can fail to detect light infections. A minimum of five different samples were, therefore, collected to ensure that negative results reflected an absence of infection with S. mansoni. A minimum of two samples from women infected with S. mansoni were also collected in order to generate a more accurate picture of their worm burden.
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73
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84914031985
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See M. Parker [5] for a detailed account of the selected pairs in these two studies. Statistical tests (including paired t-tests) subsequently revealed no significant differences between infected and uninfected women in either study for any of the selected social, economic or anthropometric variables. The analysis of stool and urine samples did not reveal any cases of S. haematobium, T. solium, ascaris or hookworm and the analysis of blood samples suggested that infected women did not experience the debilitating consequences of malaria with any greater or lesser frequency than uninfected women. Finally, infected and uninfected women did not report or exhibit symptoms associated with infectious hepatitis, typhoid or meningitis—the other main infectious diseases in the area.
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76
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84914031984
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These groups are based upon the perceptions of the women with whom I worked as well as my own observations in the field. Inevitably, they are crude and highly subjective.
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77
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84914031983
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Categorizing a mother's behaviour towards her infant into four main groups is crude and subjective. Very passive behaviour included the mother and infant sleeping side by side. Passive behaviour included the mother sitting with her legs outstretched and holding her infant in her lap. Active behaviour included the mother holding her crying infant in a standing position and removing loose stool from his/her legs; and very active behaviour included the mother playfull throwing her infant in the air while she made some coffee.
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79
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84914031982
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Arap Siongok et al. (1976) and Smith et al. (Ref. 37) used the egg load categories ‘heavy’ (〉400 eggs/g); ‘moderate’ (101–400 eggs/g) and ‘light’ (1–100 eggs/g) to analyse their data from Kenya. Weisbrod et al. (Ref. 45) defined a ‘heavy’ egg load as <19 eggs/g and a ‘light’ egg load as <19 eggs/g; and Awad el Karim's research on canal cleaners (Ref. 21) distinguished between ‘very heavy’ infections (〉2000 eggs/g) and ‘light’ infections (<1000 eggs/g) but subsequent research in the same area involved the employment of different egg load categories.
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82
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Is there still too much extrapolation from data on middle-aged white men?
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J. Am. Med-Assoc.
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Cotton1
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