Prognostic value of background patterns in the neonatal EEG

Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1993, Pages 323-352

  Holmes, Gregory L ^a   Lombroso, Cesare T ^a  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Epilepsy; Neonatal EEG; Seizures

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DEATH; CORTICAL SYNCHRONIZATION; DELTA RHYTHM; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EPILEPSY; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEWBORN; NEWBORN DISEASE; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP STAGE; SPIKE WAVE;

ASPHYXIA NEONATORUM; BRAIN DAMAGE, CHRONIC; BRAIN DEATH; CEREBRAL CORTEX; DOMINANCE, CEREBRAL; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMAN; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; PROGNOSIS; REFERENCE VALUES; SPASMS, INFANTILE; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.;

EID: 0027321870     PISSN: 07360258     EISSN: 15371603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00004691-199307000-00008     Document Type: Article

References (176)

1. Aicardi J. Early myoclonic encephalopathy. In: Roger J, Dravet C, Bureau M, Dreifuss FE, Wolf P, eds. Epileptic syndromes in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. London: John Libbey Eurotext Ltd., 1985:12–22.
2. Als H, Lawhon G, Brown E, et al. Individualized behavioral and enrivonmental care for the very low birth weight preterm infant at high risk for bronchopulmonary-dysplasia: NICU and developmental outcome. Pediatrics 1986;78:1123–32.
3. Anderson CM, Torres F, Faoro A. The EEG of the early premature. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985;60:95–105.
4. Andre M, Vert P, Debruille C. Diagnosis and outcome of cerebral distress in newborn infants who presented signs of fetal hy-poxia. Prospective study. Arch Fr Pediatr 1978;35:23–36.
5. Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye mo-tility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep. Science 1953;118:273–4.
6. Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. A motility cycle in sleeping infants as manifested by ocular and gross bodily activity. J Appl Physiol 1955;8:11–8.
7. Ashwal S. Brain death in the newborn. Clin Perinatol 1989;16: 501–18.
8. Ashwal S, Schneider S. Brain death in the newborn. Pediatrics 1989;84:429–37.
9. Aso K, Scher MS, Barmada MA. Neonatal electroencephalogra-phy and neuropathology. J Clin Neurophysiol 1989;6:103–23.
10. Barlow JK, Holmes GL. Positive sharp waves: an electroenceph-alographic marker for recent hypoxia-ischemia in the neo-nate (abstr). Ann Neurol 1990;28:454–5.
11. Bejar R, Coerr RW, Merritt TA, et al. Focal necrosis of the white matter: sonographic, pathologic and electroencephalogra-phic features. AJNR 1986;7:1073–80.
12. Benda GI, Engel RC, Zhang YP. Prolonged inactive phases during the discontinuous pattern of prematurity in the electroencephalogram of very-low-birthweight infants. Electroen-cephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989;72:189–97.
13. Blanc JF, Langue J, Bochu M, Dutruge J, Salle B. Intracranial hemorrhage in infants born at term. Arch Fr Pediatr 1982; 39:251–3.
14. Blume WT, Dreyfus-Brisac C. Positive rolandic sharp waves in neonatal EEG; types and significance. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1982;53:277–82.
15. Brod SA, Ment LR, Ehrenkranz RA, Bridgers S. Predictors of success for drug discontinuation following neonatal seizures. Pediatr Neurol 1988;4:13–7.
16. Challamel MJ, Isnard H, Brunon AM, Rcvol M. Asymetric EEG transitoire a l’entree dans le sommeil calme chez le nouveau-ne: etude sur 75 observations. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1984;14:17–23.
17. Chung HJ, Clancy RR. Significance of positive temporal sharp waves in the neonatal electroencephalogram. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991;79:256–63.
18. Clancy RR, Chung HJ. EEG changes during recovery from acute severe neonatal citrullinemia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991;78:222–7.
19. Clancy RR, Legido A. Postnatal epilepsy after EEG-confirmed neonatal seizures. Epilepsia 1991;32:69–76.
20. Clancy RR, Tharp BR. Positive rolandic sharp waves in the electroencephalograms of premature neonates with intraventric-ular hemorrhage. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984; 57:395–404.
21. Connell J, Oozeer R, Regev R, De Vries LS, Dubowitz LMS, Dubowitz V. Continuous four-channel EEG monitoring in the evaluation of echodense ultrasound lesions and cystic leu-comalacia. Arch Dis Child 1987;62:1019–24.
22. Cukier F, André M, Monod N, Dreyfus-Brisac C. Apport de l’E.E.G. au diagnostic des hémorragies intra-ventriculaires du prémature. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1972; 2:318–22.
23. Curzi Dascalova L, Peirano P, Silvestri L, Korn G. Sleep organization in normal premature newborn infants. Polygraphic study. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1985;15:237–42.
24. da Costa J, Lombroso CT. Neurophysiological correlates of neonatal intracranial hemorrhages. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1980;50:83.
25. Dalla Bernardina B, Aicardi J, Goutières F, Plouin P. Glycine encephalopathy. Neuropadiatrie 1979;10:209–25.
26. De Giorgis GF, Antonozzi I, Del Castello PG, Rosano M, Loizzo A. EEG as a possible prognostic tool in phenylketonuria. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985;55:60–8.
27. Denenberg VH, Zeidner LP, Thoman EB, Kramer P, Rowe JC, Phillips AF, Raye JR. Effects of theophylline on behavioral state development in the newborn rabbit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982;221:604–8.
28. Dennis J. Neonatal convulsions. Aetiology, late neonatal status and long-term outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 1981;23:389–403.
29. Dinges DF, Davis MM, Glass P. Fetal exposure to narcotics: neonatal sleep as a measure of nervous system disturbance. Science 1980;209:619–21.
30. Dittrichova J. Development of sleep in infancy. In: Robinson R, ed. Brain and early behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1969:193–204.
31. Doberczak TM, Shanzer S, Senie RT, Kandall SR. Neonatal neurologic and electroencephalographic effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure. J Pediatr 1988;113:354–8.
32. Dreyfus-Brisac C. The electroencephalogram of the premature infant. World Neurol 1962;3:5–15.
33. Dreyfus-Brisac C. The electroencephalogram of the premature and full-term newborn; normal and abnormal development of waking and sleeping patterns. In: Kellaway P, Petersén I, eds. Neurological and electroencephalographic correlative studies in infants. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1964:186–206.
34. Dreyfus-Brisac C. Electroencephalographic maturation and low birth weight. In: Kellaway P. Petersén I. eds. Clinical elec-troencephalography in children. New York: Grune & Stratton. 1968:49–60.
35. Dreyfus-Brisac C, Curzi-Dascalova L. The EEG during the first year of life. In: Leiry G, ed. Handbook of electroencephalogra-phy and clinical neurophysiology, vol 6-B. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1975:24–30.
36. Dreyfus-Brisac C, Larroche JC. Electroencéphalogrammes discontinus du nouveau-né prématuré et à terme. Corrélations électro-anatom-cliniques. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1971;1:95–9.
37. Dreyfus-Brisac C, Monod N. Neonatal status epilepticus. In: Rémond A, ed. Handbook of electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. vol 15. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1972:38–52.
38. Dreyfus-Brisac C, Monod N. The EEG of full-term and premature infants. In: LeiryG.ed. Handbook ofelectroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. vol 6-B. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1975:6–23.
39. Dreyfus-Brisac C, Peschanski N, Radvanyi MF, Cukier F, Monod N. Convulsions du nouveau-né. Aspects cliniques électro-graphiques, etiopathologeniques et prognoslique. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1981a; 11:367–78.
40. Dreyfus-Brisac C, Pesehanski N, Radvanyi MF, Cukier-Hemeury F, Monod N. Convulsions in neonates. Clinical, electro-graphic, etiopathogenic and prognostic aspects. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1981b; 11:367–78.
41. Ellingson RJ. Electroencephalograms of normal, full-term new-borns immediately after birth with observations on arousal and visual evoked responses. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1958;10:31–50.
42. Ellingson RJ. The EEC’s of premature and full-term newborns. In: Daly DD, Klass DW, eds. Current practice in clinical neu-rophysiology. New York: Raven Press. 1979:149–70.
43. Ellingson RJ, Dutch SJ, McIntire MS. EEG of prematures: 2–8 years follow up study. Dev Psychobiol 1974;7:529–38.
44. Ellingson RJ, Peters JF. Development of EEG and daytime sleep patterns in normal full-term infant during the first 3 months of life: longitudinal observations. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1980;49:112–24.
45. Emde RN, Harmon RJ, Metcalf D, Koenig KL, Wagonfeld S. Stress and neonatal sleep. Psychosom Med 1971;33:491–7.
46. Engel J Jr, Driver MV, Falconer MA. Electrophysiological correlates of pathology and surgical results in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 1975;98:129–56.
47. Engel R. Abnormal electroencephalogram in the newborn. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1975.
48. Estivill E, Monod N, Amiel-Tison C. Etude électroencephalo-graphique d’un cas d’éncephalite herpetique-neo-natal. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1977;7:380–5.
49. Eyre JA, Nanei S, Wilkinson AR. Quantification of changes in normal neonatal EEGs with gestation from continuous five-day recordings. Dev Med Child Neurol 1988;30:599–607.
50. Eyre JA, Oozeer RC, Wilkinson AR. Diagnosis of neonatal seizure by continuous recording and rapid analysis of the electroencephalogram. Arch Dis Child 1983;58:785–90.
51. Fcnichel GM. Convulsions. In: Neonatal neurology. London: Churchill Livingston, 1985:25–52.
52. Filipek PA, Krishnamoorthy KS, Davis KR, Kuehnle K. Focal cerebral infarction in the newborn: a distinct entity. Pediatr Neurol 1987;3:141–7.
53. Finer NN, Robertson CM, Peters KL, Coward JH. Factors affecting outcome in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in term infants. Am J Dis Child 1983; 137:21–5.
54. Goldberg RN, Goldman SL, Ramsay RE, Feller R. Detection of seizure activity in the paralyzed neonate using continuous monitoring. Pediatras 1982;69:583–6.
55. Greisen G, Hellstrom Westas L, Lou H, Rosen I, Svenningsen NW. EEG depression and germinal layer haemorrhage in the newborn. Acta Paedialr Scand 1987;76:519–25.
56. Greisen G, Pryds O, Low CBF. discontinuous EEG activity, and periventricular brain injury in ill, preterm neonates. Brain Dev 1989;11:164–8.
57. Greisen G, Pryds O, Rosen I, Lou H. Poor reversibility of EEG abnormality in hypotensive, preterm neonates. Acta Paediatr Scand 1988;77:785–90.
58. Grigg-Damberger MM, Coker SB, Halsey CL, Anderson CL. Neonatal burst suppression: its developmental significance. Pediatr Neurol 1989;5:84–92.
59. Gyorgy I. Prognostic value of sleep analysis in newborns with perinatal hypoxic brain injury. Acta Paediatr Hung 1983;24: 1–6.
60. Hahn JS, Monyer H, Tharp BR. Interburst interval measurements in the F.F.Gs of premature infants with normal neurological outcome. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989;73:410–8.
61. Hahn JS, Tharp BR. The dysmature EEG pattern in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and its prognostic implications. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990;76:106–13.
62. Hakeem VF, Wallace SJ. EEG monitoring of therapy for neonatal seizures. Dev Med Child Neurol 1990;32:858–64.
63. Hayakawa F, Watanabe K, Hakamada S, Kuno K, Aso K. Fz theta/ alpha bursts: a transient EEG pattern in healthy newborns. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987;67:27–31.
64. Hellström-Westas L, Bell AH, Skov L, Greisen G, Svenningsen NW. Cerebroelectrical depression following surfactanttreat-ment in preterm neonates. Pediatrics 1992;89:643–7.
65. Helmers S, Weiss MJ, Holmes GL. Apneic seizures with brady-cardia in a newborn. J Epilepsy 1991;4:173–80.
66. Holden KR, Mellitis ED, Freeman JM. Neonatal seizures. I. Correlation of prenatal and perinatal events with outcomes. Pediatrics 1982;70:165–76.
67. Holmes GL. Partial complex seizures in children: an analysis of 69 seizures in 24 patients using EEG FM radiotelemetry and videotape recording. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984;57:13–20.
68. Holmes GL. Neonatal seizures. In: Pedley TA, Meldrum BS, eds. Recent advances in epilepsy. Number two. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1985:207–37.
69. Holmes GL, Logan WJ, Kirkpatrick BV, Meyer EC. Central nervous system maturation in the stressed premature. Ann Neurol 1979;6:518–22.
70. Holmes GL, Rowe J, Hafford J. Significance of reactive burst suppression following asphyxia in full term infants. Clin Electroencephalogr 1983;14:138–41.
71. Holmes GL, Rowe J, Hafford J, Schmidt R, Testa M, Zimmerman A. Prognostic value of the electroencephalogram in neonatal asphyxia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1982;53:60–72.
72. Hrachovy RA, Mizrahi EM, Kellaway P. Electroencephalogra-phy in the newborn. In: Daly DD, Pedley TA, eds. Current practice of clinical electroencephalography. New York: Raven Press, 1990:201–52.
73. Hughes JR, Fino JJ, Hart LA. Premature temporal theta (PT theta). Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987;67:7–15.
74. Hughes JR, Kuhlman DT, Hughes CA. Electro-clinical correlations of positive and negative sharp waves on the temporal and central areas in premature infants. Clin Electroencephalogr 1991;22:30–9.
75. Hughes JR, Miller JK, Fino JJ, Hughes CA. The sharp theta rhythm on the occipital areas of prematures (STOP): a newly described waveform. Clin Electroencephalogr 1990;21:77–87.
76. Iwase K. Quantitative analysis of EEG patterns of premature infants, especially in relation to the development of sleep. Brain Dev 1971;3:109–22.
77. Karch D, Kastl E, Sprock I, von Bernuth H. Perinatal hypoxia and bioelectric brain maturation of the newborn infant. Neuropadiatric 1977a;8:253–62.
78. Karch D, Kindermann E, Arnold G. The prognostic significance of determining bioelectric brain maturity in newborn infants with perinatal complication. Klin Padiatr 1981; 193:301–4.
79. Karch D, Sprock I, Lemburg P. Early diagnosis of severe brain damage of premature and newborn infants under intensive care. Apolygraphic study. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1977b;125: 923–8.
80. Lacey DJ, Topper WH, Buckwald S, Zorn WA, Berger PE. Preterm very-low-birth-weight neonates: relationship of EEG to intracranial hemorrhage, perinatal complications, and developmental outcome. Neurology 1986;36:1084–7.
81. Levy S, Abroms I. Seizures and cerebral infarctions in the full-term newborn. Ann Neurol 1985; 17:366–72.
82. Loffe S, Childiaeva R, Chernick V. Prolonged effects of maternal alcohol ingestion on the neonatal electroencephalogram. Pediatrics 1984;74(3):330–5.
83. Lombroso CT. Neonatal seizure states. In: XI International Congress of Pediatrics Proceedings. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1965:38–49.
84. Lombroso CT. Seizures in the newborn period. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, eds. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 15. The epilepsies. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1974:189–218.
85. Lombroso CT. Neurophysiological observations in diseased newborns. Biol Psychiatry 1975;10:527–58.
86. Lombroso CT. Quantified electrographic scales on 10 pre-term healthy newborns followed up to 40–43 weeks of concep-tional age by serial polygraphic recordings. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1979;46:460–74.
87. Lombroso CT. Normal and abnormal EEGs in neonates. In: Henry CE, ed. Current clinical neurophysiology: update on EEG and evoked potentials. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland, 1980:83–150.
88. Lombroso CT. A prospective clinical and electrophysiological study on intracranial hemorrhages in the newborn. In: Proceedings of the IYDP Commemorative International Symposium on Developing Mental Disabilities. Tokyo: ISBN Elsevier Science Publishing Co. 1981:251–56.
89. Lombroso CT. Neonatal electroencephalography. In: Nieder-meyer E, Lopes da Silva F, eds. Electroencephalography. Basic principles, clinical applications and related fields. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1982:599–637.
90. Lombroso CT. Differentiation of seizures in newborns and in early infancy. In: Morselli PL, Pippinger CE, Penry JK, eds. Antiepileptic drug therapy in pediatrics. New York: Raven Press. 1982b:85–102.
91. Lombroso CT. Some aspects of EEG polygraphy in newborns at risk from neurological disorders. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1982c;36:652–63.
92. Lombroso CT. Prognosis in neonatal seizures. In: Delgado-Escueta AV, Wasterlain DM, Treiman DM, Porter R, eds. Status epilepticus. New York: Raven Press, 1983:101–13. (Advances in neurology, vol 34.)
93. Lombroso CT. Neonatal polygraphy in full-term and premature infants: a review of normal and abnormal findings. J Clin Neurophysiol 1985;2:105–53.
94. Lombroso CT. Early myoclonic encephalopathy, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, and benign and severe infantile myoclonic epilepsies: a critical review and personal contributions. J Clin Neurophysiol 1990;7:380–408.
95. Lombroso CT, Holmes GL. Value of the EEG in neonatal seizures. J Epilepsy 1993;6:39–70.
96. Lombroso CT, Matsumiya Y. Stability of waking-sleep states in neonates as a predictor of long-term neurologic outcome. Pediatrics 1985;76:52–63.
97. Manfredi LG, Rocchi R, Panerai AE, et al. EEG sleep patterns and endogenous opiods in infants of narcotic-addicted mothers. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1983;13: 199–206.
98. Marret S, Jeannot E, Parain D, Samson Dollfus D, Fessard C. Positive rolandic sharp waves, periventricular ischemia and neurologic outcome. Prospective study in 66 premature infants (in French). Arch Fr Pediatr 1989;46:249–53.
99. Marret S, Parain D, Samson-Dollfus D, Jeannot E, Fessard CI. Positive rolandic sharp waves and periventricular leuko-malacia in the newborn. Neuropediatrics 1986;17:199–202.
100. Matalon R, Naidu S, Hughes JR, Michals K. Nonketotic hyper-glycinemia: treatment with diazepam—a competitor for glycine receptors. Pediatrics 1983;71:581–4.
101. McNenamin JB, Shakelford GD, Volpe JJ. Outcome of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage with periventricular echodense lesions. Ann Neurol 1984;15:285–90.
102. Melancon SB, Dallaire L, Vincelette P, Potier M, Geoffroy G. Early treatment of severe infantile glycine encephalopathy (nonketotic hyperglycemia) with strychnine and sodium benzoato. Prog Clin Biol Res 1979;34:217–29.
103. Ment LR, Duncan CC, Ehrenkranz RA. Perinatal cerebral infarction. Ann Neurol 1984;16:559–68.
104. Metcalf DR. The effect of extrauterine experience on the ontogenesis of EEG sleep spindles. Psychosom Med 1969;31:393–9.
105. Metcalf DR. EEG sleep spindles ontogenesis. Neuropadiatrie 1970;1:428–33.
106. Mises J, Daviet F, Moussalli Salefranque F, Sternberg B, Flandin C, Renier D. Brain abscess in the newborn infant (27 cases: initial electroclinical study, course). Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1987;17:301–8.
107. Mises J, Moussalli Salefranque F, Hagenmuller MP, Plouin P. Fast rhythms in metabolic diseases in children. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1983;13:61–7.
108. Mises J, Moussalli Salefranque F, Plouin P, Saudubray JM. The E.E.G. in melhylmalonic acidaemia (author’s transl). Rev Eleclroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1978;8:71–7.
109. Monod N, Dreyfus-Brisac C, Ducas P, Mayer M. L’EEG du nou-veau-ne à terme: étude comparative chez le nouveau-né en présentation céphalique et an présentation de siege. Rev Neurol 1960;102:375–9.
110. Monod N, Guidasci S. Sleep and brain malformation in the neonatal period. Neuropadiatrie 1976;7:229–49.
111. Monod N, Pajot N. Methods of assessing neonatal anoxia with EEG studies. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1967;23: 383.
112. Monod N, Pajot N, Guidasci S. The neonatal EEG: statistical studies and prognostic value in full-term and pre-term babies. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1972;32:529–44.
113. Moura Ribeiro MV, Ferlin ML, Gallina RA, Funayama CA, Fernandos RM. Non-kototic hyperglycemia. Study of a case (in Portuguese). Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1987;45:67–71.
114. Navelet Y, D’Allest A-M, Ropert J-C. Aspects E.E.G. observés ehez quarante nouveau-nés décédés avec une hémorragie intra-ventriculaire. Rev Eleclroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1980;10:19–20.
115. Novotny EJ Jr, Tharp BR, Coen RW, Bejar R, Enzmann D, Vaucher YE. Positive rolandic sharp waves in the EEG of the premature infant. Neurology 1987;37:1481–6.
116. O’Brien MJ, Lems YL, Prechtl HF. Transient flattenings in the EEG of newborns—a benign variation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987;67:16–26.
117. Ohya Y, Ochi N, Mizutani N, Hayakawa C, Watanabe K. Nonketotic hyperglycinemia: treatment with NMDA antagonist and consideration of neuropathogenesis. Pedialr Neurol 1991;7:65–8.
118. Parain D, Samson-Dollfus D. Etude electrophysiologique d’une hypoglycemie neo-natale prolongee par hyperinsulinisme. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1983;12:157–61.
119. Parmelee AH, Akiyama Y, Stern E, Harris HA. A periodic cerebral rhythm in newborn infants. Exp Neurol 1969;25:575–84.
120. Parmelee AH, Schulte FJ, Akiyama Y, Wenner WH, Schultz MA, Stern E. Maturation of EEG activity during sleep in premature infants. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1968; 24:319–29.
121. Parmelee AH, Stern E. Development of states in infants. In: Clemente CD, Purpura DP, Mayer F, eds. Maturation of brain mechanisms related to sleep behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1972:199–228.
122. Peters JF, Varner JL, Ellingson RJ. Interhemispheric amplitude symmetry in the EEGs of normal full term, low risk premature, and trisomy-21 infants. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1981;51:165–9.
123. Pezzani C, Radvanyi Bouvet MF, Relier JP, Monod N. Neonatal electroencephalography during the first twenty-four hours of life in full-term newborn infants. Neuropediatrics 1986;17: 11–8.
124. Plouin P, Moussalli F, Lerique A, Mises J, Lavoisy P, Navelet Y. Clinical course follow a neonatal E.E.G. recording reported as severely abnormal. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1977;7:410–5.
125. Prechtl HFR, Theorell K, Blair AW. Behavioural state cycles in abnormal infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 1973;15:606–15.
126. Radvanyi Bouvet MF, Monset Couchard M, Morel Kahn F, Vicente G, Dreyfus Brisac C. Expiratory patterns during sleep in normal full-term and premature neonates. Biol Neonale 1982;41:74–84.
127. Roffwarg HO, Dement WC, Fischer C. Preliminary observations of the sleep-dream pattern in neonates, infants, children and adults. Monogr Child Psychol 1964;2:60–72.
128. Rose AL, Lombroso CT. Neonatal seizure states. A study of clinical, pathological, and electroencephalographic features in 137 full-term babies with a long-term follow-up. Pediatrics 1970;45:404–25.
129. Rowe JC, Holmes GL, Hafford J, et al. Prognostic value of the electroencephalogram in term and pretcrm infants following neonatal seizures. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophvsiol 1985;60:183–96.
130. Rung GW, Wickey GS, Myers JL, Salus JE, Hensley FA Jr, Martin DE. Thiopental as an adjunct to hypothermia for EEG suppression in infants prior to circulatory arrest. J Cardiolhorac Vasc Anesth 1991;5:337–42.
131. Scher MS. Midline electrographic abnormalities and cerebral lesions in the newborn brain. J Child Neurol 1988;3:135–46.
132. Scher MS, Barmada MA. Estimation of gestational age by electrographic, clinical, and anatomic criteria. Pediatr Neurol 1987;3:256–62.
133. Scher MS, Beggarly M. Clinical significance of focal periodic discharges in neonates. J Child Neurol 1989;4:175–85.
134. Scher MS, Bergman I, Ahdab-Barmada M, Fria Th. Neurophys-iological and anatomical correlations in neonatal nonketotic hyperglycemia. Neuropediatrics 1986a; 17:137–43.
135. Scher MS, Klesh KW, Murphy TF, Guthrie RD. Seizures and infarction in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Neurol 1986b;2:332–9.
136. Scher MS, Painter MJ, Bergman I, Barmada MA, Brunberg J. EEG diagnoses of neonatal seizures: clinical correlations and outcome. Pediatr Neurol 1989;5:17–24.
137. Scher MS, Richardson GA, Coble PA, Day NL, Stoffer DS. The effects of prenatal alcohol and marijuana exposure: disturbances in neonatal sleep cycling and arousal. Pediatr Res 1988;24:101–5.
138. Schulman C. Alterations in the sleep cycle in heroin-addicted and “suspect” newborns. Neuropadiatric 1969;1:89–100.
139. Schulte FJ. Neonatal EEG and brain maturation: facts and fallacies. Dev Med Child Neurol 1970;12:396–9.
140. Schulte FJ, Lassen U, Parl U, Nolte R, Jürgens U. Brain and behavioral maturation in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Part II: Sleep cycles. Neuropadiatrie 1992;1:36–43.
141. Schulte FJ, Nolte MR, Albert G, Parl U, Lasson U. Brain and behavioural maturation in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Part I: Nerve conduction and EEG patterns. Neuropadiatrie 1969;1:24–35.
142. Schultz MA, Schulte FJ, Akiyama Y, Parmelee AH Jr, Development of electroencephalographic sleep phenomena in hypo-thyroid infants. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1968; 25:351–8.
143. Shewmon DA. What is a neonatal seizure? Problems in definition and quantification for investigative and clinical purposes. J Clin Neurophysiol 1990;7:315–68.
144. Shirataki S, Prechtl HFR. Sleep state transitions in newborn infants: preliminary study. Dev Med Child Neurol 1977;19:316–25.
145. Staudt F, Howieson J, Benda GJ, Engel RC. EEG in newborn infants with intracranial hemorrhages: a comparison with clinical findings and CT scan. EEG EMG 1982a;13:143–7.
146. Staudt F, Roth JG, Engel RC. The usefulness of electroencephal-ography in curarized newborns. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1981;51:205–8.
147. Staudt F, Scholl ML, Coen RW, Bickford RB. Phenobarbital therapy in neonatal seizures and the prognostic value of the EEG. Neuropediatrics 1982b;13:24–33.
148. Stern E, Parmelee AH, Harris MA. Sleep state periodicity in prematures and young infants. Dev Psychobiol 1973;6:357–65.
149. Sternberg B, Frenkel AL, Plouin P, Monod N. Diagnoses to consider in newborn infants with inactive EEG tracings. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1983;13:153–6.
150. Sternberg B, Mises J, Lerique-Koechlin A. E.E.G, et hydrocéphalies néo-natales. Rev Neurol 1970;122:491–3.
151. Stockard-Pope JE, Werner SS, Bickford RG. Atlas of neonatal electroencephalography. New York: Raven Press, 1992.
152. Takeuchi T, Watanabe K. Background EEG’s and neurological prognosis of newborn iniants. No To Hattatsu 1987;19: 281–6.
153. Takeuchi T, Walanabe K. The EEG evolution and neurological prognosis of neonatos with perinatal hypoxia. Drain Dev 1989;11:115–20.
154. Task Force for the Determination of Brain Death in Children. Guidelines for the determination of brain death in children. Ann Neurol 1987;22:616–7.
155. Tharp BR. Pediatric electroencephalography. In: Aminoff M, ed. Electrodiagnosis in clinical neurology. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1980;83–150.
156. Tharp BR. Electrophysiological brain maturation in premature infants: an historical perspective. J Clin Neurophysiol 1990; 7:302–14.
157. Tharp B, Cukier F, Monod M. The prognostic value of the E.E.G. in premature infants (translated from French). Rev Electroen- cephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1977;7:386–91.
158. Tharp BR, Cukier F, Monod N. The prognostic value of the electroencephalogram in premature infants. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1981;51:219–36.
159. Tharp BR, Laboyrie PM. The incidence of EEG abnormalities and outcome of infants paralyzed with neuromuscular blocking agents. Crit Care Med 1983; 11:926–9.
160. Tharp BR, Scher MS, Clancy RR. Serial EEGs in normal and abnormal infants with birth weights less than 1200 grams— a prospective study with long term follow-up. Neuropediatrics 1989;20:64–72.
161. Theorell K, Prechtl HFR, Vos JE. A polygraphic study of normal and abnormal newborn infants. Neuropediarics 1974;5:279–313.
162. Thoman EB, Davis DH, Raye JR, Philipps AF, Rowe JC, Denenberg VH. Theophylline affects sleep-wake state development in premature infants. Neuropediatrics 1985;16:13–8.
163. Thoman EB, Denenberg VH, Sievel J, Zeidner LP, Becker P. State organization in neonates: developmental inconsistency indicates risk for developmental dysfunction. Neuropediatrics 1981;12:45–54.
164. Torres F, Anderson C. The normal EEG of the human newborn. J Clin Neurophysiol 1985;2:89–103.
165. Verma NP, Hart ZH, Kooi KA. Electroencephalographic findings in urea-cycle disorders. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984;57:105–12.
166. Waite SP, DeSantis DS, Thoman EB, Denenberg VH. The predictive validity of early sleep development on later behavioral characteristics in the rabbit. Biol Behav 1977;2:249–61.
167. Walther B, Schmitt T, Reitter B. Identification of infants at risk for infantile spasms by neonatal polygraphy. Brain Dev 1987; 9:377–90.
168. Watanabe K, Hakamada S, Kuroyanagi M, Yamazaki T, Takeuchi T. Electroencephalographic study of intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm infant. Neuropediatrics 1983;14: 225–30.
169. Watanabe K, Hara K, Miyazaki S, Hakamada S. The role of perinatal brain injury in the genesis of childhood epilepsy. Folia Psychiatr Neurol J pn 1980a;34:227–32.
170. Watanabe K, Hara K, Miyazaki S, Hakamada S. Neurophysio-logical study of newborns with hypocalcemia. Neuropediatrics 1982a;13:34–8.
171. Watanabe K, Hara K, Miyazaki S, Iwase K. Sleep and EEG features of newborns with 18 and 13 trisomy syndromes. Brain Dev 1979;1:7–15.
172. Watanabe K, Iwase K. Spindle-like fast rhythms in the EEGs of low-birthweight infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 1972;14:373–81.
173. Watanabe K, Iwase K, Hara K. Development of slow-wave sleep in low-birthweight infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 1974;16:23–31.
174. Watanabe K, Kuroyanagi M, Hara K, Miyazaki S. Neonatal seizures and subsequent epilepsy. Brain Dev 1982b;4:341–6.
175. Watanabe K, Miyazaki S, Hara K, Hakamada S. Behavioral state cycles, background EEGs and prognosis of newborns with perinatal hypoxia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1980b;49:618–25.
176. Watanabe K, Yamada H, Hara K, Miyazaki S, Nakamura S. Neu-rophysiological evaluation of newborns with congenital hydrocephalus. Clin Electroencephalogr 1991;15:22–31.